journal

STUDIO AIR2015, SEMESTER 1, GeoffJin Dai 726716

Table of Contents

4 Heading 2

4 Heading 3

4 CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION 5

6 PART A: CONCEPTUALISATION

Bird’s Nest Stadium, Beijing,

-Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron

Designed by the Swiss architects-Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, the Olympic stadium built in 2008 lives up to its aspiration as global landmark. Known for its epical latticework shell, the stadium was known as the Bird’s Nest.

The design started out with the concept of rethought the relationship between solitary human and the crowd, the common and the heroic. However the structure attests to a great ambition, it is aesthetic at the same time functional.

Herzog and de Meuron were chosen for the stadium in Beijing partly on the strength of their design, their ability to emerge high-tech into the design and creating a much more comfortable space as a result.

For the Bird’s nest, the architects were clearly striving for something more manifestation. The matrix of criss-crossing columns and beam was conceived as a gargantuan work of public sculpture. From a distance, the contrast in between the bent steel columns and the bulging elliptical form gives the stadium a surreal appearance, as if they were straining to contain the force that are pushing and pulling it. Philosophically, it suggests the tensions beneath the surface of a society in constant turmoil. Structural wise, the architects and engineers designed

a series of cantilevered trusses to support the roof, and shades the seats. The secondary pattern of random criss-crossing beams is woven through the frame, creating the illusion of a big web of rubber bands straining to hold the building in place. Like the Bird’s nest the grass strips hold the whole structure together.

The new concept of separating the beams from the main concrete structure inside the stadium is to enhance its structure stability. The criss-cross’ shell structure’ was meant to act as a frame support, so that if an earthquake shake or break the concrete structures, the frame will stop the roof from collapsing.

Herzog and de Meuron strived to break down the purity of late Modernism; they turn to asymmetrical forms and mysteriously translucent materials.

The Visitor’s path is also guided by those iconic structures. From the ground level concourse, they could go down to the lower level seats or climb slender staircase through the matrix of beams to the upper concourse. The criss-crossing columns create an effect that one ascends through the structure.

The project has opened a new technology gate way of

a.1 Design futuring

PART A: CONCEPTUALISATION 7

a.1 Design futuring

approaching modern architecture design in china. Til these day the ‘Bird’s nest’ Stadium still remains appreciated by people all over the world. It remains as a landmark in Beijing, has became one of its most famous tourist attraction point.

In conclusion the Bird’s nest can be courted as an parametric architecture as it successfully repudiate the look and function of the Bird’s nest, the shell structure on the outside work as a strong support to hold the structures together, prevent it from shaking, moving or collapsing. The design of the outer shell will not be possible with out the use of parametric design techniques and software, from the generation of the exact angle for each column and beam, assembly logic and actual fabrication. The Bird’s nest has achieved both the aesthetical look and functional abilities.

FIG.1 CRISSCROSSING STRUCTURE ‘SHELL’ OF ‘BIRD’S NEST’ STADIUM

-Dimitrie Stefanescu, Patrick Bedarf, Bogdan Hambasan

8 CONCEPTUALISATION

ZA11 Pavilion ; Romania

The ZA11 Pavilion started out as an student base endeavour to design and built at 1:1 scale the flagship pavilion for ZA11 speaking architecture event in Cluj, Romania.

The design faced challenges such as specific materials and limited resources. Therefore the design approach was scalable in terms of materials and fabrication techniques. The final product consists of 746 unique pieces, which formed a free form of curvation, which can also subdivided into hexagonal shapes. Every panel is connected to anther with a hexagonal shape clip. As hexagon is the highest-sided tessellable regular polygon, these hexagonal shapes allow

The flexibility in the form of the final product. The realization of the design was made possible by the

Use of parametric design techniques and software, from the generation of the exact geometry panel to the piece labelling, assembly logic and actual fabrication.

The ZA11 Pavilion has successfully emerged as algorithmic design as it make full use of the tessellable natural of hexagonal shapes and created a design that has so much flexibility for all kinds of space use. It created a comfortable space for different events pertaining to the Pavilion, such as temporary bookshop, open-air cinema, sleeping in the sun etc. to unfold. Furthermore, it also achieved its initial propose, to attract people from all levels to the place.

The hexagon provided lots of benefits such as structural stability and visual engagement for the users. This case study is the transformation from a 2D patterning surface towards a structure composition. This also arise concern of finding out the appropriate structural compositions, as the design patterning cannot indicate contect towards the three dimensional approach.

CONCEPTUALISATION 9

a.2 Design computation

10 CONCEPTUALISATION

These two words make up a huge component in our design process these days. Computation as a tool did not and could not replace the most important part of

architectural sincerely which is the creativity of human kind. Architects generate ideas in their mind and computer software simply help to present them out to others.

However having said that computer aided design are no longer limited to

Computerisation VS Computation.

just a form of presentation of digital drawings. Computation had broken the barriers in modelling especially in complex typologies.

With the aid of the right program, certain design that weren’t possible to be shown/drawn by the human hand are now buildable. Advanced computation mechanics

enable the simulation anisotropic materials and hence the differentiation and diversity of its elastic properties. The scientific natural of computers are superb

and analytical. It could provide with extreme precision to calculations, predict the outcome after following a series of specific instructions and commands,

fast and accurate. With the aid of such computational techniques, lots of resources could be reduced. The communication

in between project members such as builder and designer facilitates a more holistic way of

achieving the realization of a complicated design.

a.2 Design computation

CONCEPTUALISATION 11

FIG.3 THE GHERKIN FACADE CONSTRUCTION

geometric forms, so that they could be built more easily, econmoical and efficiently.

By utilizing the precision of programming the project saved time and labour needed for structure testing experiences.

Computation as generative design is a logic driven processes. It is ruled by logic and science, by mathematics and commands. It is detached from emotions, feelings, and creativities. Kalay described it as “puzzle making rather than problem solving.” The role of designer had changed from the creator to the helper. Yehuda’s concept of design process emphasis on the ability to differentiate the current and new situations and most of all purposefully evaluate the latter. It is without argument that the architectural practice in the world these days depends on a large extend on this computational programs. However, just as

The Gherkin-Norman Foster

The Gherkin is one example how these computation techniques help to realization seemly impossible design.

The building was designed by Norman Foster of Foster and Partners architectural firm. The design concept was the innovation in building and form come from development of new technologies and techniques of building. The form of the building proven to allow maximum amount of air flow around the building. The seemingly expressionist façade was developed through air flow testing. To construct this facade the building used 5,500 pieces of glass panels joint together in diagrid structure. The ‘Diagrid’ system comprised of steel pieces coming together at triangular nodes to support the outer weight of the structure. This design will not be possible without the help of computation. Using of advanced digital techniques the angle of rotation for each steel pieces controlled to the very precision, ensure the general rotation of overall facade. This complex structure required the collaborative design between the architects and engineers. The use of parametric 3D computer modeling allows for the curved surfaces such as the facade to be “rationalised” into flat panels as a way to simply the structure andbuilding componenets of highly complex

FIG.2 ‘DIAGRID’ STRUCTURE OF THE GHERKIN

GuangZhou Opera House-Zaha Hadid


FIG.4

The Guangzhou Opera house by Zaha Hadid is one of the largest and most complex computer-generated design. The building takes an organic curvature form, the architect utilize computational programs that could provide precise calculations and analysis. The design will not be achievable as architects are unlikely to figure out the meticulous angle in between joints and the curvation of individual constructing geometric which all together provide the building with a smooth flowing organic design. Computational programs could not overtake the role of an architect as such programs are unable to fulfill both the rational and creative abilities in designing.

They act as bridges that help the designer to communicate their ideas to others. In this project, Zaha Hadid began with her concept of interaction between architecture and nature. The design takes form of two enormous pebbles that had been washed up on the shore to connive the ideas of erosion, geology and topography. The designer had the design concept in mind, the digital techniques help to realize them.


A.3 Composition/GenerationSubdivision Column

-Michael Hansmeyer

Gwanju Design Biennale 2011

FIG.5 COLUMN AND SECTION SLICING PLANE FIG.6 SECTION OF COLUMN


Architecture today is experience a shift from the physical drawing to algorithmic as the method of capturing and communication design concept and ideas.

Furthermore, the parametric modelling technologies make it possible for designer to explore their design and simulate performance, in term of both of physical and experimental. This means that the architects’ design are no longer limited to 2D imagination, construction of complex 3D models to communicate ideas are now possible.

The composition and generation are both strategies used by the designer during the design process. Composition is a process of creation, whereby the architect has the form of the concept of design in mind. With the aid of computation techniques such as AutoCAD, they can then present them to other. This Process tend to be more time consuming as the final design has to went through series of test after the design process to ensure its practically. On the hand parametric design is a process of discovering. The architect usually do not have a specify form or design in mind. Experiencing different possibility in the software slowly develops the design. The ‘process-based forces’ process encourages complexity, flexibility, logical thinking, performance control and efficiency. However, it could also mean the engender division from the design objective by being immersed with the forms that are formed by scripting. Neglected the functional use and practicality of design favor the new from of digital aesthetic.

This project involves the conception and design of a new column order based on subdivision processes. The design intent is to explore how subdivision can define and embellish this column order. To maintain the iconic fluting form in classic roman columns parametric inputs are tagged along subdivision process. Countless numbers of permutation are generated through customized algorithms. Culminating in a geometric mesh of 260 million individually, this process generates much architecture aspects, from the overall form to the local surface development, down to the minute textures. It is no doubt the generative process of designing has surpassed our thinking. It is no longer just design the imaginable but endless design alteration possibilities. Computation breaks the limitation of physical constrain, such as 2Dimensional designs as the architect no longer develop forms using pen and paper or 2D drafting program such as AutoCAD, instead the design process can now be ‘shifted’ on to an abstract level. Forms can be generated with the complexity that would not be possible to drawn by hand. The use of such techniques has stretched the possibilities of future design.

Different from the usual computation uses in architecture, which usually creates smooth volume with edgeless surfaces. The design maximized the articulation of the surface, creating a volumetric depth whereby light can reflect in a million different directions, blurring the boundaries of architecture. Like the classic roman columns, as user get close to the design, more

A.3 Composition/Generation

and more details will be reviewed. This articulation exceeds the threshold of visual perceptions that would not be possible using the traditional means.

However, the shortcomings of the generative process eventually showed when translating the digital ideas into reality. Hensmeyer faced difficulties in fabricating these columns due to the complexity in subdivisions. The concern was that the technology could not reproduce the design accurately.

The Doric column open a new gateway for design approaching. The idea of focusing on the formulation of process as opposed to actual form is supported by the amazing ability of the computation design. The parametric modeling has proven to have potential to exploit the new design direction and allow more experiencing on the form and details of architecture.

An abstracted Doric column is used as an input form to the subdivision processes. Unlike the minimal input of the Platonic Solids project, the abstracted column conveys

significant topographical and topological information about the form to be generated. The input form contains data about the proportions of the the column’s shaft, capital, and supplemental base. It also contains information about its fluting and entasis.The input form is tagged to allow the subdivision process to distinguish between individual components. This allows a heterogeneous application of the process, with distinct local parameters settings. In addition to distinguishing among tagged components, the process parameters can be set to vary according to the input form’s topography as well as its topology.


Arum-Zaha Hadid

Venice Biennale 2012

Arum by Zaha Hadid is a project displayed on the Venice Biennale 2012. The theme of the Biennale was ‘common ground’ which refers to the currently architectural culture relied on rich historical continuity of divers ideas instead of talented individual. The designers applied computation with algometric thinking, parametric modeling and script creating. Form finding deriving inspiration from nature and addressing it with structure integrity and materiality explored in process.

In relation to form finding through parametric modeling, the designers take adapting natural forms into consideration while designing the structure. The designers adopted the algometric thinking to achieve the shift from composition to generation, as they explore shell structures and tensile structures with the idea of integrating the architectural system and the subsystems in order to form complex and coherent spatial arrangements.


Conclusion

Like everything, architecture evolves over time. Architecture today is no longer limited to the functional use of providing shelters for human kind. The further we look into the future, the more we realized that the focal approach of designing in digital has shifted from simple logic computerization to complex methods of computation. Computerisation allowed designers to present their design in various aspects to communicate ideas and assist with further design possibilities. While on the other hand, computation takes design to another step by providing the possibilities of physically unifying the building design and the structural aspect through form generation and material studies. The design approach would be exploratory in the context of computational design that emphasis on construction or generation rather than pre-conception and planning. It is no doubt that computation is a new step forward in new design culture that is based on efficiency, aesthetic of design by opening up more possibilities to find a comparatively desired solution. However despite all the benefits bought by advance technologies, one should not one shall not rely completely on it and forgo the sincerity in architecture design, which is the creativity that are unique to human kind.

This integration of weight shells and tensile structure was one of the many breakthroughs achieved by this project. It had shown that through algorithmic modeling, a simple shell can be transform into a master piece of architecture innovation both structurally and aesthetically.

Furthermore, technologies such as parametric Semiology were used to analysis the model’s complex design and realized the prototype in reality.

Learning outcome

FIG.8 ARUM ARTIST IMPRESSION


With a polytechnic background I did not have any encounters with parametric designing or algometric thinking. Comprehending the precedence and trying to understand more about architectural computing has been an ‘eye open’ chance for me. The projects opened up my knowledge about scripting, digital design, algorithm and parametric design. It is astounding how digital design can push design to so much further state and carry on progressing. It leads me on a new direction of future designing, by providing more possibilities about designing and realising the design through learning. Design are no longer to draw or illustrate what I already have in mind, but to generate something that may be beyond my imaginations. I am keen to explore this new medium and hope that studio air could assist me for the extension of the boundaries of design.

Algorithmic sketches

Without any piorner knowledge with rhino and grasshopper, these are a few attempts i made trying to explore the forms and shapes that could be created by the software. One of the first things that i learnt in rhino and grasshopper is Lofting. Lofting in rhino or grasshopper could generate similar results. Hoever, when lofting in rhino the surface can not be changed, whereas in grasshopper, there is a function to active and edit the selected curve to allow further reshaping. this makses the amendment of the shape much easier.

These are some shapes created by mesh reunion. 3 dimensional cell patterns within the geometry through ‘Voronoi 3D’. Altering the density of ponts and deleting various cells created many interesting iteration. Also, attractor points to affect height.

Combining the ‘Sbox’ componet, a mesh is set as the base to ‘Morph” function with the box grids as its threshold to project a pattern onto the surface, within the box grids.


Reference:

1. Kalay, Yehuda E. Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design ( Cambridge, Mass : MIt Press, 2004), pp,6

2. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media, pp, 5

3. Rosenfield, Karissa. “ venice biennale 2012 : Arum preview/Zaha Hadid Architects” 20 Aug 2012

4.Rosenfield, Karissa. “ venice biennale 2012 : Arum preview/Zaha Hadid Architects” 20 Aug 2012

Image Reference:Cover - Retrived form Lemanoosh parametric design (http://lemanoosh.com)

Fig 1 -Bird’s nest stadium steel structure; retrived from Old world steel (http://old.worldsteel.org/?action=galleryphoto&id=187)

Background image of Bird Nest- Overall image of Beijing stadium; retrive from Homesthetics. (http://homesthetics.net/the-chinese-national-stadium-in-beijing-the-birds-nest-stadium/)

Background image of Za11 Pavilion- Retrieved from design playground. (http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/clj02-za11-pavilion/)

Fig 2 Diagrid structure of the gherkin- Retrieved from Wordpress (https://andrewlainton.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/fosters-snarks-at-ken-shuttleworth-over-who-designed-the-gherkin/)

Fig 3 Facade installation & background image -Retrived from the guardian’ (http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/jun/18/gherkin-protected-views-unesco-skyline)

Fig 4 unfold layout of steel struture -Retrived from Archdaily(http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/1299011223-unfolded-layout-of-the-secondary-steel-structure.jpeg)

Background image- Retrieved from Nytimes (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/arts/design/guangzhou-opera-house-designed-by-zaha-hadid-review.html?_r=0)

Fig 5,6 and background image- Retrieved from Michael-hansmeyer offical website (http://www.michael-hansmeyer.com/projects/columns.html)

Fig 8 Artist impression of Arum - Retrieved from Dezeen (http://www.dezeen.com/2012/08/18/arum-by-zaha-hadid-architects-at-venice-architecture-biennale-2012-2/)

Background image-Retrieved from (http://www.archdaily.com/269061/venice-biennale-2012-arum-zaha-hadid/)


b.1 research field

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b.1 research field

BIOMIMCRY

Biominmcry in architecture, to put it simply, is the looking to nature to find inspirations for new innovations. Architects have frequently drawn inspiration from nature particularly in regard to form and structure. However, biomimetic architecture is much more complex than just copying the shape of natural forms. The innovation within the architectural realm and becoming viable with the aid of computation and parametric modelling, is the ability to imitate the inner logic of nature’s morphological processes. It is the understanding of structural processes and the rethinking of our traditions in these fields of design that could potentially lead to more efficient, sustainable and profitable building practices and innovations. By looking closely at natural systems we can determine the underlying principles nature uses and possibly use this to imply form, or a way to inform structural logic. Additionally with the use of computation and specific parametric logic we can imitate and create a multitude of complex design solutions in a similar approach to nature.The ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 is by ICD and ITKE, in

university of stuttgart. It is a pavilion made up of polygonal plywood plates in overall shape of semi-sphere with biome shape. “The project explores the architectural transfer of biological principles of the sea urchin’s plate skeleton morphology by means of novel computer-based design and simulation methods, along with computer-controlled manufacturing methods for building implementation.[1]”. It is an example of a model that started with the topic of sea morphology and developed a pattern on surface through process of computation

FIG.10 FORM DEVELOPEMENT

CRITERIA DESIGN 23

1. The Morning Line Aranda/Lasch

Architects tend to pursue complexity through new geometric relationships, however the morning line illustrates that generating this coveted quality is possible from a single processed form. It also illustrates how these ends may be reached through playful computation.

The morning line is a dramatically sprawling metal frame structure that functions as an interactive, engaging public art display. It is an experimental project that has innate features of simultaneously generating itself, falling apart and creating a sense of enclosure through its interactive structure. The architect employs fractal principles in order to truncate a regular tetrahedron, breaking down the larger formal components into progressively smaller ones. Its rigid, small components have allowed it to be deconstructed and resurrected numerous times in different locations. To add to complexity of multi-scalar repetition, varying curves were pulled across the hexagonal surfaces, connecting them at the mid points of their edges, the base geometry was then removed resulting in an ‘unexpected’ visual and experiential effect.

The structure of the project is based on the idea of geometry taken from fractals. These fractals are recursive and follow a repetitive definition, which can be joint to one another to form the product. In order to realized the design, the designers base the design on the theory on cosmology by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok[1], to produce a cellular like structure. By using an equilateral tetrahedron and the process of truncating with the fractal processing techniques, the project can then be realized.

FIG.9 ZONING OF THE MORNING LINE

b.2 case study 1.0

24 CRITERIA DESIGN

FIG.10. FOLDING OF Z

b.2 case study 1.0

CRITERIA DESIGN 25

The definition begins creating the polygons and specifying the size of the geometries by varying the radius, and the number of sides. The Segment input of the polygon component can only take minimum of 3 and maximum of 5. If the number input exceed maximum, the algorithm will not show any resulting outcome.

To create the fractals on each of the polygons vertices a scalar slider is applied and from the graph above, it can be seen that as the scalar factor is increased, the complexity is as well. In the matrix, scale 0.50 and 0.25 were used. At 0.50 scaled polyhedral exert enough influence on the overall arrangement to avoid appearing subordinate and arbitrary.

26 CRITERIA DESIGN

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Four

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Scale- 0.3 Scale- 0.4

CRITERIA DESIGN 27

Scale- 0.4 Scale- 0.5 Scale- 0.6 Scale- 0.7

2. Volta Dom

The VoltaDom designed by using parametric design technology to generate a surface panel that intensifies the depth of a double curved, vaulted surface. The design was reinterpreted through the use of computational design. It looks specifically at recreating the vaults in a sculptural approach in order to produce an elegant and contemporary design, adopting an organic and modern structure.

Relating back to the ideas of biomimicry, the vaults are created by the grasshopper command voronois; divide space into regions base on a specific set of points. A passageway is formed with the inclusion of oculi on each of the cones in the vault to allow light to penetrate through as well as creating views. Although the process and final geometries are unique and complex, the firm created a simplified fabrication process. This is achieved through the simplifying of the cone structures and “unrolling” them into strips to be manufactured.

There are two major focus to the project. One involves the investigation of the density of the volume and the other one explores how to apply the same definitions via testing other geometries.

The Voronoi pattern can be created by finding the intersection of cones within a plane that have been developed and trimmed and results with an “oculus”. These can then be unrolled and are all developable as strips.

Random gaps or overlapped surfaces would occur as the numbers reach a higher range. Using the existing boundary to create 3D Voronoi outcome provides another distinct outcomes; more comprehensive layers are generated through the increasing number of points. However, difficulties of trimming mesh joints created a rather chaotic expression, which in turn makes the geometry more complex [2].

The main variations for this project are looking at the height of the cone and the variation of points. When altering the height of the cone to be cut at a plane, the size of the aperture also varies. The use of a component to create a randomly populated region is applied.

These experiments can be utilized when undertaking future investigations of biomimetic patterning. The controlling of

28 CRITERIA DESIGN

various point-driven geometry allowed for a more flexible and customized outcome. It is also a flexible combination that can be implemented on specific surface or adding on aesthetic features for structural components. The definition of trimming the top of the cone to openings of the frame can be applied at a later stage when installing functional features or fabrication techniques.

PLAN VIEW

PLAN VIEW

ADJUST OPENING SIZE OF CONE

ADJUST OPENING SIZE OF CONE

COMBINE CYLINDER WITH CONE

ADJUST CYLINDER WIDTHADJUST CYLINDER WIDTH

ADJUST CYLINDER HEIGHT

ADJUST NUMBER OF CONES

CRITERIA DESIGN 29

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3. The Spanish PavilionThe Spanish Pavilion was displayed in the Aichi International Exhibition in Japan in 2005. The main goal was to explore the potential of “central hybridization” as part of Spanish history as an overarching theme through the form of architecture. Particularly, Islamic and Christian cultures were being used as inspiration for the design forms; using arches, vaults, lattices and traceries. The design applied hexagon panels on the façade. The hexagon grids perform as both skin feature and structure support. It allows sunlight and wind to penetrate the building creating a relationship in between the exterior and interior spaces. The combination of structure that is able to self-support and the ornament or skin with cultural expression is what the project is going to achieve.

The envelope of Pavilion is incorporating the ideas of these past cultures to create an innovative design. Utilizing grasshopper to create a non-repetitive pattern as a feature of design, the project combines hexagonal shapes with a variety of colours to create this non repetitive pattern.

The realisation of the hexagonal geometries require a lot of skill as each of the pieces are joined in a different manner;

ensuring the irregular aesthetic of the eternal membrane.

For the Spanish pavilion, the hexagonal shaped being the fundamental shape that has been replicated to form a pattern. In this particular case, varying the offset distance and the heights of the hexagons using grasshopper could create different result.

To begin with, the slider, allow offset distance to be varied in order to create different effects. These images as seen above are taken from an aerial view to show clearly how the offset component creates varying sizes for apertures in the hexagonal shapes.

However to create a more interesting pattering, within this definition, by using an image sampler component there is the opportunity to offset the cells to create a more dynamic surface.

CRITERIA DESIGN 31

The main criteria for selecting geometry were the balance between complexity and simplicity. Furthermore, there is a concern with how the geometry could be stacked or attached to each other. I wanted ensure that the structure would be relevant and appropriate within the context of the site. To do so, one of the main aims was to blend the design in with its current surroundings but at the same time, being able to attract users with interesting and unique design morphology. These ideas would be inspired by the history of the site as well as the past precedents and exploration of biomimicry.

Following the initial ideas of biomimicry playing an integral role in our design, to create potential design that could borrow ideas from nature. It also had to be an interesting space for users to occupy through evoking curiosity and interest from visitors who would then be inspired to interact with the space. Some of the larger and more complex geometries are discarded; the simpler ones that could be resolved when stacking are kept.

Above are the most relatable and successful outcomes in terms of the selection criteria. For iteration 1 and 2 the variation of geometries were most desirable as it is balanced and look plausible to be fabricated. The 3 sided tetrahedron generally being preferred. While of ones the least complex in terms of fractals, it could result in the most interesting collective form.

The second iteration is based off the Voltadom definition and looks at these cone shapes with the opening at the top. The variation and number of points considered is not overwhelming and provides enough space in between each of the cones, the interesting form it can form with the combination with other geometries.

The third iteration taken from the Spanish Pavilion looks at the variation of heights, which is able to transform a form into something, more interesting and dynamic.

Selected Iterations

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Iteration 1

Iteration 3

CRITERIA DESIGN 33

Iteration 2

Iteration 4

The Water Cube Inspired by the minimal surface structure of bubbles, the award winning project by PTW,CCDI and ARUP for the official swimming stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is no doubt a modern marvel of architecture. The Iconic box is not just an analogy for form of the bubble but also structure. Behind the seemingly random pattern of the façade lies a strict geometric system of structure informed by natural systems such as crystals, cells, molecular structure and bubbles. The steel structure and the façade act as one autonomous element providing the dual function of structure and ornament, a common theme parametricism is keen to explore[3].

The exterior bulges out due to its materiality being a transparent ETFE cushion (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene), which like bubles, provide excellent thermal efficiency. A unqiue object in itself the project was a great success as it eloquently expresses its biometric design intent reflecting water and is responsive to the broader social urban and cultural context by integrating traditional Chinese symbolism and architecture elements with the courage to explore cutting edge technology and material.

There were two different attempts to create the parametric model. Initially, I attempt to recreate the model using 2D grid points. The first step involves drawing a box from 2

points, then create planes upon each face as the facade panel. Populate 2D grid of point among each of the five created faces, each populated point grid has a different seed number to ensure no two faces are the same. Lastly offset the voronoi to produce edges thick enough for the structure beams then extrude them away from each respective facade planes.

After several research on the building, I understand that the design actually use weaire-phelan structural system to produce the watercube design.Unlike the arbitrary voronoi lattice, the weaire-phelan structural system goes beyond purely aesthetic benefits. The Weaire-Phelan allow for structural and economic efficiency for the construction of the water cube as the joints were all close to tetrahedral angles resulting in structure to fills a large volume of space with a reduced amount of material.

b.3 case study 2.0

34 CRITERIA DESIGN

My second attempt to create this model begins with downloading plugin for grasshopper called BullAnt/Geometry. Gym has a component specifically to tessellate Weair-Phelan Geometry. Using this component and a series of translations to the packing system I was able to reproduce a model which bears close resemblance to the watercube,As seen in the first attempt of tessellation, the model did not protrade the facade of the original design.The voronoi like exterior was not shown. Only after several attempts of rotating the geometry, the similar outcome was obtained.There were lots of difficulties producing this model, for example, reducing the size of the tessellation. It was a vigorous process for the computer which often lead to the laptop to crashing several times, I was unable to produce the similar model for the second time. The finishing touch was piping the curves on the exterior.

1.WEAIRE-PHELAN PACKING-TESSELLATION

2. ADJUEST ROTATION ANGLE

3. ADJUST THE SCALE OF TESSELLATION

4. PIPING AND END RESULT

1.POPULATED 2D GRID ON CREATED PLANES

2. OFFSECT THE VORONOI

3. ADJUEST THE ANGLE OF ROTATION

3. ADJUEST THE SCALE OF ROTATION AND END RESULT

Method 1 Method 2

While the both parametric model was gerenally similiar there are some key difference from the original design. For example,both definition only take to the design on a 2D level. The bubbles do not protrude outwards, as in the original design. In this model the facade remain flat on the surface with no bubble like bulges.

CRITERIA DESIGN 35

b.4 technique developementTessellation 1 Tessellation 2

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b.4 technique developementReduction tool Voronoi 1 Voronoi 2

CRITERIA DESIGN 37

One limitiation of the Watercube is its basic simple form. To break away from the cuboid shape, by applying the packing system to fill solids such as cones, sphere and arbitrary geometry. the result that can be achieved by the packing system was unexpectly interesting.

The second attempt was with Boolean. Intersecting the geometries to produce a Voronoi like pattern on the surface as well as further distorting the geometry by manually removing the sections from it. However, there was a general consensus that the most exciting outcome was when the form was approximated rather than directly cut out. This approximation is an avenue we wish to extend and explore and has the potential to provide a very unique solution.

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CRITERIA DESIGN 39

b.5 Technique prototypes

TRUNCATED TETRAHEDRON

Using biomimcry as design inspiration, prototype one is a folded up trancated tetrahedron representing the modular cell structure.

Biomimicry is using nature as design solutions. There are some special characterists that nature has and shall be presented in this project. For example, the voronoi pattern on prototype 2.

PROTOTYPE 1

PROTOTYPE 1

PROTOTYPE 1

PROTOTYPE 2

PROTOTYPE 2

The is a further development form prototype 1, where by it opens up the modular shape, intergrate voroni pattern within each panel like the veins. It creates unique light and shadow plan that allows the vistors to experience the pattern of biological structure at an unfamiliar scale.

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b.5 Technique prototypes

PROTOTYPE 2

PROTOTYPE 2

PROTOTYPE 2

PROTOTYPE 2

PROTOTYPE 2

The is a further development form prototype 1, where by it opens up the modular shape, intergrate voroni pattern within each panel like the veins. It creates unique light and shadow plan that allows the vistors to experience the pattern of biological structure at an unfamiliar scale.

TRUNCATED TETRAHEDRON UNFOLD

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b.6 Technique proposal

The allocated site is the Merri Creek. It is a waterway in southern parts of Victoria, which flows through the northern suburbs of Melbourne.

It is also famous for the Merri Creek Trail, a shared path used by the cyclist and pedestrians to experience and get closer to nature.

However, after investigating, there are some limitations to the site, one of which is that there are shelters along the path. It is extremely inconvenience for the user, if they happen to experience a rainy day while hacking or cycling on the trail. Therefore, my design intend for this project is to use parametric design to create a series of shelters to provide shade or rest stop for the user at different place of the trail at the same time to provoke interest for the user to explore more of the trail.

To link with the idea of getting closer to the nature, the concept of biomimcry design was chosen. Using nature as a solution, by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies.

To fully express the concept of biomimcry design, the fundamental shape would not be only limited to perfectly symmetrical hexagons. However, as the design task is to propose an architecture intervention that would adapter to the environment, the design should have a high level of flexibility. Some system will be use at different locations of the site with different functions to suit the environment.

To future emphasis on the idea of biomimicry, voronoi patterns are generated on the surface. The voronoi pattern can be commonly found of nature living things such as the veins of the leaf, insect colonies or soap bubbles, and human spontaneous networks of urbanity. Those patterns in nature were not only act as veins to transfer nutrients to the living-thing, they also serve the structure holding propose. As the structure is interdependent, these voronoi patterns generated on the surface would help to hold the structure frame together firmly. The interlink structure of the design could allow rainwater to be channelled to the ground through the main frames.

Possible forms of structure

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b.6 Technique proposal

PATTERN 1

PATTERN 2

PATTERN 3

PATTERN 4

Voronoi pattern on the surface

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Prototype 3 shown the experience on more organic shapes not just limited to hexagons. The dodecahedron consist of 12 panel of different sizes. The voronoi pattern on the surface could create a unique play of light and shadows yet still ensure the structure stability.

Experimenting offsetting and trimming the polygon surface to create frame, then explode the faces of each form and scale down towards the centre of the face. Then get rid of the scale part to create the frame. Lastly add voronoi


pattern with in the panels to create the fundamental shape for this prototype.

The Dodecahedron presented the opportunity to be future unfolded and explore, simple variations such as removing one panel could change the form dramatically.

Like the natural systems such as leafs the panels are inter-supporting each other. At this scale, simple glue suffices in holding together the geometries; however, the need will arise in construction of system where a structural joint system will be requires. The structural integrity and flexibility is particularly important for this project as it is a series of element with the same system that is adaptable and exchangeable throughout different location of the site to serve different functions.


b.7 learning objective and outcomesFeedback and Interim ReviewAfter the presentation, the main points that arouse after the presentation are:

-further exporing the prototype 2, unfolding geometry.-investigate the effect of pattern on users’ health and emotions.- expore more possible forms that can occur at different places for the different functions.

These points requires more reseach on the concept of ‘biomimcry design’ and how could that relate to the users experience, feelings and emotions. These also means that more experiementation with the grasshopper modelling tool is needed in order to explore the potenial of the design.

Direction of DesignPart B gave me a better understanding of parametric designs and the skills needed to accomplish those design ideas.

After reviewing the faults and learning from the difficulties and error of the revise engineering, technique development and prototypical phase, it is clear that lots of things have to be taken into consideration while detailing the design.

Though out the subject thus far, I can be confidently say that I am consistently learning new and interesting things. My knowledge of grasshopper has indeed progressed, although there are still lots of rooms for improvements, I am now able to better understand the concept of program much more fluently. The course content has allowed me to explore new realms and area of architecture that I had never experience about.

The new explore field of architecture has enriched my knowledge of new and emerging technologies and I will be integrating these technology into my design.

Research built computational forms using Biomimcry was indeed valuable. These precedents provided scope and a reference point to creating my own form both computationally and conceptually. I believe that researching designs that have been successfully place on site and generate energy or emulating a biomimc process assisted me in better understanding on the project on hand.

Now reaching the end of the Part B, I have managed to garner new skills in using grasshopper, broadening my understanding and capabilities. However, there are still difficulties to use grasshopper to communicate the idea via computational design. I know there are still more room for improvement and unlimited outcomes that grasshopper could provide.

Overall, the boundless nature of computational design has been a rich addition to my scope of understanding architecture. I believe that the need for architects to become more aware of such programs is key to future design. We are rapidly moving into a digital age and it is only the matter of time to see majority of structures parametrically designed.

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b.8 appendix-reference

1. Unvistity of Stuggart,”2011 ICD reserach project’ in university of stuggart, http://icd.uni-stuggart.de[Accessed on 09/04/2015]

2. Skylar TIbbits –VoltaDom, http;//www.sjet.us/MIT_VOLTADOM.html, 20112. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media, pp, 5

3. Architectural awards website: http://www.architecture.com.au/awards_watercube [Acessed on 09/04/2015

1. Morning Line backgournd image: retrived from Archdaily (http://www.archdaily.mx/mx/02-10861/the - morning - l ine - en - la - bienal - de -ar te -contemporaneo-de-sevilla)

2. Fig 9 retrived from Archdaily (http://www.archdaily.mx/mx/02-10861/the-morning-line-en-la-bienal-de-arte-contemporaneo-de-sevilla)

3. Fig 10 retrived from Archdaily (http://www.archdaily.mx/mx/02-10861/the-morning-line-en-la-bienal-de-arte-contemporaneo-de-sevilla)

4. VoltDome background image retrived from; Artsatmit (http://artsatmit.org/fast/fast-light/fast-installation-skylar-tibbits-vdom/)

5. Spanish Pavilion background image retrived from: Design museum (http://design.designmuseum.org/__entry/4876?style=design_image_popup)

6. Watercube background image, retrieved from:: http://beijingwatercube.com

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b.8 appendixAlgorithmic sketches

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b.8 appendixAlgorithmic sketches

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52 DETAILED DESIGN

1.1Design intentThe design as a whole

At this stage, to reinforce the design, I reflected back to the concept of ‘design futuring’ presented in Part A conceptualization. It was meant to explore how parametric tools such as grasshopper can be use in computational design can be used as reverse-catalysts to enhance the experience of the user as well as slow the ageing process of environment. The Design task is to propose an architecture intervention that will express, support, amplify or question continuous relationships between technical, cultural and natural systems, and could adapte to the enironment.

With that in mind, using the voronoi cell pattern as an inspiration, the design intent is to create parametric design shelter to provide shade for the users of Merri Creek Trail. These shelters would happen at different location of the trail to provide rest stop as well as evoke curiosity and attach people to move on with the trail.

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C.1 Design ConceptBased on the comments from the interim presentation, the design concept has been refined in the following area:

1. Instead of just being shelter, the similar system could be user at other area with different functions.-Explore more possibilities of the form; explore more on the possible structures that could be useful at the site, such as linking bridges, bike stand, and seats; Experimented on different forms on different location of the trail. 2. Investigate the functional aspect of the voronoi pattern and apply that to the design.-The voronoi pattern can be fond on lots of living things for example the leaf veins. -Leafs are very like human body system. The leaf veins are of different sizes and of different functions. For example, the thickest veins are used as structure support. Like skeletons in the human body, they hold up the shape of the leaf and prevent it from been torn apart by wind.The Thinner veins are used to transport water. Like the circulatory system in the human body, the thinner veins distribute the water to the other part of leaf/plant.

Lastly, the finest veins carry out photosynthesis to support nutrients necessary for the leaf/plant.Similar logic could be applied to the project. The frame structure could act as the thickest veins to provide structure support, holding the whole form together as one, and with stand window load. The Voronoi pattern within the frames could act as the thinner veins, to disturbed the rainwater collected on the roof down to the ground. Lastly the layer of polyethylene sheet could act as the finest veins, to filter out harmful UV rays yet at the same time allow sunlight to penetrate through.

3. Investigate the effect of the pattern on human emotions.- The study of human visual preferences and the emotions imparted by various works of art and natural images have long been an active topic of research in the field of visual arts and psychology. [1]- Visual connection with nature could effectively reduce stress by lowering the blood pressure and heart rate, it could also improve metal engagement and attentiveness, create a positive impacted attitude and overall happiness. [2]

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1.2 Form Finding

VORONOI PRINCIPLES

3D VORONOI PRINCIPLES

ADDING Z VALUE TO CREATE POINTS ON THE 3 DEMISION LEVEL

The location of the structures are generated by the image sampler tool. Using the site as the base image, and topography around the site as a guide, points are generated along the path of the creek. Then link them together with voronoi pattern to determine the location of the each structure. Place with higher levels and larger change in level tend to have more points; hence more shelters. Then add on the Z value to create points on the 3 dimensional level to create the form of structures.

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design final

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DIVIDE THE VORNOI CELL IN TO INDIVIDUAL SURFACES THEN APPLY CULL INDEx AGAIN TO DELETED THE SELECTED SURFACES

APPLY REGION INTERSECTION TO FIND THE INTERSECTION BEWEEN TWO SET OF PLANAR CURVES. THEN APPLY POLYGEN CENER TO FIND THE CENTER OF THE POLYLINE. THEN CONNECT THEM TOGETHER WITH A CURVE

1.3 exploration on forms

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APPLY POP 3D TO ORIENTATE POINT OF THE INDIVIDUAL SURFACES, THEN APPLY VORNOI COMPLONET ON THE SURFACES AGAIN

APPLY REGION INTERSECTION TO FIND THE INTERSECTION BEWEEN TWO SET OF PLANAR CURVES. THEN APPLY POLYGEN CENER TO FIND THE CENTER OF THE POLYLINE. THEN CONNECT THEM TOGETHER WITH A CURVE

APPLY AREA ON THESE ISOLATED SURFACES THEN ADJUSTED THE SIZE TO FRAMES.

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1.4 design outcome

SHELTERS ALONG BICYCLE NETWORK

SHELTERS ALONG PEDESTRIAN PATH MINI -BRIDGE ACROSS THE CHANNEL

CLUSTER OF SHELTERS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

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MINI -BRIDGE ACROSS THE CHANNELSHELTERS ALONGINTERSECTIONS

CLUSTER OF SHELTERS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

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c.2 tectonic elements & prototype2.1 Prototype 3-unfolding geometreyFuture exploring on prototype 3 by opening up the geometry to form different shapes. Then the angle of the panel as to create different type of connection. At this scale, the structure could still support itself; however when in real life the pointed ends could be hard for a structure support.

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Shadow studyThe voronoi pattern creates different shadow pattern on different panel individually. Depending on the direction of sunlight, the interior shadow intersect with each other, created a very engaging light and shadow play.

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2.2 Prototype 4

Prototype 4 uses the shape created by connecting the points generated by Image Sampler at the site. These geometries are irregular, there are not specific way for joining them together, this help to improve the flexibility of the structures, allowing them to exchange panels with one another. Generally structure with larger base were more stable, however, this could also vary with the angle that each panels are jointed.

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Similarly as the previous prototypes, the light and shadow generated by the model will vary base on the sunlight direction and the angle of panel.

At this point, the connection became a concern. The design intend is to create a structure that could inter-support each other, that all different elements are jointed seemliness together to create a whole; therefore, the connection between the frames and the sub-frame of voronoi pattern should be minimum.

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2.3 Connection developement

CONNECTING CLIPS

To decide on the joints type between each panel and the sub-frame of voronoi pattern, I had tried out a couple of connection design.

This joint will be on the outside of the structure. A connection clip that covers up the jointed edge of each panel and secure them with screws. Each joint has a small circle located on one of its faces indicating the placement of the joint face. Joints are fixed to the plywood faces with a simple bolt system, follow by brackets in the interior of the structure. The assembly is tightened and strengthen with a nut. Although this joint has great potential of security the panels together, it has limited the flexible of changing the panels and failed to emphasis to concept of inter-supporting structure.

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OVERLAPPING JOINTS

The overlapping joint is done by creating slips at the edge of each panel then slot them together. This joint allow the panels to be jointed at different angles and have great flexibility in movement.

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For movable panels, the geometry for individual panel is important. The flexibility of 2 planels are tested here

Teeth Joint

This joint uses interlocking wedge-shaped edge to connect two pieces of panel together. These elements resist forces applied to the joint. It is durable ensuring the structure will not to break even under frequent stressful situations and no extra connection elements needed.

For larger projects in which contraction and expansion is a concern, teeth joints allow for these conditions.

The edged teeth also allow the panels to be moved and exchange with each other like pieces in the puzzel, to create more flexibity in design.

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2.4 Detailed Model

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As every panel is off different angle, the edge teeth on each panel are generated by grasshopper calucation to esure to will fit into each other.

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UV degradation transparent polythene sheets will be use as the cover of the shelter to reduce sun rays on site. It is also chosen for its durability and light weightness. Polythene sheets could be easily installed and recycled after use. Once again the flexibility of the project is emphasized.

The proposal attempts to create a series of sheltered elements along the path of the Merri Creek trail with the same system used. The aim is to standardise and unit the site as a whole and to provide shelters for the users of the site. The sheltered elements are created by joining different panels that are off different directions together to create different shapes. Those panels are inter-exchangeble, thus the shapes of the shelter could change according to the function of the place or events that was to be held at the site. The proposal sees me looking towards the future or adapting architecute,which is the clear intention of the brief.

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c.3 Learning outcome

Project as a wholeDesign FuturingThe project is unique through its scale and flexibility of movement. Users of the site could be subconsciously drawn to these similar yet individually unique elements throughout the site, hence connecting their experience on site as a whole. The project as created a space that provides sheltering proposes for the user as well as aesthetically appealing to them. The flexibility in movement also allows the project to change along with the site, and adapter to the events that are happening at the site.

Design ComputationThe project is one that involves both precision and detailing. Computation has influence the design both structurally and aesthetically. Without the influence of computation, the form could not be determined, and the pattern on the panel will not be generated.

Composition/Generation

There were many hurdles encountered along with the journey and I believe that this taught me much about patience and understanding. I was able to explore new software that makes task so much easier.

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c.3 Learning outcome

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ParametricParametrically, parametric modeling can only generate the form, although it look sample enough, but every panel is of different angle, therefore, the accurate position could only be generated by computation. Furthermore, controlling the location of these shelters is also determined by site condition. It is unique to the site. Overall I think that the main element that a parametric

model acquires is the ability to have a constant update on the original form and not have to start from scratch if one mistake was made at onset.

FabricationModel making is an accurate and complex process and laser cutting is a new thing to me. There were a process whereby the forms were unrolled and laid out, to be correct score or cut. In order for the precision and quality of model to be high, I conducted a couple of trials and investigate different joint type that best suit the project. Then generate those joint details in grasshopper in order to produce an accurate connection.

Conclusion of parametric designWith the increasingly relying on computers, more and more designs reliant on technology, grasshopper can provide us with task and shortcuts that are almost and sometime physically impossible for a human to process and create on their own. Having said that I also believe that old school methods of design could still be relevant and it can also be enjoyable experience.

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Studio Air

This is a simple enough design, a simple enough concept, but it is one of the hardest project I have encounter so far. Entering the studio with no pioneer knowledge of grasshopper and trying to catch up with the class has been a struggle for me. Through learning and utilizing grasshopper as a parametric

tool I was able to slowly but surely produce digital design that were suit to both a compelling form and the course intend. I do think that the subject provides student with challenging as that does test not only our patients but our visions for architecture in the future. After completing the design, I do feel as though I could have explored the form further. “Problem can not be solved unless they are confronted” -Tony Fry

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A perfect full circle back to the very first lecture of the course. I understood that in today’s age of limitless options to design. That it is crucial to asses all elements in the design requirement or the world around us..

Through completing the semester, studio air has taught me many valuable lessons as I have been exploded to a new way of communication and designing both computationally and parametrically. The ideas and process of the subject have prove to be beneficial in dealing with constant issues or problems that needed to be addressed. Studio Air was indeed a challenge, however completing the subject had been a fulfilling experience that I am both happy and proud about. Having said that, I believe time is a serious issues when dealing

with this course. Of my time was spent on learning about grasshopper rather than generating iterations and design. The tools offered within such parametric programs could have been explored further, however, I am confident about the standard and research conducted behind this project.

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end

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