journal of basic and applied scientific research (jbasr) vol. 9, no.3, may-june, 2019.pdfjournal of...

Volume 9, Issue 3, May-June 2019

Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific

Research (JBASR)

An International Peer-reviewed journal

Number of issues per year: 12

ISSN: 2090-4304 (Print)

ISSN: 2090-424x (Online)

Copyright © 2019, TEXTROAD Publishing Corporation

J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., Vol.9 No. 3: pp. 1-21, Year 2019

Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research (JBASR)

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Number of issues per year: 12 ISSN: 2090-4304 (Print) ISSN: 2090-424x (Online) Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research (JBASR) is a peer reviewed, open access international scientific journal dedicated for rapid publication of high quality original research articles as well as review articles in the all areas of basic and applied sciences.

Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research (JBASR) is devoted to the rapid publication of original and significant research in...

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Table of Contents, May-June 2019

Hassan Ali Raza, Zahid Aman, Ali Junaid Qadri and Ishrat Ghafar

Relationship between Capital Structure and Financial Performance of Islamic Banks of Punjab, Pakistan

J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res. 2019 9(3): 1-13. [Abstract] [Full-Text PDF] [Full-Text XML]

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Rahadhian P. Herwindo

The Strong Architectonic Elements of Traditional Vernacular Architecture in Indonesia

J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res. 2019 9(3): 14-21. [Abstract] [Full-Text PDF] [Full-Text XML]

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J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(3)1-13, 2019

© 2019, TextRoad Publication

ISSN 2090-4304

Journal of Basic and Applied

Scientific Research www.textroad.com

Corresponding Author: Hassan Ali Raza, Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan.

Relationship between Capital Structure and Financial Performance of Islamic

Banks of Punjab, Pakistan

Hassan Ali Raza1, Zahid Aman2, Ali Junaid Qadri2 and Ishrat Ghafar2

1Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Narowal, Pakistan.

2MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences,

University of Narowal, Pakistan. Received: November 26, 2018

Accepted: January 15, 2019

ABSTRACT

The core Objective of this survey is to investigate the relationship among the capital structure and financial

performance of Islamic banks of Pakistan when is listed at Pakistan stock exchange. This study used panel data from the financial annual reports of the banks during time dated of 2007 to 2017. In this study different

statistical tool is used to describe the consequence of capital structure and financial performance. Return on

Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Profit Margin (PM), and Earning per Share (EPS) s used to degree of financial performance of the banks that is endogenous variables. Capital Ratio (CR), Debt Ratio (DR), Debt to

Equity Ratio (DER) and Debt to Capital Ratio (DCR) are treated as exogenous variables. Multiple techniques such as Descriptive, Regression & Correlation annually are used to check R/S between C/S & Financial

performance of Islamic bank & apply E views to check determinants of Capital Structure and its impact of firm Performance of Islamic Banks.

KEY WORDS: Capital structure, financial performance, Islamic banks, returns on equity, debt ratio.

Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Design

1.1. Introduction Concept

Islamic Banking or Islamic Finance or Sharia-compliant Finance is banking or financing activity that complies

with sharia (Islamic law) and its practical application through the development of Islamic economics. Some of the modes of Islamic banking/finance include Mudarabah (Profit sharing and loss bearing), Wadiah

(Safekeeping), (Joint Venture), Murabahah (Cost plus), and Ijara (Leasing).

Sharia prohibits Riba defined as interest paid on all loans of money (although some Muslims dispute whether there is a consensus that interest is equivalent to Riba). Investment in businesses that provide goods or services

considered contrary to Islamic principles (e.g. pork or alcohol) is also haraam ("sinful and prohibited"). Moreover, what you give in usury (riba), that it may increase upon the people's wealth, increases not with

God; (Quran 30:39) Other Medinan verses are: for their taking usury (riba), that they were prohibited, (Surah An-Nisaa Quran

4:161)

O believers, devour not usury (riba), doubled and redoubled, and fear you God; haply so you will prosper. (Surah Al-i-'Imran Quran 3:129-130)

Capital structure is particular distribution of equity and debt that makes up the finance of the institution.

Capital structure is the most effective parameter to check the performance and valuation of financial

institutions. The primary object of the financial managers should be to increase the shareholder’s wealth is decided the best way source of fund for financial institutions. Capital structure theory was introduced first by

Modigliani and Miller in 1958 who examined the firm’s value change though changing its capital structure (Modigliani and Miller 1958). After this theory many of papers publish to investigate and try to find the impact

of capital structure on conventional bank and corporate performance. Few papers found on influence of capital structure on financial Islamic Bank performance. So the purpose of this survey we checked the effect of capital

structure is negative or positive on Islamic banks performance.

(Kajananthan 2012)The decision of the capital structure is very essential because such type of decisions are directly influence on the performance of the firms. The victorious selection and usage of funding or capital is

one of the major key component of the organization

The firm’s financial performance is not based on the capital structure but on high-quality performance of the

organization is created on the strategic knowledge by the management. Also achieved by the good governance

1

Citation: Hassan Ali Raza, Zahid Aman, Ali Junaid Qadri and Ishrat Ghafar, 2019, Relationship between Capital Structure and Financial

Performance of Islamic Banks of Pakistan; Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 9(1)1-13.

and management of corporate managers. (Ross, Westerfield et al. 2008, Bodie 2009, Brealey, Myers et al.

2012). To gain a return on equity, financial institutes can make use of a mixture of methods and strategies. One

strategy is use of capital structure. The relationship among Capital structure and Return on Equity is definitely

major significance to all firms. The decision of capital structure is particularly essential to banks because they are profound to fluctuate in financial Leverage due to their low rank of owner’s equity to entire assets. The decision of capital structure is very is very important for regulators, mangers and also important for shareholders

of the firm. Banks are mandatory to retain a minimum ratio of capital by rating agencies and regulatory

authorities.

One of the major objectives of financial managers must deem to maximize shareholders value by using the finest mixture of financial capital designed for the corporation. Furthermore, financing evaluations for the investment

is the vital obligations of organization in assurance of the greatest blend of money related assets, and an extra

purpose of financial chief or head is to take this type of assessments that helpful to achieve the firm value and also decide to invest their resources. Moreover, how to funding the assets of the company and also how much

equity and debt generate to financed their assets, because this’ll effect on decision of the corporation’s

(Yahyazadehfar, Shams et al. 2010).

Two main sources are on hand for firms willing to generate funds to perform their activities. In which the first one is internal source of fund and second is external source of fund. When the firm raises funds within the

enterprise is known as internal source of funds that is commonly retain earning. To enhance their activities firms

look outside to generate more funds to achieve a level of performance. When firms use take from external sources in shape of funds or loans in response it leads to increase the number of co-owners in the business.

Islamic banking system has been explained as banking in harmony among components with the value and

philosophy structure of Islam, as well the rules of management and law of risk is set by Islamic Shariah.

Islamic banking system is against to interest base system because it is banned in the Shariah of Islam. The system of Islamic banking is also avoiding the immoral practices to achieve the aims of an economy. Islamic Shariah

does not make illegal capital gains. Banking system of Islam is based on sharing of risk, and observes to

management asset to generate the profit.

According to history of Pakistan financial system of Islamic banking system was introduced in 1977-78. In 1980s, the council of Islamic ideology presents detail information about Islamic rules regarding the economy.

The overall financial system was rapidly shifted to interest free banking but unfortunately Islamic banking system

was failed due to inadequacy of human resource. In 1999s another approach used for Islamic banking system that approach was to set up an Islamic banking services in the conventional banks. Islamic banks deal in different

type of investing modes like MURABAHA, IJARAH, IJARAH-WAL-IQTINA, MUSAWAMAH, ISTISNA,

MUSHARAKAH and MUDARABAH.

Deposits and assets of Islamic banks were recorded at Rs.1564 billion and Rs.1885 billion in that order by end March, 2017. In overall banking industry the market share of deposits of Islamic banking was 11.7 percent and

the assets market share of Islamic banking was 13.2 percent at the end of March, 2017. The system of Islamic

banking is containing twenty-one (21) Islamic bank associations in which five (5) purely Islamic banks as well as conventional banks having sixteen (16) branches. Total Islamic branches was recorded 2,317 that operating

crossways 116 districts of Pakistan. There are 1,239 Islamic banking windows controlled by conventional banks at the end March, 2017.

The performance of a firm needs to do with how efficiently and effectively it can' accomplish the set objectives which might be operational or financially. The money related performance of a firm identifies with its thought

process to augment benefit both to investors and on resources (Chakravarthy 1986) while the operational

execution worries with development and extensions in relations to deals and 'market esteem (Chrisman,

Bauerschmidt et al. 1998). Since capital is used by organization to accomplish the associations define objectives, and execution is said to be the destinations so set, structure of capital and organizations execution are in this

way anticipated that would be relatively related and affected each other.

(David and Olorunfemi 2010), capital structure is the blend of equity and debt to finance the business. It is utilized to speak to the proportionate connection amongst equity and debt in corporate firms' funds. Along these

lines, in this unique circumstance, the blend of debt and equity in an organizations' capital structure. This is in accordance with the definition (Chou and Chou 2007) as a blend of equity and debt financing of a firm. An ideal

structure of capital is the great equity/obligation proportion of a firm, which limits to financing cost and expands the estimation of the organization.(Nikoo 2015) utilizing the information of 17 banks from the duration of 2009

to 2014 explained the connection among the financial performance and structure of capital that is directly relate

with each other.

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The decision of capital structure is play a vital role in managerial decision because it manipulates the risk and

shareholder return. The decision of Capital structure is also influence on the market share of the firms. The companies have to decide its all plan regarding structure of capital at the point of starter. Afterward, whenever

they have raised the funds the assessment of capital structure is involved. The requirement for generating more

funds that lead to a new structure of capital that needs a critical study (Birru 2016). (Myers 2001) stated that which there was not exist any common study or rule of thumb on choice of debt and equity but point to be noted that still there is not any specific theory to explain the accurate structure of the

equity and debt mixture. But some theories explore some mixture of capital structure.

1.2 Purpose of study

The core purpose of this study is that to examine and explain the relationship among capital structure and

financial performance of Islamic banking in Pakistan.

1.3 Scope and Significance

The scope of this paper is that the results and findings of this work will explain the function of using capital

structure in knowing the part that capital structure has in deciding financing related execution and then again it

will enlighten researchers on the significance of the capital structure to any business. For mangers of Islamic banks, this study will help them to know how to improve the organization's capital structure and to control it so

as to have positive outcomes accordingly helping firms to gain a competitive edge over their competitors. It will

similarly help future specialists to set up the connection among capital structure and financing related implementation of corporations and furthermore help preparing establishments improve the courses they offer.

1.4 Object of study

Based on the type of the dilemma recognized above, this study has following object: To explore the affiliation between capital ratio (CR) and financial performance of Islamic

Banks of Pakistan.

To investigate the relation among debt ratio (DR) and financial performance of Islamic

Banks of Pakistan. To Find out the link amongst debt to equity ratio (DER) and financial performance of

Islamic Banks Pakistan

To investigate the association between debt capital ratio (DCR) and financial performance f Islamic banks of Pakistan.

1.5 Chapter plan

This study is divided into following segments. The first segment is explaining the introduction of the capital structure and its influence on financial performance of Islamic banks of Pakistan. The second segment is

consisting of literature review of study. Third segment of this study is explored the conceptual and theoretical

framework. Data and research methodology is explained at segment forth. Segment fifth describes the empirical analysis of data. Last segment has been expresses the summary and conclusion of this study.

Chapter .2 Review of Literature

(Haron 2004) analyzed the impacts of variables that give toward the profitability of Islamic banks. Collect the data of 14 Islamic banks with inward factors, for example, liquidity, add up to expenses, funds contributed in

Islamic securities and the level of the benefit sharing proportion among the bank and the debtor of assets are

exceptionally connected with the level of aggregate revenue received by Islamic banks. Comparable impacts

were found for outside elements in which including a market share, interest rate and size of the bank. Different determinants in which fund deposited into current account, total capital and reserves, the level of benefit

sharing among the bank and its contributors and cash supply were likewise establishing to assume an influence

part in affecting the Profitability of IBs. (Abor 2005) conduct research on listed companies of Ghana Stock Trade for 5 years to checked the link

between capital structure and firms performance. Measure the capital structure of firms through return on equity in this research used regression analysis to estimate the result. Find the result of this study through ROE who

show significant relation between total assets to short term debts ratio. Additionally, the outcomes show a direct relationship between the return on equity and total debt to total assets ratio. This study recommends to

profitability of companies depend debts as compare to financing option.

(Salehi and Biglar 2009) a research conduct to identify with Iranian Firms were finished that concentrated the

3



issue of whether the capital structure choice affects firm’s profitability? Where they utilized three meaning of

capital structure in scale of market worth to book value and five procedures were expected for financial performance. They connected the information of 117 firms in Tehran Stock Exchange for the session from

2002 to 2007. Show the results of study verified the capital structure impacts financial performance.

The importance impact of capital structure on financial performance correspondingly is had a place with measures of market value, book value and adjusted value. (Arbabiyan and Safari 2009), utilizing the information of 100 organizations for 2001– 2007, find a major direct relationship of TDTA and STDTA with

return on equity. Be that as it may, the author finds out inverse relationship between of LTDTA with ROE. The

fundamental disadvantage of this research paper was that they utilized just a single variable return on equity to

determine the performance. (Kajananthan 2012) an investigation that is identified with Sri Lankan listed firms was done in 2013 by who

checked the link between capital structure and firms performance of 25 companies utilizing the information

covering the times of 2008-2012. Net benefit, gross profit, returns on assets and return on equity, were utilized as the measures of firm performance while debt assets ratio and debt equity ratio were utilized as the measures of

capital structure. The statistical tests were utilized, where, the outcomes demonstrate that net profit, gross profit,

return on assets, return on equity, are not significant associated with debt equity ratio. Also show a significant

connection between capital structure on gross profit and return on equity. (Komnenic and Pokrajčić 2012) conducted a study and empirically describe connection between intellectual

capital and organization performance. In this paper the Human and structural capital efficiency are used as

dependent variables. Return on equity and return on asset is used as independent variable and capital employed efficiency were treated as control variable. To analysis the data regression statically tool is used. Results indicate

that human capital efficiency, structural capital efficient and capital employed efficiency have directly related

with performance. (Soumadi and Hayajneh 2015) a point out the impact of capital structure on financial

performance of the publically organizations of Jordan that is listed at stock market of Amman. To look at the influence of capital structure on the financial performance of the use regression technique with the support of

ordinary least square method. They selected industrial organization as well as service firms. The sample size is

76 firms and data is collected from 2001 to 2006.the result of this survey exhibited that if a firm has high

leverage or low leverage there is no impact or there is no difference on their financial performance of the firm. This paper also explained that there is no impact on the performance of the firms by their high growth or low

growth firms.

(Salehi and Biglar 2009) conducted a research on this issue weather there is relation between capital structure and financial performance of the firms. They use three variables to explain the capital structure and five

measures to clarify the financial performance of the firms. The sample size is 117 firms those listed on stock

exchange of Tehran and the data is taken from 2002 to 2007.the findings of this study showed that the structure

of capital of Tehran firma have affect the financial performance of the firms. (San and Heng 2011) in their examination investigate the connection between capital structure and firm

financial Performance of Malaysian Construction Sector in the midst of 2005 to 2008. In this examination, 49

associations were picked as tests. Results exhibited that discover positive association between capital structure and firm performance.

(Chen and Strange 2005) examined the connection between the factors of firm age, firm size, risk business, growth rate of sale, assessment, productivity and intangible resources with ratio of debt (capital structure) in

2003 of every 972 stock organizations in China and close that the connection between these factors and obligation proportion rely upon the principle of figuring of endogenous variable (book value or market value).

(Sogorb-Mira 2005) an inspection the effect of small and medium organizations' highlights on their structure

of capital in Spain from the time period of 1994 to 1998. In this investigation, he utilized from information of

6482 nonfinancial organizations in 8 industry arrange. Results demonstrate that profitability and tax reserves of these organizations have inverse association with capital structure even as asset structure, size, opportunities of

growth these organizations have direct relation with structure of capital.

(Umar, Tanveer et al. 2012) to determine the link between capital structure and it’s manipulating of this structure on financial performance of the organization. Data is taken of 100 firms from the time period s 2006 to 2009.

In this study return on asset and earnings per share is used to measure the financial performance indicator. And to measure capital structure short term debt over total asset, total debt over total asset, and long term debt over

total asset. The conclusion of this study stated that the capital structure is manipulated on the financial performance and the finding of this research paper is support the tradeoff theory.

In this research paper(El-Sayed Ebaid 2009) inspected capital structure and performance of the organizations,

the point of this study check connection between the financial performance of organizations and the debt level

4


during period of this data (1997 to 2005). Three accounting based utilized by determine of the performance

return on equity, return on asset and gross profit margin. In this research paper found that negative critical effect of the total debt and short term debt on financial performance of estimated by ROA, yet there is no huge link

found between the long term debts and estimated of the financial performance. He is likewise proposed not

critical impact of debt (STD, TD& LTD) on the financial performance of estimated by net overall revenue and Return on assets. In this paper found the outcomes firm size control variable no significant impact on firm performance. In this research used the least squares regression statistical tool to determine performance of

organization.

We conduct the study by (Shafique, Faheem et al. 2012) who examines the Global financial affect the

conventional banking system in all worlds. Islamic financial method performance is improved than conventional method of banking in the worldwide financial crises. During the IFN (interest free nature) of the

Islamic financially structure the risk is less than of the conventionally banking system. In this research the

order of Islamic banking system increases the WW (Western world) during the international financially structure. In this study test the validity of view that in the worldwide financial crises, system of Islamic bank

also constant, then the conventional banking system. In this paper explains that the Islam is many additional,

the prevention of the Zakah & Riba, but broad method accomplishes the society’s necessities. But the Islam

point out on needs & peoples, instead of production. In the sector of Islamic banking one investigated by (Berger and Di Patti 2006) clearly inspected the new

procedure for test the impact of capital structure performance on banks. In this research used the SEM

(Simultaneous Equation Model) for the reserve causality by performance to capital. The profit efficiency used of firm performance to analysis agency cost & controlled the ownership structure. This research used the data

1990 to 1995, on 7320 US banks. The finding shows consistency with results & agency theory. (Berger and Di

Patti 2006) controlled concurrent predisposition and they utilized averages variables over of the period rather

Panel information. These studies used the panel data & increase the sample size & also increase the estimators & give more power of statistics.

2.1. Theoretical and conceptual framework

Figure: 1

2.2. Hypothesis The following hypothesis developed for this study,

H1: there is a relationship among capital ratio and return on asset of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H2: there is an association between debt ratio and return on asset of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H3: there is a link between debt to equity ratio and return on asset of Islamic banks of Pakistan. H4: there is a relationship among debt to capital ratio and return on asset of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H5: there is a connection between capital ratio and return on equity of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H6: there is a relationship between debt ratio and return on equity of Islamic banks of Pakistan. H7: there is an affiliation between debt to equity ratio and return on equity of Islamic banks of Pakistan. H8: there is a relationship amongst debt to capital ratio and return on equity of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H9: there is a correlation between capital ratio and profit margin of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H10: there is a relationship between debt ratio and profit margin of Islamic banks of Pakistan. H11: there is a relationship between debt to equity ratio and profit margin of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

Capital structure

Banks financial

performance

Earnings per share

Return on asset

Debt to capital ratio

Capital ratio

Debt to equity ratio

Return on equity Debt ratio

Profit margin

5



H12: there is a relationship between debt to capital ratio and profit margin of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H13: there is an association between capital ratio and earnings per share of Islamic banks of Pakistan. H14: there is a relationship between debt ratio and earnings per share of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H15: there is a relationship between debt to equity ratio and earnings per share of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

H16: there is a relationship between debt to capital ratio and earnings per share of Islamic banks of Pakistan.

Chapter 3. Data analysis & Methodology / Empirical Result

3.1 Data collection & Methodology

The target population of this survey consists of Islamic banks of Pakistan which is listed at Pakistan stock exchange at under banking company ordinance 1962. We select Islamic banks because the object of this paper is to

examine the link among the capital structure and financial performance of Islamic banks of Pakistan. The

sample size of this study contains five Islamic banks including Meezan Bank Limited, Bank Alflah Limited, Dubai Islamic Bank, Bank Islamic and Al Baraqa Bank. The information regarding current study is obtained from the annual reports of the banks. These financial reports are accessible on the banks websites and also the

website of Pakistan stock exchange.

. Return on asset, return on equity, profit margin and earnings per share is used to measure the degree of

financial performance of the banks that is endogenous variables. Capital ratio, debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio is treated as exogenous variables. For this purpose we use descriptive analysis to

investigate the collection of data. Regression and correlation is also use to determine the link among structure of

capital and Islamic banks financial performance of Pakistan.

3.2. Variables

There are following in which return on asset, return on equity, profit margin and earnings per share is used to

measure the degree of financial performance of the banks that is endogenous variables. Capital ratio, debt ratio,

debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio is treated as exogenous variables. 3.2.1 Endogenous variables

These are the following variables that considered as endogenous in which return on asset, return on equity,

profit margin and earnings per share.

Return on asset (ROA): Return on asset (ROA) is a money related proportion that exhibits the level of advantage an association gets in association with its asset. It is typically described as net income

divided by total firm asset. Net income is derived from the income statement of the firm and is

suitable after charges (Ramadan and Ramadan 2015, Rouf and Abdur 2015, Siddik, Kabiraj et al. 2017).A normally utilized measure of bank implementation is ROA, that provide a picture of how

compelling the administration of the bank is in producing income with its accessible resources.

Return on asset is also used by these researchers as an indicator of financial performance: (Salawu

2009, Gill, Biger et al. 2011, Chen, Wang et al. 2012, Fosu 2013). Return on equity (ROE): Return on equity (ROE) is the total of profit return as apportion of owners’

equity. Return on equity explain the organization’s profitability by disclose how a lot earning is

produce with the capital that is provided by the shareholders of the firm (Pouraghajan, Malekian et al. 2012, Salim and Yadav 2012, Akeem, Terer et al. 2014).Return on equity is a great measure of

the performance of the banks. Return on equity is the measure to check that how management of the

firm use the funds of owner. Return on equity is used by these researcher as financial performance

indicator (Abor 2005, Amjed 2007). Both return on equity and return on asset is used by some writers as measure the financial performance of the firm (Pratheepkanth 2011, Saeedi and Mahmoodi

2011, Abu-Rub 2012).

Profit margin (PM): Profit margin is a ratio that indicate the profit of the organization it is demonstrate in shape of percentage and explain that how much company earn against every dollar of

sale. It is calculated as income after interest and tax over by sale or net income over by sale. (Gibson, 2013) Profit margin (PM) is a ratio that indicates the net profit earned by the firm with each financial

part of sales generated or produced by relating the net sales and net profit of the firm. (Bodie, Merton et al. 2009) Such type of ratio is used by the outside or peripheral users of financial and

accounting like: creditor of the firms or investors to judge that how a company efficiently can

transform revenue or sale into net profit

Earnings per share (EPS): Earnings per share are the element of the profit of the firm that pays to the outstanding shares holders. It is use as meter of the financial performance.(Abu-Rub 2012)

contended that Earning per Share is the essential estimation of corporate performance and increase in

earnings per share its mean the performance is also boosting up. Earnings per share are use as

6


indicator of performance of the firm it is computed by dividing the income after interest and tax over

the number of outstanding shares. Earnings per share are obtained as: EPS= Net profit-dividends on preferred stock / average outstanding shares

3.2.2. Exogenous variables

In this paper to explained the connection among capital structure and financial performance of Islamic banking of Pakistan in which Capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio is treated as exogenous variables.

Capital ratio (CR): Capital ratio explains as book value of the total owners’ equity or shareholder

equity over total asset. Basically it explains the total value of owner funds against total asset of the firms it is called the equity to total asset ratio.

Debt ratio (DR): To measure the capital structure the debt ratio is also indicator that use by

researchers. Debt ratio is a indicator of financial ratio that measure the level of the organization

leverage. The ratio of debt is demonstrated as the ratio of debt and total equity its shows as a percentage. It can be translated as enhance of an firm's advantages that are fund from debt.

Debt to equity ratio (DER): Debt to equity ratio is a ratio that speaks about finance that

demonstrates the comparative point the value of investors and debt used to return back a firm advantage. It is closely interlinking the leverage it is also known as gearing or risk. It is explained as percentage that shows the firm how much have debt and what the value of our equity. Total debt

to total equity is a measure of structure of capital that is also influence the financial report and

performance of banks Debt to capital ratio (DCR): An estimation of an organization's money related use, computed as

the organization's obligation isolated by its aggregate capital. Obligation incorporates all here and

now and long hauls commitments. Add up to capital incorporates the organization's obligation and

investors' value, which incorporates normal stock, favored stock, minority premium and net debt.

To determine the capital structure there are following variable debt to equity and total debt over total asset used

by these researcher (Berger and Di Patti 2006, Manos, Murinde et al. 2007, Shoaib 2010, Papa and Speciale 2011, Bei and Wijewardana 2012, Fosu 2013, Park and Jang 2013, Taani 2013, Chechet and Olayiwola 2014, Kipesha and James 2014).

3.3 Econometrics Modal

Table: 1 Summary of the variables used and their description

3.4 Empirical Results

Table No.1 Descriptive Analysis Mean Median Maximu

m

Minimu

m

Std.Dev.

ROA 0.0030 0.0055 0.0169 0.0285 0.0089

ROE 0.0676 0.0539 0.2846 -0.1698 0.1032

PM 0.0037 0.0065 0.0217 -0.0404 0.0125

EPS 1.1757 0.3467 6.1300 -2.1900 2.2155

CR 0.0982 0.0718 0.4271 0.0488 0.0702

DR 0.9046 0.9284 1.0772 0.5728 0.0741

DER 12.1214 12.9668 19.4749 1.3409 4.8812

DCR 0.9019 0.9284 0.9511 0.5728 0.0703

Here, we use descriptive analysis to analysis the data of capital structure and its link with Islamic banks financial performance of the Pakistan demonstrated that the return on asset’s mean value is 0.0030, the median

value is 0.0055, highest value of return on asset’s 0.0169 and lowest amount is 0.0285, standard deviation

value is 0.0089.The value of mean of return on equity is 0.0676, the value of median is 0.0539 with highest value is 0.2846 and minimum value is -0.1698 and 0.1032 is the value of standard deviation. The results of

7



profit margin (PM) indicates the value of mean that is 0.0037, the value of median is 0.0065, the maximum

value of profit margin (PM) is 0.0217 and the smallest value is -0.0404, with standard deviation value 0.0125.this descriptive analysis explain the mean value of the earnings per share (EPS) is 1.1757, the value of median the

earnings per share (ESP) is 0.3467, the highest value of earning per share (EPS) is 6.1300 and minimum value

is -2.1900 and 2.2155 is standard deviation value. 0.0982 is the value of mean of credit ratio (CR), median value of credit ratio (CR) is 0.0718, the maximum value of the credit ratio (CR) 0.4271 and minimum value is 0.0488 with standard deviation value 0.07702. the results of debt ratio (DR) demonstrated the values of mean,

median, maximum, minimum and standard deviation respectively (0.9046), (0.9284), (1.0772), (0.5728) and

(0.0741). The mean value of debt equity ratio (DER) is 12.1214, the median value is 12.9668, the maximum

and the minimum values of debt equity ratio (DER) is 19.4749 and 1.3409 respectively. The standard error value of debt to equity (DER) is 4.8812. The descriptive analysis point of the values of mean of debt to capital

ratio (DCR) is 0.9019, the median value of debt to capital ratio (DCR) is 0.9284, maximum amount is 0.9511

and minimum amount is 0.5728. The value of standard error debt to capital ratio (DCR) is 0.0703.

Table No.2 Correlation Analysis ROA ROE PM EPS CR DR DER DCR

ROA 1

ROE 0.9226 1

PM 0.9542 0.8479 1

EPS 0.6528 0.7967 0.6307 1

CR -0.5513 -0.5022 -0.5832 -0.4303 1

DR 0.5479 0.4914 0.5854 0.3709 -0.9572 1

DER 0.6435 0.6877 0.6462 0.6519 -0.0849 0.8136 1

DCR 0.5527 0.5029 0.5851 0.4219 -0.9997 0.8449 0.8491 1

This table shows the Correlation results that explains the relationship among the different variables. Return

on asset (ROA) is positively relate with return on equity, profit margin (PM), earning per share, debt

ratio, debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio (DCR). Moreover, it is negatively relating with the credit

ratio (CR). Return on equity (ROE) has positive relation with profit margin (PM), debt ratio, debt to

equity ratio and debt to capital ratio and negatively relate with credit ratio (CR). Profit margin (PM) is

demonstrated the direct and positive relation with earnings per share (EPS), debt ratio (DR), debt to

equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR). But there is negative relation with Capital ratio (CR).

Earnings per share (EPS) have negative relation with credit ratio (CR) and positive relation with debt ratio,

debt to equity ratio and debt to capital ratio (DCR). Credit ratio (CR) has negative relationship with debt

ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR). Debt ratio (DR) has positive

relation with debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR). Debt to equity ratio (DER) is

positively treated with debt to capital ratio.

Table No.3 Regression Analysis: Return on asset

Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-Statistic Prob.

ROE 0.0519 0.0054 9.4582 0.0000***

PM 0.4064 0.0365 11.1159 0.0000***

EPS -0.0006 0.0001 -3.5186 0.0010***

CR -0.0055 0.0050 -1.0970 0.2781

DR -0.0126 0.0117 -1.0823 0.2845

DER -0.0001 0.0001 -1.2250 0.2265

DCR 0.0138 0.0117 1.1757 0.2455

R-Squared 0.9707

Adjusted R-squared 0.9670

This table demonstrated the regression result of this research paper in this table we use return on asset (ROA)

as dependent variable and return on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), earning per share (EPS), capital ratio

(CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is used as exogenous variable. Standard error explains the chances of error in the data. The std. Error value of return on equity (ROE) 0.005496, profit margin (PM) 0.036566, earning per share (EPS) 0.000184, capital ratio (CR) 0.005068, debt

ratio (DR) 0.011710, and debt to equity ratio (DER) 0.000113 and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is 0.011750. T-

statistics shows the relationship between the variables that may be positive and negative. By using return on

equity (ROE) it is positively relate with the return on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), and debt to capital ratio (DCR) with following values respectively (9.458275), (11.11599), (1.175779). Earnings per share (EPS), capital

ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), and debt to equity ratio (DER) is negatively relate with the return on asset (ROA)

8


with respectively (-3.518628), (-1.097067), (- 1.082333), (-1.225025). P value shows the importance level of

the variable. Return on equity (ROE) and profit margin (PM) are positively significant at the level of 5%, ***. An Earnings per share (EPS) is also significant at the significance level of 5% ***. Capital ratio (CR), debt ratio

(DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) are insignificant. The value of R-squared is

0.970718 that explain the model that we used is over all significance. The value of R-squared demonstrated the overall significance of the model of the study.

Table No.4 Regression Analysis: Return on equity Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-Statistic Prob.

ROA 12.5207 1.3237 9.4582 0.000***

PM -3.4621 0.9494 -3.6462 0.0007***

EPS 0.0140 0.0024 5.6593 0.0000***

CR 0.1513 0.0765 1.9764 0.0539**

DR 0.2233 0.1810 1.2333 0.2234

DER 0.003613 0.0016 2.1282 0.0385***

DCR -0.2604 0.1811 -1.4378 0.1570

R-Squared 0.9465

Adjusted R-

Squared

0.9398

By using panel least squares method the result of regression shows that when return on equity (ROE) is

considered as dependent variable and return on asset, profit margin, earning per share, capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is used as independent variable. The

value of standard error in this mode is return on asset (ROA) 1.323792, profit margin (PM) 0.949490, earning

per share (EPS) 0.002478, capital ratio (CR) 0.076581, debt ratio (DR) 0.181097, debt to equity ratio (DER) 0.001698 and debt to capital ratio (DER) 0.181116. The t-statistic shows the relationship between the

dependent and independent variable that may be positive or negative. Return on asset (ROA), earning per share

(EPS), capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), and debt to equity ratio (DER) is positively relate with return on equity (ROE) with respectively values, (9.458275), (5.6593), (1.9764), (1.2333) and (2.1282). the value of t-statistics shows that profit margin (PM) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is inversely relate with dependent

variable, respectively (-3.6462) and (-1.4378). the p value is shows the significance level of the variables in

this table return on asset (ROA), profit margin (PM), earnings per share (EPS) and debt to equity ratio (DER) is

significant at the level of 5%*** significance level. Capital ratio (CR) is significant at the level of 10%** significance level. Debt ratio (DR) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is insignificantly related with dependent

variable. The value of R-squared demonstrated the overall significance of the model of the study. The value of

the R-squared is 0.9465 that explain the model of this study is significant and overall purity of model. The value of adjusted R-squared is 0.09398.

Table No.5 Regression Analysis: Profit Margin Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-Statistic Prob.

ROA 1.7718 0.1594 11.1159 0.0000***

ROE -0.06265 0.01718 -3.6462 0.0007***

EPS 0.0010 0.0004 2.5560 0.0138***

CR -0.0048 0.0106 -0.4517 0.6535**

DR 0.0314 0.0243 1.2933 0.2021

DER 0.0001 0.0002 0.4373 0.6638

DCR -0.0309 0.0244 -1.2628 0.2127

R-Squared 0.9349

Adjusted R-Squared 0.9268

Here we used profit margin (PM) as dependent variable return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), earning

per share (EPS), capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) as independent variables. Standard error is about the average chances of error. The values standard error of

these variables are return on asset (ROA) 0.1594, return on equity (ROE) 0.0171, earning per share (EPS)

0.0004, capital ratio (CR) 0.0106, debt ratio (DR) 0.0243, debt to equity ratio (DER) 0.0002 and debt to capital ratio (DCR) 0.0244. T-statistics value determines the relationship between the dependent and independent

variable either there is a positive relation or negative relation. There are following variables that have positive

relationship with profit margin (PM) that is considered as dependent variable in which return on asset (ROA), earning per share (EPS), debt ratio (DR) and debt to equity ratio (DER) is included by these values (11.1159),

9



(2.5560), (1.2933) and (0.4373) respectively. ), Return on equity (ROE), capital ratio (CR) and debt to capital

ratio (DCR) is negatively relate with profit margin with following values respectively (-3.6462), (-0.4517) and (-1.2628). The value of P is representing the variable significance level. In this model return on asset (ROA),

return on equity (ROE), earning per share (EPS), is significant at the level of the 5%*** significance level.

Capital ratio (CR) is significant at 10%** level of significance. Debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) are insignificantly related to profit margin (PM). The value of the R- squared is o.9349 that point out the overall significance of the research model. The value of adjusted r-squared is 0.9268.

Table No.5 Regression Analysis: Earnings per Share Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-Statistic Prob.

ROA 317.0063 90.0937 -3.5186 0.0010***

ROE 28.5354 5.0421 5.6593 0.0000***

PM 116.0589 45.4057 2.5560 0.0138***

CR 1.5841 3.5848 0.4419 0.6605

DR -18.0160 7.8790 -2.2865 0.0267***

DER 0.1062 0.0798 1.3514 0.1829

DCR 16.2242 8.0081 2.0259 0.0483***

R-Squared 0.7637

Adjusted R-Squared 0.7342

Here we used earning per share (EPS) as endogenous variable and return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital

ratio (DCR) as independent variables. This table indicates relationship of earnings per share with return on asset

(ROA), return on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR). Regression analysis show the standard error value of variables are following: return on asset (ROA) 90.0937, return on equity (ROE) 5.0421, profit margin (PM) 40.4057, capital

ratio (CR) 3.5848, debt ratio (DR)7.8790, debt to equity ratio (DER) 0.0786 and debt to capital ratio (DCR)

8.0081.T-statistic value point out the relationship between exogenous variables and endogenous variables. It is indicating the type of relation that may be positive or negative. Positive relation that shows by t-value are return

on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), capital ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio

(DCR) with respectively values: (5.6593), (2.5560), (0.4419), (1.3514), and (2.0296). Return on asset (ROA)

and debt ratio have negative relation with the earning per share (EPS) by (-3.5186) and (-2.2865) respectively. P value of this table indicates the significant level of the variables. Return on asset (ROA), return on equity

(ROE), profit margin (PM), debt ratio (DR) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) have significant relation at the level

of 5%*** significance level. Debt to equity ratio (DER) and capital ratio (CR) is insignificant. The value of the

R-squared explains the overall significance of the research model. The value of R-square in this table is 0.7637 that is a good sign for the research model. It is acceptable and significant research model. 0.7637 is present

adjusted R-squared value.

Chapter 4. Conclusion

This research paper investigates the affiliation among capital structure and financial performance of Islamic

banking of Pakistan. The decision of capital structure is important for the banks because its plays a vital

function in the financial performance of Islamic banks. We collect data of following Islamic banks in which including Meezan Bank Limited, Bank Alflah Limited, Dubai Islamic Bank, Bank Islamic and Al Baraqa Bank

from the time period of 2007 to 2017. For the purpose of data collecting we use annual reports of the banks that

are available on the banks official sites and web site of the state bank of the Pakistan. To take analysis we use a five banks data as a sample and use different statistical techniques to achieve the purpose of this study. We use descriptive analysis that explains the mean, median, maximum, minimum and standard error values of the

variables. Regression analysis is used to determine and point out the significance level of the variable and

explain that how much a variable is related to other variable and how much an independent variable depends on the other depended variable. There are four variables in which return on asset, return on equity, profit margin

and earnings per share is apply to determine the degree of financial performance of Islamic banks that is

endogenous variables. Capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR) debt to capital ratio (DCR), and debt to equity ratio

(DER) is treated as exogenous variables. Correlations technique is also used to explain the relation of all variable with other variables. According to the results of this study return on asset is positively significant with

return on equity and profit margin at the level of 5%, *** significance level. Earnings per share (EPS) is also

significant at the significance level of 5% *** level of significance. Capital ratio (CR), debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) are insignificantly related with return on asset (ROA). the

10


results of return on equity shows that return on asset (ROA), profit margin (PM), earnings per share (EPS) and

debt to equity ratio (DER) is significant at the level of 5%*** significance level. Capital ratio (CR) is significant at the level of 10%** significance level. Debt ratio (DR) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) is

insignificantly related with return on equity. The result of profit margin (PM) present that return on asset

(ROA), return on equity (ROE), earning per share (EPS), is significant at the level of the 5%*** significance level. Capital ratio (CR) is significant at 10%** level of significance. Debt ratio (DR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and debt to capital ratio (DCR) are insignificantly related to profit margin (PM). Earnings per share

(EPS)demonstrated that return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), profit margin (PM), debt ratio (DR) and

debt to capital ratio (DCR) have significant relation at the level of 5%*** significance level. Debt to equity ratio

(DER) and capital ratio (CR) is insignificant.

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ISSN 2090-4304

Journal of Basic and Applied


Corresponding Author: Rahadhian P. Herwindo, Architecture Department of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia. Email:[email protected]

The Strong Architectonic Elements of Traditional Vernacular Architecture

in Indonesia

Rahadhian P. Herwindo

Architecture Department of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia

Received: February 4, 2019

Accepted: April 30, 2019

ABSTRACT

Indonesia has a wealth of traditional vernacular building architecture that is scattered with various types of shapes.

The diversity is estimated to have strong elements that show a red thread in the form of architectonic patterns.

Through this study, it is expected that architectonic patterns may be recognized based on the diversity and

distinctiveness of the designs displayed so that their potential can be determined for both the present and the

future. Many descriptions of architectural designs encountered in Indonesia today with their specific form give the impression of being detached from their specific 'place' and 'collective memory' owned by Indonesia. This

study aims to explain the architecturally strong elements of traditional Indonesian buildings through typo-

morphology. Based on architectonic comparative studies, various elements of traditional Indonesian residential

architecture are identified with strong elements including the concepts of Ornamental, Symbiosis of Outer,

Transitional, and Inner Space, Breathing Walls, Roof Domination, Non-Rigid Structures, and the like. These

elements have the potential to be further developed reflecting the progress being made in this era (progressive-

visionary), but still built based on the values of locality that refer to Indonesia's noble culture.

KEYWORDS: Architectonic, Traditional, Indonesian, Vernacular, Typo-morphology

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has a rich variety of traditional architecture in abundant vernacular forms. This diversity of

forms shows the existence of a strong architectural tradition in Indonesia established since the past. The

architectural tradition is manifested in the ability to process forms through adequate creativity. The architectural wealth in the present can be presented as a local historical prototype, given the current globalization capable of

penetrating territorial boundaries. This local historical prototype can enrich local identity. The effort to represent

identity through localism is one of the responses to the phenomenon of globalization. Representations originating

from past traditions and localities can be a reference in generating identity. Identity cannot be presented instantly

but through repeated regular and persistent stages. Knowledge of local traditional architecture must be consistently

preserved [1]

Learning about and preserving the vernacular-traditional architecture do not mean being trapped in

romanticism in the sense of glorifying the past but must be able to be linked to its continuity with the future.

Preservation should be understood not only in reference to the conservation of the object itself but also the values,

wisdom, and elements that can be transformed for the present and the future. Changes in human culture are simply

unavoidable, so that architecture as a container will follow suit in making adjustments. Architecture can be an

object that is archaeological in keeping a low profile but can also be transformative in that it dynamically inherits its elements for the future. Today’s postmodernism [2] provides an opportunity for freedom of excavation of

sources of design inspiration that present an identity or character, which is derived from the spirit of the past,

locality and regionalism. Postmodernism offers challenges (plurality) as well as opportunities to pay attention to

the other side posed by the reality of its society.

This study is an architectonic exploration related to traditional vernacular residential architecture in the

Indonesia. Basically, architectural excavation can be very broad, so this study is only one model and is limited to

the problem of representation of form and space. The approach taken is through typo-morphology. The exploration

of sources that refer to locality can also be linked to climate issue, such as Indonesia with its tropicality.

Architecture in the tropics basically has different characteristics from non-tropical regions. However,

countries/continents with a tropical climate include not only Indonesia, but also Africa and Latin America, so that

the tropical element is “insufficient” to represent the character of locality [1] The understanding of architectonic in this study is related to the properties and principles of architecture

or design such as the problem of space-form including the tectonics of its formation. In this study, the architectural

principles of traditional Indonesian architecture will be examined in the form of architectonic patterns. These

principles concern the problem of form and space. Thus the potential is expected to be recognized so that it may

be transformed in the era of the present and future. Through transformation it is possible for representations

1

Citation: Rahadhian P. Herwindo, 2019, The Strong Architectonic Elements of Traditional Vernacular Architecture in Indonesia; Journal of

Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 9(3)14-21.

originating from the past to be used as a source of inspiration for contemporary architecture. The transformation

process involves changing forms and meaning, which can be accomplished through borrowing. The Strategy of

Borrowing [3] is a transformational approach through formally borrowing a form derived from paintings,

sculptures, objects and other artifacts. By way of this process, two and three dimensional characters are studied in

an attempt to interpret their application and possibilities. This transformation is a "pictorial transferring" (image transfer) that can also be a "pictorial metaphor" (image metaphor). To give an example, a form of Javanese house

is used as the basis for transformation in designing a hotel, or other public buildings.

The reuse of old architecture into new buildings seems to be in line with the spirit of the developing era,

namely that of postmodernism. Postmodernism, which is seen as critical of modernism, is essentially promoting

the concept of double coding, which combines cross-coding values, namely old-new, global-local, and so forth.

Therefore, postmodernism as a basis for developing ideas through the transformation of architectural forms

enables efforts to recontextualize past values such as the ones relating to place and spirit of place, local wisdom,

and the like. History can be understood not only through the past but also through the history of the present. In

his discussion of the present, the French philosopher and historian of ideas Michel Foucault mentions [4] that

historical studies must always be related to the present. History is not understood to have come to a grinding halt

in the past but is dynamic, especially with regard to its impact on the present.

2. METHODS

This research has been conducted in a descriptive argumentative way to explain in architectural terms

Indonesian traditional buildings through typo-morphology. Understanding of typologies or architectural typo-

morphology studies can be interpreted as an assessment of architectural types by taking into account the forming

elements (structure/elements/ components) and their composition. The emphasis of typo-morphological study is

more on the analysis of the forming elements/components/structure of in a type [5]. This approach can be used to

examine the extent to which representations of types of enshrined design elements are used in the various contexts

of different eras. In addition, typo-morphological studies can be used to identify correlations of architectural

forms, properties, and rules[6]. The nature or character can be associated with aesthetic principles such as unity,

balance, point of interest, hierarchical symmetry, rhythm/repetition, tone, the principle of emphasis, texture, the solid-void contrast, and scale-proportions [7] [8].

Thus it is expected that in a holistic manner, it can be discerned that the strong architectonic elements

contained in its design include space and form. By understanding the strong elements, it is expected that these

potentials can be analyzed for building designs in the present. Not all locations can be reached through field

surveys due to limitations, so they will be selected by purposive sampling. Assessments and comparisons will be

made of the floor plan and appearance, and place the following components in it such as facades and ornaments.

In general the steps of the research carried out are: Comparing the traditional vernacular building design

to find the correlation between the design elements of the building's architectural type through a typo-

morphological study. The variables used are architectural elements, namely spatial plans and layouts, figures,

decorative ornamentations, and the technology-construction used [9][10]. Make an interpretation and an analysis

based on consideration of these rules to look for the potential that can be transformed in the fixed framework

referring to the characteristic forms of Indonesian architecture. The results of this study are expected to enrich the understanding of a red thread or strong element in the architectonic patterns.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Symbiosis of Outer-Transition-Inner Space

The meaning of outer-transition-inner Space are familiar in East Architecture [11]. Recognizing space in

traditional residential architecture in Indonesia can be understood not only in the form of internal space but also

involves outside space and space between outer space and inner space (transitional space). Outer space is known

as the yard in the form of open space as a place of public interaction. Transitional or intermediate space can be

connected with terraces/verandah such as in Java or falling under the architecture outside Java. Inner Space can

be dialogue with the main building which is the core, like the palaces on Java, the Banua in Toraja, Jabu among the Bataknese, Betang among the Dayak tribe, and so on. These spaces can be understood as a unified whole space

between inner space, transition, and outer space. This idea illustrates the continuity between space in the form of

permeable, flowing spaces, through semi-open terraces. The outer spaces between the masses of the building are

not considered to be independent but designed continuous with transitional (semi-open) space and inner space.

The idea of the continuity of the space is strongly influenced by the surrounding tropical nature. Tropical nature

allows outdoor activities throughout the year. Thus the site layout and mass management in traditional architecture

in Indonesia are prepared by taking into account the interaction of the outer space (in the form of open space), the

transitional or intermediate space (under or terrace) and the inner space (building core) as a symbiotic and

continuous entity. The potential of a tropical climate that is rich in sunlight and rainwater can be utilized in

2


everyday life. Spaces are arranged in a geometric order that allows them to be ‘flowing' and 'permeable' so as to

give rise to interactions - the symbiosis between spaces when used, such as the inner space and the transitional

one.

Recognizing space in traditional Indonesian architecture can be associated with the activities applied in

it. The nature of space such as public and private spaces is not limited to the fence boundary as it is now. The residential yard or courtyard can be a public space that can be used anytime from morning to night as a place to

interact and move. In traditional buildings, for example, the public can be seen in the yard or yards that mingle

with one another, not limited to well-defined fences. The privacy limit can be shown in the form of a residential

building. Open or semi-open spaces in the form of yards or in the form of terraces or the kolong (pit/vault)

underneath can be a representation of public-togetherness ideas, while closed spaces depict a private space. Public

and private spaces can be recognized through the figures displayed, namely in the form of closed-massive and

open representations. The mass management of public private space can be recognized through a solid-closed-

massive and void-open-transparent display.

Public space can be interpreted as a shared space or space that is used as a place of daily activities both

from a small scope of the family to the larger scope of the village or city. Understanding the traditional

architectural space of the archipelago can be connected with the interaction of balance or integration between

solid-closed-closed and void-open parts. Closed spaces have functions that are not only private but also sacred. Space in traditional architecture is interpreted as an element of sacredness and worldliness that limit one another

but also synergize.

Figure 1 Symbiosis of Outer-Transition-Inner Space [12] [13] [14]

From an architectural point of view, space in the context of traditional Indonesian architecture can be understood

- in its existence, emergence, and presence - in symbiotic terms between solid-massive-closed and void-

transparent-open (sacred and profane, private and public) as a whole, so not as a separate unit of activity, such as

interior and exterior dichotomy [15]. The integration of outer space, transition and inner nature has basically

shaped the fundamental character of traditional architecture in Indonesia [1] . This is a piece of wisdom that can be developed again in modern buildings in Indonesia, including the processing of spaces that connect the exterior

and interior of the building. In simple terms, it can be understood that the core elements in the architectural design

of houses in Indonesia are important, as well as the processing of their outer space. Terraces/verandah and outdoor

spaces in the context of buildings in Indonesia can be used throughout the year without being disturbed by winter.

3.2 Strong Elements

Based on architectonic comparative studies various elements of traditional Indonesian housing architecture are

identified by several strong elements, among others:

Jawa- teras Dayak

Bali

Bata

Batak Jawa-Pendopo

3



1. Bio Mimesis and Geometric, in its sculptural or ornamental form, the building uses ornamentation such as

patterns of decorative tendrils, animals, moulding in the form of a lotus, geometric square decorations, square

shapes, and curves for doors.

Figure 2 Bio mimesis-Geometric, Solid Void Linear, and Cluster in Ornament and Shape

[1] [14] [15] [17] [18]

Ornaments can also be painted on the skin of its inhabitants. Bio mimesis is also shown on the shape of the roof

in several buildings which shows the curve elements resembling the shape of horns as well as in some building

elements in texture on some parts of the roof or walls of the building. Geometric can be identified from spatial

and mass and ornamentation. The building plan shows a geometric composition in the form of a straightforward

and clear basic form such as a rectangle/oval/cruciform.

2. Solid Void in linear or cluster patterns. The mass shows a solid-void composition (in the form of a cluster or

linear pattern) which shows the symbiosis of the unity of Inner Space, Outer Space, and Transitional Space.

3. Base Element and Top Element

The building shows the bottom-base element and the top. The upper part is in the form of a body and head (roof).

The building's legs can be in the form of a base that is lifted in the form of a floor of a stage-clumped or not

classified (massive); or a base that is not lifted.

4. Dominant roof

The roof shows the dominant proportion compared to the element of the body or its legs, so that the body appears

to be part of the roof or it can also make the impression of lightness drifting using piloti (ground-level supporting

columns or stilts) like pendopo - a pavilion (the dominant roof is supported by columns).The shape of the roof

can be divided into two types, namely saddles and shields with various variations. In modernism architecture, the

concept of the form of piloti is also known, which is heavy but makes a light impression.

4


Figure 3. Base and top element, Dominant roof (various of Indonesian traditional architecture) [12]

5. Breathable, in the form of breathing walls arranged using materials that can drain air in the cracks both made

of wooden boards, bamboo cubicles or bricks or just by employing columns so that free air flows like in a pavilion.

Nowadays the idea of Breathable can be connected with the green building approach.

Figure 4 . Breathing Wall [14] [12] [19]

6. Volumetric Shape and Vertical Line element, the figure of the building shows the presence of volumetric

elements for buildings that are private and sacred and elements of the vertical line for buildings that are public

and profane.

Figure 5. Volumetric Shape and Vertical Liniar, Hierarchy, Repetition [1] [20] [21]

5



7. Hierarchy- repetition in spatial and mass order and figure, the focus of interest in facade processing and mass

arrangement.

8. Natural axes The mass and space are arranged by taking into account the concept of harmony with natural and

environmental cosmology which is manifested in the form of an axis (this can be linear or centered), related with the orientation of the building and its footprint on the surrounding natural environment such as the sea, upstream

and downstream of the river. Nowadays these idea can be related with the environmental and ecological awareness

approach.

Figure 6. Axes and Enviromental – Mountain-Sea Axis, upstream and downstream Axis [1] [22][23]

9. The structure is non-rigid, knock-down, and movable. Construction of buildings is structured with a system that is not rigid (as it can sway) and can be dismantled or moved in mutual cooperation (gotong royong) [23]. The

connection system can use pegs and ties. This structural system can be associated with resilience to earthquakes.

Figure 7 Not Rigid, Moveble, Portable, and Knock Down – Mitigation Resilient[12][14] [18] [25] [26]

Sumba

6


These elements can be considered to be transferable and transformative if they will be developed in contemporary

buildings, such as voiced by postmodernism such as bio mimesis or voiced by the modernist movement [27] that

is the impression of the floating pilotii mentioned above, or expressed in green building [28] or disaster mitigation

such as non-rigid structures, and the like. These elements can be borrowed, reprocessed and developed into new

architectural forms, so that they are relevant for both the present and future. However, in its exploration, of course, the fundamental characteristics are not ignored such as tropical architectural spaces that pay attention to the inner

outer-transitional space, its figures, its ornaments, and so on. However, the traditional architecture still has

limitations, for example the core house is basically only used for sleeping so that it is closed and the natural light

is not optimal. In addition, on the other hand there are limitations in the structural system if further linked to high-

rise modern buildings.

The use of past representations makes it possible to arrive at new meanings and views or extensions of previous

meanings. The meaning is always found in the negotiation process and adapted to the new situation. The point is

that meaning is not inherent in something in this world, being always constructed and produced through a process

of representation and being the result of marking practices [29]. the hyper-reality world is a surpassing world,

created by the use of hyper-signs and hyper-signification systems in describing reality, so that the difference

between reality and non-reality, the sign/reality dissolves[30]. An example in modern times is the use of the

Parthenon (temple) design elements for buildings that serve governmental functions. In this case the Government is associated with the Parthenon, even though there is no realistic correlation of between the two. Parthenon

elements can be hyper signed in the context of hyper-reality.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Architectural work can be seen as a symbol of dream reality as well as mythology that describes the manifestation

of the deepest human desires. Symbols derived from archetype, the memory of collective ideas, and primordial

images can be presented through the medium of myth-legend. Creativity in the form of design transformation is

presented to produce an embodiment that can form a bridge between old ideas and new ones. This dialogic

creativity is the identity and key that Indonesian society has had in the past when responding to new phenomena.

The dialogue with the past shows people’s awareness of respecting their origins or identity in Indonesia. This shows sustainability in behaving and being creative in producing works dynamically.

Based on the study above, there are elements that are considered significant in traditional architecture, among

others, the synergy between inner space, outer space, and transitional space so that the terrace and courtyard

elements become very important. The arrangement of these spaces is highly concerned about the symbiosis

between outer, inner and transitional spaces such as optimizing the terraces, and semi-open foyers. Traditional

architecture accentuates the proportion of dominant roofs, so that the roof element becomes become a very

important element in processing building figures. The synergy of the outer-transitional-inner space and the

dominant roof is a reflection of the tropical context.

In addition, the spaces presented show the existence of sacred and secular nature. This constitutes a real picture

depicting the religiosity of the people who live in it. The environment is an important consideration in placing

space and mass, especially with regard to natural cosmology. This phenomenon shows the nature of the spirituality

of the Indonesian people who greatly appreciate the synergy of nature and divinity. The concept of sacredness is also shown in the exploration of the use of symbols in the form of spatial, figurative and ornamental elements.

Ornaments should not be seen as mere decorations that refer to floral and geometric shapes but also as ones

carrying special meanings. At present the ornaments can be developed as part of processing the texture of the

figure and façade of the building so as to convey profound meaning.

Acknowledgements

LPPM Parahyangan Catholic University (Unpar)

Faculty of Engineering, Architecture Department, Unpar

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[15] Arjau-Unpar, Kampung Naga, 2003

[16]. Prijotomo, Josef, Pasang Surut Arsitektur Indonesia, Surabaya, Wastu Lanas Grafika, 2007

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[18] Frick, Heinz, Pola Struktural dan Teknik Bangunan di Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Penerbit Kanisius, 1997

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8



ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied


Corresponding Author: Dr. Eman Raafat Saad, PhD, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Applied Arts, Apparel Department Helwan University, Egypt.

Improving the Functional Properties of the Arabian Women Headscarves by Plasma Treatment

Dr. Eman Raafat Saad

PhD, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Applied Arts, Apparel Department Helwan University, Egypt.

Received: September 2, 2018

Accepted: November 15, 2018

ABSTRACT The basic requirements for good headscarves are no longer only aesthetically pleasing, but also related to the functional requirements that the head scarf should provide for the woman wearing it. Therefore, the study of the

functional requirements of the head coverings of women in the Arab climate, which combines the heat in summer

and cold winter is important to different dimensions in terms of selection of raw materials suitable for the manufacture of head covers and treatments to improve the head scarf to give a sense of comfort with the aesthetic

appearance. The synthetic headscarf prevents the extraction of sweat and prevents air permeability, which causes many problems for women who wear it. In this study, polyester head scarf fabric will be treated with atmospheric

pressure plasma to improve functional properties such as wettability, tensile strength, elongation, UV protection and protection from harmful bacteria to woman skin. The effectiveness of the treatment is assessed by using standard

tests methods; first, the UPF test, second, the Antimicrobial test, finally, Infrared spectroscopy Analysis.

KEYWORDS: Headscarves, Plasma surface treatment; UV protection, Infrared spectroscopy Analysis, Scanning

Electron Microscopy

1. INTRODUCTION

The head cover is one of the most effective clothing supplements that can be used in many styles. It is one

of the easiest ways to add a distinctive touch to clothes and give them a hint of renewal and diversity. The headdress

has the ability to change the shape of old clothes and to avoid looking at the body defects when placed near aesthetic areas in the woman's body. It is also used as a function of heating in the winter season.

Scarves come in different sizes, fabrics and shapes. A scarf’s fabric defines its appearance, texture, and weather-suitability. Women are among the most affected by the danger of solar radiation, especially UV radiation so

women should always pay attention to fabric when they’re shopping for scarves. A lot of Headscarves made from different materials in the markets, some may be inappropriate in the way wear on the head or uncomfortable or

inappropriate for use; so the study of the functional requirements of the fabrics used in the Headscarves

manufacturing and attention to the requirements of the society is very important.(3)

There are at least 70% of women in Egypt, Arab countries and North Africa wear headscarves for social, religious and protective reasons and sometimes for other reasons such as decorating or protection from heat and

solar radiation, which increases the need to provide fabrics with high protective properties against the thermal and

radiation effects of (Ultraviolet - visual - infrared) radiation, where most women suffer in these areas of damage and skin diseases such as increase the secretion of sweat and inflammation of the scalp and hair loss and lack of vitamin

D and so on, causing a real problem for Arab women and psychological and moral diseases. (3)

Synthetic fibers have become an integral part of the current textile industry. Polyester fiber has been most widely used for textile materials because of high mechanical strength, good stretchability, heat-setability, rapid drying, and wrinkle resistance. The main drawback of some synthetic fibers is the low surface energy that causes a

weak sensitivity to moisture and dyeability. (6)

It is known that polyester fiber has an inherent hydrophobic nature and thus polyester products are lacking

in stain-release, anti-soil redeposition, water and moisture wicking and anti-electricity in textile end-use. The hydrophobicity can also be a disadvantage for certain applications like dyeing and finishing. Chemicals treatments

are often used to improve the hydrophilic nature of the polyester headscarves surface; however, the usage of

chemicals is accompanied by a decrease in fiber strength and leads to environmental pollution. Therefore, we used plasma treatment to enhance comfort properties and mechanical properties. (6)

16

Citation: Dr. Eman Raafat Saad, 2018, Improving the Functional Properties of the Arabian Women Headscarves by Plasma Treatment; Journal of Basic and Applied

Scientific Research, 8(7)16-25.

Plasma technology is based on a simple physical principle. Matter changes its state when energy is supplied

to it: solids become liquid, and liquids become gaseous. If even more energy is supplied to a gas, it is ionized and goes into the energy-rich plasma state, the fourth state of matter. (2)

Plasma treatment of textile is one of the most popular methods used for textile surface treatment; it is dry, pure and used lower energy consuming than valet ordinary treating. Plasma processing of polymers was used to get desired surface properties without interfering with material properties. Non-thermal plasma techniques were

developed in the atmosphere to meet the need for the textile industry. (1)

Plasma treatment causes a desirable and exactly adjustable increase in the adhesiveness and wettability of surfaces. This makes it possible to use completely new materials and environmentally-friendly, solvent-free paints

and adhesives industrially. Many chemical surface treatment processes can be replaced with plasma treatment. (2)

The significance of this paper is to discussion the influence of atmospheric pressure plasma modification on women headscarves. Comfort properties, UV protection and protection from harmful bacteria to woman skin have

been investigated; Methodology was undertaken using a headscarves material, with fiber content of polyester.

Figure (1) Working principle of plasma treatment (5)

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Fabrics: Specifications of fabrics are given in table 1. Headscarves fabrics were procured from Tie shop.

Thickness obtained using thickness tester according to (ASTM D1777-96-2003). Fabric weight obtained using digital sensitive scale according to (ASTM D3776-96-2003).

Table1

Specifications of fabric before treatment

2.2. Experimental Methods Application of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polyester fabric for improvement of headscarves specific

properties:

Fabric structure Fiber type Warp/cm Weft/cm Weight (gm/m2)

Thickness (mm)

Chiffon 1/1 polyester 32 32 90 0.2

17


The discharge can be produced between two electrodes one of them covered by two different dielectric material

cement and glass, cell shown in Fig.2 consists of two metallic parallel square electrodes of 25x25 cm2, 2mm gap space, separated by glass sheet through an O ring. The ground electrode stands on Acrylic sheet with inlet and out

let opening for gas insertion and exhaustion. High voltage AC transformer (0-10kV) generates a 50 Hz sinusoidal

voltage was used as a power source for driving discharge. (7)The live electrode is stain steel has radius 15 cm and the other electrode is covered by porous material as a dielectric with thickness 1 mm. (6) The discharge situation should be adapted to being in the glow mode through setting the used voltage and current.

Fig. (2): The diagram of DBD discharge treatment

Polyester fabric was exposed to atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma (APGD) at different currents

and times with different gases Oxygen, nitrogen and air. Exposing time variables were 5 min, while discharge

current variables were 3, 5, 7 and 10 mA.

The headscarf fabric was cut and then scoured with acetone for 10minutes to remove contaminants on the fabrics surface. After that, the headscarf fabric was rinsed with deionized water for 5minutes. Water was extracted

from fabrics in a hydro extractor for 3 minutes. Lastly, the fabrics were dried in an oven at 60℃ for 10minutes.

After scouring the fabrics, the fabrics were conditioned under the standard atmospheric pressure at 65% +/-

5% relative humidity and 21℃+/- 1℃ for at least 24 hours before other procedure processed. The investigation involves the application of different gases oxygen; nitrogen and air to polyester headscarf

in order to improve the fabric physical properties such as wettability, tensile strength, elongation, IR- spectroscopy

Analysis as well as surface morphology were also investigated. The tensile strength test and the water drop test were applied.

The duration required for the drop of water to be absorbed into the fabric is pointed to as absorbency

amount. In order to determine the changes in the chemical structure of polyester headscarf fiber as a result of plasma

treatment, the untreated and plasma treated samples were studied by IR- spectroscopy Analysis. The scanning electron microscope photomicrograph was registered to study the changes in the surface

morphology of plasma treated fabrics.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of atmospheric pressure plasma on the physical and mechanical properties of polyester headscarf fabric, Time

exposure 5 min:

3.1. Infrared spectroscopy Analysis: The results are illustrated in figures (3, 4, 5 and 6). In the spectrum of the nitrogen plasma- treated fabric fig. (4),

some new peaks were observed compared with untreated sample spectrum :2443.06cm characteristic of NH2 groups, 1378.36 cm-1 characteristic of C-N aromatic amine , 1234.64cm characteristic of secondary amine C-N stretch ,

1227.57 characteristic of C-N aliphatic amine and 1455.18 cm-1 characteristic of aromatic tertiary amine C-N

stretch, As well some other peaks with intensity at 3368.64 cm-1 , 3357.85 cm-1, 3053.9 cm-1 characteristic of hydroxyl group H-bonded OH stretch were also observed. Fig. (5) Shows that a new absorption band with peak intensity at 1462.86 cm-1, characteristic of carboxylate groups

was observed.

In addition, the intensity of the hydroxyl group (-OH) peaks like 3648.27 cm-1 and 3231.15 cm-1 were outstandingly higher than that in figure (3) this increase in the absorption intensity indicates the introduction of more hydroxyl

18



groups as a result of oxygen plasma treatment, also it can be observed the absorption peak at 2032.58 cm-1

characteristic of carbonyl compound groups (C=O). The rate of the oxygen containing groups such as –COOH, -C-OH and C=O increased on the surface of the treated

fabric. This effect may be referring to the fact that some of the C-C bonds in the polyester fabric surface could be

broken by the oxygen plasma treatment. Then the carbon radicals, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the polyester chain The introduction of these polar groups converts the nature of the fabric from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, as shown

in figure (6), some new absorption band with peak intensity at 3298 .64 cm-1 characteristic of hydroxyl group H-

bonded OH stretch was observed. Furthermore the intensity of the carboxylic acid salt group (-COOH) peaks like 1302.68 cm-1 1403.92 cm-1 and 1834.46 cm-1 were higher than that in untreated sample spectra. Also, the intensity of

the amine group (-NH2) peaks like 2358.81 cm-1, 2223.82 cm-1 2406.63 cm-1 were also higher than that in untreated

sample spectrum, which means additional functional groups induce to the fabric surface as a result of air plasma

treatment.

Fig. (3) IR analysis chart of untreated polyester headscarf fabric

Fig. (4) IR analysis chart of treated polyester headscarf fabric with nitrogen plasma

Fig. (5) IR analysis chart of treated polyester headscarf fabric with oxygen plasma

Fig. (6) IR analysis chart of treated polyester headscarf fabric with Air plasma

3.2. Wettability Wettability expressed as wetting time of untreated and treated fabrics was measured; table (2) shows the wetting

times of the polyester headscarf fabric modified by different gases under different discharge current.

19


Table (2): Wetting time of polyester fabric modified with different Glow discharge gases:

Discharge current (MA) Untreated sample Wetting time (sec.)

0 3.07 Air O2 N2

3 0.72 0.82 1.02

5 0.68 0.71 0.85

7 0.61 0.65 0.79

10 0.58 0.61 0.72

It can be easily observed that the plasma treated fabrics exhibited a significant enhancement in the hydrophilicily and water absorption irrespective of gas types used under the study. The improved wettability of polyester fabric as a result of plasma treatment is in good agreement with the results of

IR analysis. It could be concluded from table (2) that increase the discharge current is accompanied with decrease in

the wetting time for plasma treated samples.

Fig. (7) Wetting time chart of treated polyester headscarf fabric The improved wettability of polyester treated fabrics can be attributed to the increase in ion bombardment on the fabric surface which leads to formation of surface- free radicals, increasing the amount of active species formed on

oxidation, besides increasing surface and increasing surface roughness according to the kind of gas used in glow

treatment. The wettability of plasma treated polyester fabric increases in the order of Air> O2 >N2.

this increase in the surface wettability is due to formation of several hydrophilic groups (e.g.,-NH,-CN,-N:N,-C=O,-COOH,-C-OH,-CHO) Beside chain scission, etching, and increasing surface roughness.

Plasma treatment resulted in improvement in hydrophilicity of polyester film which was treated along with polyester

fabric in air DBD.

As seen in Figure 8, an apparent decrease in water contact angle took place after 15 min plasma treatment, which

suggest that a strong increase in wettability of the polyester headscarf fabric surface induced by DBD. Water contact angle was reduced from 85.7° for untreated to 29.5°, which indicate the formation of polar groups such

as CO, COO, OH, etc as consequences of plasma treatment which make polyester surface more hydrophilic. (8)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

3 5 7 10

Wetting time (sec.)

Air

O2

N2

20



Fig. (8) Contact angle of untreated polyester fig. (9) Contact angle of treated polyester

Headscarf fabric headscarf fabric

3.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): SEM Measurements Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show the SEM micrographs of the plasma treated polyester fabric and

the untreated fabric. Surface morphology changes significantly after plasma treatment. It can be showed from

Figures 10 that the untreated polyester fibers look distinct and very smooth, however Figures 11, 12 and 13 show

several grooves on the surface of the fibers, with the existence of some pores and voids. These results may be due to the removal of some material by etching and roughening effect caused by the bombardment of ions/ electrons in the

plasma on the fabric surface, causing surface roughness.

(a) (b)

(c) (D)

Fig. (10): SEM micrographs of the polyester headscarf fabric (a) untreated, (b) Oxygen plasma, (c) air

plasma, (d) nitrogen plasma. 3.4. Tensile strength Treated and untreated samples were subjected to measurement of tensile strength. The results are illustrated in table (3).

21


Table (3): Effect of plasma glow discharge current on the tensile strength of Polyester headscarf fabric:

tensile strength

untreated sample 68

Discharge current (mA) Air O2 N2

(3)mA 68 61 67

(5)mA 66 63 64

(7)mA 65 58.5 62.5

(10)mA 64.5 57.5 63

Fig. 12: Effect of plasma glow discharge current on the tensile strength of polyester headscarf fabric

Table3 and figure (12) Shows that the treatment of plasma caused a little reduce in the rate of the tensile strength in

comparison with the untreated fabrics.

Long plasma treating produced deep cracks on the samples, on the other hand, higher discharge current or longer treatment time during plasma treatment may caused lose in tensile strength properties. 3.5. Ultraviolet protection factor: it was determined using UV-VIS double beam spectrophotometer according to the standard (ASTM D6604-

2000) and AATCC test method [AATCC 183-2000]. And the results showed in table 4:

Table (4): Effect of plasma glow discharge current on the Ultraviolet protection factor

Of polyester fabric:

Ultraviolet protection factor

untreated sample 75.2


(3) 121.6 158.9 195.4

(5) 151.2 173.3 213.4

(7) 163.4 181.2 226.2

(10) 172.3 198.3 241.7

50

55

60

65

70

(3)mA (5)mA (7)mA (10)mA

Tensile strength

Air

O2

N2

22



Fig. 13: Effect of plasma glow discharge current on the Ultraviolet protection factor of polyester headscarf fabric

It’s clear that after the treatment of the polyester fabrics with plasma glow discharge current the Ultraviolet protection factor values increased significantly. This improvement is preferable in the woman scarves. It gives sufficient protection for women skin against UV protection.

3.6. Antimicrobial test: The examination was done by using a modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results are illustrated in

table 5:

Table 5: Results for antimicrobial activity Disc diffusion method

Antimicrobial test Escherichia coli (G¯)

Untreated 0

Inhibition zone diameter (mm / 1 cm Sample)

Escherichia coli (G¯)


(3) 6 12 18

(5) 7 12 16

(7) 7 15 19

(10) 9 17 19

Fig. 14: Antimicrobial test Escherichia coli (G¯)

0

50

100

150

200

250

(3)mA (5)mA (7)mA (10)mA

Antimicrobial test Air

Antimicrobial test O2

Antimicrobial test N2

0

5

10

15

20

(3)mA (5)mA (7)mA (10)mA


Escherichia coli (G¯)

Antimicrobial test

Escherichia coli (G¯) 0

Air

Antimicrobial test


O2

Antimicrobial test


N2

23


Antimicrobial test Staphylococcus aureus (G⁺)

Untreated 0


Staphylococcus aureus (G⁺)


(3) 8 12 12

(5) 11 14 16

(7) 12 15 16

(10) 12 15 18

Fig. 15: Antimicrobial test Staphylococcus aureus (G⁺)

As shown from the results for the untreated sample, it doesn’t have any influence on the antimicrobial effectiveness,

however for the treated Samples, It’s obvious that the diameters of the inhibition zones determined in millimeters were ranging from 6 – 19 millimeters refers to the improvement in antimicrobial efficiency for the polyester women

head scarf. CONCLUSION

Treating polyester women head scarf with atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma (APGD) has a

significant effect on performance and functional properties.N2 treatment at low current, 3mA with 5min duration,

showed a better resultant data, for polyester women head scarf. Plasma treatment caused formation of some new functional groups like, OH, COOH, CO, NH2 these additional groups were detected by Infrared analysis. The UV

blocking and anti microbial properties has successfully achieved after treatment. The plasma treated fabrics

exhibited a significant enhancement in the hydrophilicily and water absorption irrespective of gas types used under

the study.

REFERENCES

[1] Modification of Polyester and Polyamide Fabrics by Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Plasma- Asmaa A Salem1 and Nasser , Polymers from Renewable Resources, Vol. 5, No. 3, June 2014

[2] https://www.plasmatreat.com/plasma-treatment/plasma-pretreatment.html

Scarf Materials: A Guide to Scarf Fabrics. August 24, 2010. https://www.scarves.net/blog/scarf-materials-a-guide-to-scarves-fabrics.

[3] Plasma Modification of Technical Textiles, April 14, 2016 , Martin McCoustra and Robert Mather, Heriot-

Watt University and Power Textiles Ltd.

[4] Improvement on Hydrophobicity of Synthetic Textiles by Plasma Treatment Research Journal of Textile and Apparel– A Review C.H. Kwong, S.P. Ng, C.W. Kan.2016

0

5

10

15

20

(3)mA (5)mA (7)mA (10)mA


Staphylococcus aureus (G⁺)

Antimicrobial test

Staphylococcus aureus

(G⁺) 0 Air

Antimicrobial test


(G⁺) 0 O2

Antimicrobial test


(G⁺) 0 N2

24



[5] Modification of polyester fabric via plasma treatment, Reem Mohammed Attia, PhD faculty of applied

arts, 2016. [6] Bahira G. Gabr1 and Nasser N.Morgan, International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &

Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882 Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2016

[7] Surface Modification of Polyester Fabric by Non- Thermal Plasma Treatment and its Effect on Coloration Using Natural Dye https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265421881_Surface_Modification_of_Polyester_Fabric_by_Non

- [accessed Jul 08 2018].

[8] C.H. Kwong, S.P. Ng and C.W. Kan, Improvement on Hydrophobicity of Synthetic Textiles by Plasma

Treatment, Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 2018.

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