jttp for laser designation ops

8/3/2019 JTTP for Laser Designation Ops

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APPENDIX ELASER PROTOCOL

E-1

1. General

a. The Laser Protocol to the 1994 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Useof Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects was only recently negotiated. It deals with a subject aboutwhich there is neither existing conventional (treaty) law nor customary international practice.The United States has not yet ratified the Protocol. The Protocol has no binding effect on theUnited States or its military personnel.

b. Even if the Laser Protocol did have a binding effect, it does not prohibit the use of thelasers described in this publication because none of them are designed to cause blindness as

a combat function. Rather, each is designed for target designation, range finding, and otherrelated areas. Incidental or collateral blindness caused by a legitimate military laser is notprohibited by the Protocol (Article 3).

c. The Secretary of Defense memorandum in Paragraph 3 is an effective constraint on USforces. It also only prohibits lasers designed to cause permanent blindness, and recognizestargeting and range-finding lasers as permissible.

2. Protocol Terms

The terms of the Laser Protocol are as follows.

ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS

WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS

ARTICLE 1: ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL

The following protocol shall be annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictionson the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be ExcessivelyInjurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (the Convention) as Protocol IV:

Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons(Protocol IV)

Article 1:

It is prohibited to employ laser weapons specifically designed, as their sole combatfunction or as one of their combat functions, to cause permanent blindness to unenhancedvision, that is to the naked eye or to the eye with corrective eyesight devices. The HighContracting Parties shall not transfer such weapons to any State or non-State entity.


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Appendix E

Joint Pub 3-09.1

Article 2:

In the employment of laser systems, the High Contracting Parties shall take all feasibleprecautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision. Suchprecautions shall include training of their armed forces and other practical measures.

Article 3:

Blindness as an incidental or collateral effect of the legitimate military employment of laser systems, including laser systems used against optical equipment, is not covered bythe prohibitions of this Protocol.

Article 4:

For the purpose of this Protocol permanent blindness means irreversible anduncorrectable loss of vision which is seriously disabling with no prospect of recovery.Serious disability is equivalent to visual acuity of less than 20/200 Snellen measuredusing both eyes.

ARTICLE 2: ENTRY INTO FORCE

This Protocol shall enter into force as provided in paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 5 of theConvention.

CCW Conference: Vienna, Austria 199525 September - 13 October 1995

3. DOD Policy on Blinding Lasers

The following is the current DOD policy on the use of blinding lasers.

DOD Policy on Blinding Lasers

The Department of Defense prohibits the use of lasers specifically designed to causepermanent blindness and supports negotiations prohibiting the use of such weapons.However, laser systems are absolutely vital to our modern military. Among other things,they are currently used for detection, targeting, range-finding, communications and targetdestruction. They provide a critical technological edge to US forces and allow ourforces to fight, win and survive on an increasingly lethal battlefield. In addition, lasersprovide significant humanitarian benefits. They allow weapon systems to be increasinglydiscriminate, thereby reducing collateral damage to civilian lives and property. TheDepartment of Defense recognizes that accidental or incidental eye injuries may occur


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E-3

Laser Protocol

on the battlefield as the result of the use of lasers not specifically designed to causepermanent blindness. Therefore, we continue to strive, through training and doctrine, tominimize these injuries.

Secretary of Defense William J. PerryJanuary 17, 1997

Current DOD Policy on Blinding Lasers


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Appendix E

Joint Pub 3-09.1

Intentionally Blank


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APPENDIX FREFERENCES

F-1

The development of Joint Pub 3-09.1 is based upon the following primary references.

1. Joint Publications

a. Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.

b. Joint Pub 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations.

c. Joint Pub 3-05.5, Joint Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Procedures.

d. Joint Pub 3-09, Doctrine for Joint Fire Support.

e. Joint Pub 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support(CAS).

2. Multi-Service Publications

a. FM 90-20/FMFRP 2-72/TACP 50-28/USAFEP 50-9/PACAFP 50-28, Multi-ServiceProcedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (J-FIRE).

b. FM 90-21/FMFRP 5-44/TACP 50-20/USAFEP 50-20/PACAFP 50-20, Multi-ServiceJoint Air Attack Team Operations (JAAT).

c. FM 101-50-31/TH 61 A1-3-9/FMFM 5-2G-6/NAVAIR 00-130ASR-9, Joint MunitionsEffectiveness Manual/Air to Surface (JMEM/AS), Risk Estimates for Friendly Troops (C).

d. TC 90-7/TACP 50-22/USAFEP 50-38/PACAFP 50-38, Tactical Air Control Party/ Fire Support Team (TACP/FIST) Close Air Support Operations.

3. Service Publications

a. FM 6-20, Doctrine for Fire Support.

b. FM 6-20-40, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for BrigadeOperations (Heavy).

c. FM 6-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire.

d. FMFM 3-55, Tactical Directed Energy Warfare.

e. FMFM 6-8, Supporting Arms Observer, Spotter, and Controller.


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Appendix F

Joint Pub 3-09.1

f. NWP 3-09.11/FMFM 1-7, Supporting Arms and Amphibious Operations.

g. Military Handbook 828A, Laser Safety on Ranges and in Other Outdoor Areas.


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APPENDIX GADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

G-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to theUnited States Atlantic Command Joint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division,Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000. These comments should addresscontent (accuracy, usefulness, consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent for this publication is the US Army. The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for

this publication is the Director for Operational Plans and Interoperability (J-7).

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes Joint Pub 3-09.1, 1 June 1991, Joint Laser DesignationProcedures.

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: CSA WASHINGTON DC//DAMO-FDQ// INFO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, DC 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Appendix G

Joint Pub 3-09.1

5. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreigngovernments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (DefenseAttach Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,Washington, DC 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center SL1655 Woodson RoadAttn: Joint PublicationsSt. Louis, MO 63114-6181

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base

Albany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-OPD)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, DC 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.


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GLOSSARYPART I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

AAM air-to-air missileALD airborne laser designator

ALLTV all light level televisionALO air liaison officerARBS angle rate bombing systemATF Advanced Targeting FLIRATHS Airborne Target Handover System

BP battle position

CAS close air support

CBU cluster bomb unitCLD compact laser designatorCLGP cannon-launched guided projectileCOLT combat observation and lasing teamCOPPERHEAD name for cannon-launched guided projectile

DA direct actionDAP designated acquisition programDOD Department of Defense

DTL designator target line

ESM electronic surveillance measuresETAC enlisted terminal attack controllers

FAC forward air controllerFAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)FAE fuel air explosiveFDC fire direction center

FIST fire support teamFLIR forward-looking infraredFM frequency modulationFO forward observerFOV field of viewFSC fire support coordinatorFSCC fire support coordination centerFSO fire support officer

GBU guided bomb unitGP general purposeGPS global positioning systemG/VLLD ground/vehicle laser locator designator


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Glossary

Joint Pub 3-09.1

HE high explosivesHEI high explosives incendiaryHUD heads-up display

IAW in accordance withIDM improved data modemIP initial pointIR infrared

J-3 Operations Directorate of a joint staff

km kilometer

LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared fornight

LDO laser designator operatorLEP laser eye protectionLGB laser-guided bombLGM laser-guided missileLGW laser-guided weaponLIF light interference filterLLLGB low-level laser-guided bombLLLTV low-light level televisionLMAV laser Maverick LOAL lock-on after launchLOAL-D lock-on after launch-directLOBL lock-on before launchLOS line of sightLRF/D laser range finder/detectorLST laser spot trackerLTD laser target designatorLTD/R laser target designator/ranger

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMEU(SOC) Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)MMS mast-mounted sightMSL mean sea levelMTO message to observerMULE modular universal laser equipment

NFLIR navigation forward-looking infraredNGF naval gun fireNOHD nominal ocular hazard distanceNTS night targeting systemNVG night vision goggleNVS night vision system


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GL-3

Glossary

PLS precision locator systemPRF pulse repetition frequency

SEAD suppression of enemy air defensesSEAL sea-air-land teamSOF special operations forcesSOFLAM special operations laser markerSOTAC special operations terminal attack controllerSSB single side band

TACP tactical air control partyTADS target acquisition system and designation sightTFLIR targeting forward-looking infraredTOF time of flightTOW tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided

UHF ultra high frequencyUSAF United States Air ForceUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSN United States Navy

VHF very high frequencyVIXL video transmission downlink

WP white phosphorous


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air liaison officer. An officer (aviator/pilot)attached to a ground unit who functions asthe primary advisor to the groundcommander on air operation matters. Alsocalled ALO. (This term and its definitionmodify the existing term and its definitionand are approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

at my command. In artillery and navalgunfire support, the command used whenit is desired to control the exact time of delivery of fire. (Joint Pub 1-02)

attack heading. 1. The interceptor headingduring the attack phase that will achievethe desired track-crossing angle. 2. Theassigned magnetic compass heading to beflown by aircraft during the delivery phaseof an air strike. (Joint Pub 1-02)

backscatter. Refers to a portion of the laserenergy that is scattered back in the directionof the seeker by an obscurant. (Uponapproval of this revision, this term and itsdefinition will be approved for inclusion inthe next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

buffer zone. A conical volume centered onthe lasers line-of-sight with its apex at theaperture of the laser, within which the beamwill be contained with a high degree of certainty. It is determined by the bufferangle. (This term and its definition areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof Joint Pub 1-02.)

call for fire. A request for fire containingdata necessary for obtaining the requiredfire on a target. (Joint Pub 1-02)

close air support. Air action by fixed- androtary-wing aircraft against hostile targetswhich are in close proximity to friendlyforces and which require detailedintegration of each air mission with the fire

and movement of those forces. Also calledCAS. (Joint Pub 1-02)

enlisted terminal attack controller. Tacticalair party member who assists in missionplanning and provides final control of closeair support aircraft in support of groundforces. Also called ETAC. (This term andits definition are approved for inclusion inthe next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

fire support coordination center. A singlelocation in which are centralizedcommunications facilities and personnelincident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. Also called FSCC. (This termand its definition modify the existing termand its definition and are approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

fire support element. That portion of theforce tactical operations center at everyechelon above company or troop (to corps)that is responsible for targeting coordinationand for integrating fires delivered on surfacetargets by fire-support means under thecontrol, or in support, of the force. Alsocalled FSE. (This term and its definitionare approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

fire support officer. Senior field artilleryofficer assigned to Army maneuverbattalions and brigades. Advisescommander on fire-support matters. Alsocalled FSO. (This term and its definitionare approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

fire support team. An Army team providedby the field artillery component to eachmaneuver company and troop to plan andcoordinate all indirect fire means availableto the unit, including mortars, field artillery,close air support, and naval gunfire. Also

GL-4 Joint Pub 3-09.1

PART II TERMS AND DEFINITIONS


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GL-7

Glossary

placement of ordnance in order to neutralizeor destroy it. 2. nuclear - A target in whichthe ratio of radius of damage to target radiusis equal to or greater than 5. (Joint Pub1-02)

precision-guided munitions. A weapon thatuses a seeker to detect electromagneticenergy reflected from a target or referencepoint, and through processing, providesguidance commands to a control system thatguides the weapon to the target. Also calledPGM. (This term and its definition areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof Joint Pub 1-02.)

pulse code. A system of using selected pulse-repetition frequencies to allow a specificlaser seeker to acquire a target illuminatedby a specific laser designator. (This termand its definition are approved for inclusionin the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

pulse repetition frequency. In lasers, thenumber of pulses that occur each second.(PRF should not be confused withtransmission frequency, which isdetermined by the rate at which cycles arerepeated within the transmitted pulse). Alsocalled PRF. (This term and its definitionmodify the existing term and its definitionand are approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

radar beacon. A receiver-transmittercombination which sends out a coded signalwhen triggered by the proper type of pulse,enabling determination of range andbearing information by the interrogatingstation or aircraft. (Joint Pub 1-02)

special operations terminal attackcontroller. USAF combat controlpersonnel certified to perform the terminalattack control function in support of SpecialOperations Forces missions. Specialoperations terminal attack controlleroperations emphasize the employment of

night infrared, laser, and beacon tactics andequipment. Also called SOTAC. (Thisterm and its definition are approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

special tactics team. USAF SpecialOperations Forces with combat controllersassigned. The combat controllers arecertified air traffic controllers withadditional qualifications as SpecialOperations Terminal Attack Controllers forfire support operations. Also called STT.(This term and its definition modify theexisting term and its definition and areapproved for inclusion in the next editionof Joint Pub 1-02.)

spillover. The part of the laser spot that is noton the target because of beam divergenceor standoff range, improper boresighting of laser designator, or poor operatorilluminating procedures. (This term and itsdefinition are approved for inclusion in thenext edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

splash. 1. In artillery and naval gunfiresupport, word transmitted to an observeror spotter five seconds before the estimatedtime of the impact of a salvo or round. 2.In air interception, target destructionverified by visual or radar means. (JointPub 1-02)

spotter. An observer stationed for the purposeof observing and reporting results of navalgunfire to the firing agency and who alsomay be employed in designating targets.(Joint Pub 1-02)

tactical air control party. A subordinateoperational component of a tactical aircontrol system designed to provide airliaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft. Also called TACP. (This term andits definition modify the existing term andits definition and are approved for inclusionin the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)


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Glossary

Joint Pub 3-09.1

target acquisition. The detection,identification, and location of a target insufficient detail to permit the effectiveemployment of weapons. (Joint Pub 1-02)

toss bombing. A method of bombing wherean aircraft flies on a line towards the target,

pulls up in a vertical plane, releasing thebomb at an angle that will compensate forthe effect of gravity drop on the bomb.Similar to loft bombing; unrestricted as toaltitude. (Joint Pub 1-02)


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Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS

Includes scope ofproject, references,milestones, and who willdevelop drafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

!

!

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The CINCS receive the puband begin to assess it duringuse

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7,will solicit a written report fromthe combatant commands andServices on the utility andquality of each pub and theneed for any urgent changes orearlier-than-scheduledrevisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub isrevised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

!

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy asshown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrine publications. Thediagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 3-09.1 Operations

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHYJOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0 JOINT PUB 2-0 JOINT PUB 3-0

PERSONNEL

JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

LOGISTICSINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINT

DOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to JointStaff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4CJCS Approval

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Lead Agent selects Primary ReviewAuthority (PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS,Services, and Joint Staff

!

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STEP #3Two Drafts

JOINT PUB 1

JOINT

WARFARE

JOINT PUB 0-2

UNAAF


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