: 88 :

i ^ I i P I & B I I I

^LIIICAL ELMim. QI 2 l E M 2 n ISOM M3L1 H M ^ HUk IBS

END QZ X8k fiOiaftAS

Sa r ly H1 story a£ Barak nrn :

Definite proof I s Hot forthcoming about the p re ­

h i s t o r i c period. The source material available for the

reconst ruct ion of the h i s to ry of Birakuru before i t became

the cap i t a l c i t y i s also sc«inty. Under these circumstances

very l i t t l e can be said about the h i s tory of t h i s period

u n t i l archaeological excavations are conducted here. Hence

a de ta i l ed account of the ea r ly History of Birakuru cannot

be ^%^)|w But we can trace here the an t iqu i ty of the

place to indicate the importance and to provide a background

for the h i s tory of Barakuru as a cap i t a l c i t y .

The existence of megalithic rock-cut bur ia l chambers

very near Barakuru leads us to think tha t Barakuru too

might have been inhabited by iron age people. The nea res t * 2

megali thic s i t e i s Bo'^ugudde (Neelavara, Udupi t a l u k ) .

I t i s on the southern bank of r i v e r S l t i and the r i ve r

separates t h i s place from Barakuru. Another megalithic

t 89 s

bur i a l has been noticed near the game place a t Keia-

kunjalu . Though t h i s i s smaller in s ize , both are of the

same type 4 . e , c i r c u l a r in plan and hemispherical In

e leva t ion , having an opening facing the sky. This opening

i s covered with a thick rough slab of g ran i t e . Nearly

one ki lometer to the south of Barakuru, in the south

western portion of the ou te r pradgkshigipatha of the

Mahalingesvara temple, Brahmavar, l i e s another raagalithic

bur i a l chamber of the above mentioned type. At a dis tance

of about 7 milometers there i s another s imilar s i t e a t

B i r a l i (near Mandarthi, TJdupi t a l u k ) . Again almost a t the

same distance there are Vaddarse and Belur megalithic s i teg .

As these s i t e s are 3ret to be excavated, no de f in i t e in ­

formation i s avai lable regarding t h e i r cu l tu re . Thus the

human habi tat ion in the nearby places suggest the pre­

valence of megalithic cul ture in those days in Barakuru

a l s o .

The western coast of Kamataka had contact with

the western world and t h i s i s referred to in Ptolemy's

Geography and Perlplus of the Brythrean Sea, These worirs

reveal tha t the coasta l region between Honnavara and

Mangalore had commercial contact with the west, Ifcnce

i t i s possible to think t h a t Barakijru too had come in to

s 90 s

o

contact with the western world. Gururaja Bhat who d i s ­

covered cer ta in ea r ly pot tery in Barakuro (old Barakuru)

iden t i f i ed a piece as Roman Spr inkler .* A. Sundara has d i s ­

agreed with t h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . But comnenting on some

of the ea r ly pot tery pieces discovered a t Birakuru by

Gururaja Bhat, A. Sundara wr i tes thus i "Dr. Bhat ' s

co l lec t ion of pot tery from the ancient s i t e a t Barak urn which

I examined included pieces of the ea r ly h i s t o r i c a l period

( c , 3rd century B.C. - 2nd century A.D,). These two s i t e s

(one a t Barakuru and another a t fdyavara) thus provide

the necessary cu l tu ra l l ink between the probable end of

the iron age megalithic cul ture and the beginning of the

X^upa rule on the one hand and the corroborative material

evidences for Ptolemy* s references on the o the r " . We

may mention here the discovery of rock-bruis ings which

can go back *©. a t l e a s t to the l a s t par t of the Ifegalithic g

period a t Gava^ i about 10 ki lometers from Barakuru. On

the bas i s of these material evidences we may think t h a t

Barakuru was slowly growing in i t s importance and the

view of B.A. Saletore t ha t Barakuru must have come in to

prominance only a f t e r 11th century A.D, does not seem to

be c o r r e c t . "

: 91 :

Pliny who wrote about the Roman contact with South

India in the second half of the f i r s t century A.D. t e l l s

us about Mgziris (^fengalo^e) and N i t r i a s (Nl t rava t i ) and

regards port Maziris an emporium. He s t a t e s tha t these

places were south of Bakarai, the country of Aiol, S,

Krishnaswami Aiyangar places t h i s Bakarai, the country of

Aioi, in the western ghats and to the north of Ntoziris,

and Nitr ias .® But we may ident i fy t h i s Bakarai of Pliny

with Barakanur or Birakuru as t h i s could be the town to

the north of Jfengalore mentioned by Pliny, I f t h i s

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s cor rec t i t can corroborate the material

evidence referred to above and we cgn conclude t h a t

Barakuru was a centre of trade and commerce in the f i r s t

century of the Chris t ian e r a .

Though there are legends of Bhuta^apapdya and

Vikramac^itya said to bo of very ear ly periods, t h e i r

h i s t o r i c i t y has been questioned and they are regarded

as of l a t e r o r i g i n . Francis Buchaman has recorded a

l oca l t r a d i t i o n . According to him the Jains in those

days believed tha t Mjayurasarma l ived in Barakuru and ruled

over Tu^uva without a superior . Though the date given by

: 92 :

the t r a d i t i o n and mention of Mayurasarroa's Presence In

Barakuru cannot be accepted, his rule over t h i s region

seems to be a fac t .^^ K.V. Rgmesh bag opined tha t the

claim t h a t Jfeyurasarma l ived and ruled from Barakurn may

merely mean t h a t h is representa t ive in Tu^una^u had his 11 headnuarterg a t t ha t port c i t y . But the d e t a i l s of

p o l i t i c a l and cu l tu ra l conditions of Barakuru are not

ava i lab le from the records of the time, Ifcwever, the a r t

and a r ch i t ec tu r a l evidences (which wi l l be discussed under

the chapter 'Archi tecture and Sculpture ' ) support the view

t h a t Barakuru was a centre of culture a t l e a s t from the

7 th -8 th centur ies A,D,

A Nishidhl stone discovered by P. Gururaja Bhat

a t Bhaftdarakeri ma|;ha, Barakuru has also been assigned

by him on s t y l i s t i c grounds to circa 7 th-8th centur ies

The Jambani insc r ip t ion of Vinayaditya belonging to

the second half of the 7th century A.D. re fers to the

' r e s i d e n t s of Pgnnlrpa^X^' ^s the donors, M, Jayarama

Sharma who edited t h i s record wr i tes t h a t Pannlrpa^^i

'could e i t h e r stand for the name of a v i l l age or r e fe r

to a uni t consis t ing of twelve vil lages '*. But in a l l

p robab i l i t y t h i s Pannlrpa;;i)r»a^ be iden t i f i ed with the

: 93 :

place of the same name in Barakuru. This Place had gained

a l o t of p o l i t i c a l and administrat ive importance in the

l^upa period as revealed by a l a t e r record^^ of t h i s

dynasty. What we can surmise here i s that though Barakuru

was not the cap i ta l c i t y of the I^upas a t t h i s time, i t

had already gained a l o t of prominence and i t s r e s iden t s

f igures in Jl^upa records even outside Dakshina K^tma^a

d i s t r i c t . •'^

Jaffli*ut Tawarikh of Bashid-ud Din a lso mentions

Fakanur as an important c i t y on the shore. Since he has

based his account on the wr i t ings of Abu Rihanal Biruni

who wrote between 970 and 1039 A.D.,^^ we can say t h a t

Barakuru had developed as an important port c i t y busy

in t rade and commerce before the beginning of the 11th

century A.D. t^uite na tu ra l ly i t a t t r a c t e d the a t t en t ion

of kings for the establishment of t h e i r headquarters.

A mosque i s a lso said to have been b u i l t in the 9 t h

century A.D, in Barakuru. This revea ls the Muslim s e t t l e ­

ment here which can also point to the t rans-oceanic contact

of Barakuru. ^^

But before we turn to the 5" upa p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i ­

t i e s in Barakuru we must discuss the e a r l y Santara contacts

with t h i s c i t y . The Santaras of Santa^ige 1000 was

I 9 4 ,

Ja inas by f a i t h . Ito begin with, t h e i r t e r r i t o r y was under

the J^upa au thor i ty with Ibmbulchchapura (modem Humchia)

as i t s c a p i t a l . P.N. Narasitnha Murthy in his t h e s i s 17

' Jainism on the Kanara C3oast* ' has t r i ed to trace the

e a r l y I"^upa-§antara r e l a t i ons on the bas is of the tJdayavara

i n s c r i p t i o n s where there i s a reference to the §i6tara

m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t y on behalf of X^upa r u l e r Chitravahana I I

and Jaina sur-names mentioned in the records of t h i s

p lace . In support of t h i s he has used the evidences

avai lable in the Bantra insc r ip t ion .^^ These reveal the

Safitara p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s in the ea r ly period in

Dakshina Kanna^a. ¥e have e a r l i e r referred to the n ish idhi

stone discovered a t Bhandira-kerl matha, Barakuru belong­

ing to the 7 thr8 th centur ies A.D. This i s a su f f i c i en t

proof for the prevalence of Jalnism during t h i s period

in Barakuru and we wi l l discuss l a t e r , how the §antaras , a

Jaina dynasty played an important role in the spread of

Jainlsm to Barakuru. But a t th i s juncture i t i s d i f f i c u l t

to connect the spread of Jalnism in Barakuru with the

P o l i t i c a l au thor i ty of the Santaras here due to the paucity

of records .

We may mention here a record recent ly discovered a t

wBdukeri, Barakuru. This i s a short insc r ip t ion found on

: 95 :

the Pada pl-fha of the Parsvanatha Image of J ^ u k e r i -

basadi . This damaged Inscr ip t ion re fers to (probably

Barakuru as) SatStarana rajya and the construction of a

Basadl (Parsvanatha mandira). The Santara ru l e r mentioned

here I s Vlkrama Santara and on palaeographlcal grounds

too the record can be placed in the lOth century A.D,

This insc r ip t ion t e l l s us about the construction of a

basadi hare and hence t h i s epigraph i s not only a proof

of the Santara rule in Barakuru but a lso an evidence

of cu l tu ra l progress of t h i s c i t y under them, Vlkrama

Siritara who i s said to have consolidated the kingdom of

Santal ige 1000 must have ruled over Barakuru. Bbwever,

the Santara-X^upa r e l a t i ons remained co rd ia l . Vlkrama

Santara* s son Chagi Santara married Bfijaladevi, the daughter 20

Of Rananjaya, the X^upa r u l e r .

An in sc r ip t i on^ ' from Padu Alevuru assignable to

the 10th century A.B. s t a t e s t h a t the grant to the goddess

Devi was made during the reign of Sintaradeva. This r e ­

cord has been placed between 941-42 A.D. and Santaradeva

Of t h i s insc r ip t ion has been ident i f ied as Chagi Santara.

The t ex t of t h i s insc r ip t ion runs thus s

: 96 s

"Svast i §r? Kumbhadalu brlhaspa-

t l y i l d a 71rodhlkratu samba-

tsarada dhanur-masadalp Srlroatp

§anta:^h:deVara rajyadalu Devi

am deya Device Kokkarni Obba_^

abbe madaglda dj^rram, - a^p^u"

Two things t ha t we have to note in t h i s record

of Chagi Siifitara are s

(1) the inolnsion of t h i s t e r r i t o r y in the kingdom

Of the Santaras (Santaradevara rijsradalu) and (2) a re fe ­

rence to a lady from Kokkar^ie (Kokkame Obba-abbe) as the

donor. Extension of Sintara au thor i ty from the northern

por t ions of the d i s t r i c t to the south towards Alevuru i nd i ­

ca tes the p o s s i b i l i t y of Sintara suzerainty over Barakuru

and moreover the donor of t h i s record i s from Kokkame, a

place very near to Barakuru. Hence we may think tha t the

Santara ru l e r over Barakuru might t«ve continued during the

re ign of the son of Vikraraa Sintara i . e . Chagi Santara.

P. Gururaja Bhat discovered an insc r ip t ion of 1388

A.D, in the Chandranitha-basadi a t Hattiyangadi which men­

t i ons an e a r l i e r grant given by J inada t ta r iya , the founder

Of the Santara l i n e .

: 97 t

The Hosa: a hero-stone which majs be assigned to

the period of Cho^a occupation of the place on palaeogra-25

phical grounds informs us tha t in the f ight with wicked

people (du^Jtakaram), Tujry^'s brother Mallapa (?) died.

The worthy Ariya Chavugdg brother- in-law of worthy Chavugda

erected the Vlragal and gave war - re l i e f (Kal-nattu) to 26

the r e l a t i ons of the deceased. Here the name Chavugda appears to be a Jaina name and i t may be suggested tha t

he might have belonged to the Santara family.

The above references reveal the Santgra a c t i v i t i e s

in and around Barakuru. There are a lso l a t e r evidences of

Sintara connections with Barakuru in l a t e r records which

w i l l be discussed in appropriate places in t h i s study.

On the bas i s of these we nay suggest tha t Barakuru might

have been one of the §antara headquarters .

During the f i r s t quar ter of the l l t h century A.D.

Birakuru was invaded by the Cho"tas. In the year 985 A,D.

the Cho^a throne came to be occupied by Raja Raja I and

he inaugurated a period of unprecedented Cho a mi l i t a ry

a c t i v i t i e s . His Bglmuri inscription^*^ of 1012-13 A.D.

s t a t e s tha t when Rija Raja s t a r t ed on the mvch his general

: 98 :

Panchava-maharaya displayed the might of his arms lay seizing

Tu^uva and Konkana, Pursuing Jfeleya and pushing aside and

Passing over Chera. Raja Raja 's Larger Leiden p l a t e s of

C, 1006 A.D, also s ta te as follows t

"Conquering the kings of the Pag^ya, Tu'iu and

Kera"^a (countr ies and) Simha^endra and Satyasraya and

o the r s by the power of his arms and taking possession of

t h e i r e lephants , horses, gems and kingdoms, he caused a l l

the tan quar ters to glow with his fame*».^ During t h i s

invasion of the Cho'^as they occupied even Barakuru and

most probably the 'Dut takaras ' of Hosa' a hero stone were

none other than the Cho^as themselves. The invaders might

have plundered the region slaughtering even chi ldren, women - 29

and Brahmanas as described by in sc r ip t ions elsewhere.

Hence they might have been referred to in the above said

hero stone as wicked people. The Cho^a invasion of t h i s

place i s proved by two undated inscriptions '^^ from 31

Mudukeri, Barakuru, which are assigned to about 1020 A.D,

The purport of these insc r ip t ions i s to record

the services rendered by t h i s Sintai^ r u l e r s to the

3:iupas in ousting the Cholas who had occi^pied t h i s region.

The f i r s t insc r ip t ion in the beginning mentions tha t

: 99 ;

the Sintara ru l e r es tab l i shed his author i ty in Tu"^uvishaya

and made the r u l e r s of £:^umale or seven h i l l s and Kombu bow

before Bankldeva who i s lauded as the nijasvami (de-facto

Lord) . Then i t says t ha t he turned back and pursued the

array of the Cho^as who had come upon with h o s t i l i t y ("mari"

mele^-Ysada cholana dagdam_be!ilkqg4-arey-atti'*). The

record continues and says tha t he placed 120 naridalikas

and mahamag^sli^as to the care of Bankidevq's shoulders.

In the 13th l ine of the record the Sintara ru l e r i s

praised as mine of sacr i f ice ( ' tyagadgkagi ') and in the

end the insc r ip t ion mentions his rule over Sintal ige-1000.

But the second insc r ip t ion which i s a copy of the f i r s t i s

incomplete and i t stops saying that he made the r u l e r s of

Seven Jfele and kombu bow before the holy fee t of Bankideva

permanently ("nirantaram") .

The S^upa ru l e r mentioned in these in sc r ip t ions i s

Bahkideva I . He was in a l l iance with the S in t a r a s . An

epigraph from Humcha informs us t ha t Bankiya^va, had

married Biraladevi the daughter of Santara ru l e r Afenagadeva

and Ammanadeva' s son Tailapadeva, the younger brother of

Biraladevi had narr ied Banikideva's younger s i s t e r Mankab-

b a r a s i . Hence 3^upa r u l e r Bankldeva was the son-in-law

of Santara r t d e r Ammapadeva. The above mentioned Mu4ukeri

: 1CX) !

i n s c r i p t i o n s eulogize cer ta in Santara ru le r but liis name

i s l o s t .

An attempt hag been made to ident i fy t h i s $antara

r u l e r . K.V. Ramesh thinks t ha t the ru l e r must be e i t h e r

Ammagadeva or his son Taiiapadeva. They were f a the r - in -

law and brother- in- law of Bankideva respec t ive ly . P.N.

Narasimha Murthy opines tha t the Santara r u l e r referred to

in these in sc r ip t ions i s Ammanadeva. As t h i s insc r ip t ion

f a l l s within the date of Afimagadeva fixed by him we may

think tha t the Santara ru l e r mentioned in t h i s insc r ip t ion

i s Ammanadeva.

As t h i s insc r ip t ion na r ra tes the achievements of

t h i s Santera r u l e r we nay accept i t as his p r a s a s t i . The

record begins re fe r r ing to him and ends describing his

r u l e . In the middle the record t e l l s us how he helped his

overlord Bankideva I . In o ther words i t s t a t e s tha t t h i s

chief "had his fame spread uniformly over a l l the universe

and, feel ing confident in the use of his sword, es tabl ished

h is cODTOand over Tu^uvishaya and brought a l l those who

ruled over Seven Male and Kombu to the fee t of his master

Bankiyalupendra." This c lear ly shows tha t i t was his own

insc r ip t ion and not of Bankiya'^upSndra. Hence i t i s possible

: 101 J

to think tha t Barakuru was under the Santaras even during

t h i s period and i t might have been one of t he i r p o l i t i c a l

cen t re s . Th3t might be the reason why the epigraph says

t ha t he s tabl ished his author i ty (*nijajn<<*) over Tulu-

vishaya. While t rying to ident i fy Tu^uvishaya, P. Guru-

raja Bhat, thinking that Barakuru was Bankiyalupe"ndra's

c a p i t a l , ident i f ied Tul,uvishaya with Grusoppe Bhatkala

region in the North Kanara d i s t r i c t . " We feel tha t Tu^u-

vishaya must have included Barakuru also which was under

t h i s Santara ru l e r and where he had se t up his i n sc r i p t i ons .

References to t h i s Place as Tu^u rajya and Barakuru Tu^u

rajya l a t e r also support t h i s view.^*^

Thus on the bas is of these insc r ip t ions of f£dukeri,

the insc r ip t ion on the pada-pl$ha of Parsvanatha image

mentioned e a r l i e r and the Hbsila hero stone we may conclude

t h a t during the 10th-11th centur ies A.D. Barakuru was under

San t a r a domination,

B.A. SalQtore and P. Gururaja Bhat are of the opinion

t h a t Barakuru had become the cap i ta l of the l^^upas by the 38 10th century A.D. We Can ne i the r accept the t r a d i t i o n a l

view tha t Barakuru was thevcapi ta l c i t y froii the 1st centuiy

A . D . , ^ nor can we agree with the above learned scholars

J 102 :

t h a t i t becarae the 3"yupa cap i ta l from the 10th century.

Their view i s based upon the insc r ip t ion of DattaXpendra

Od^amadeva from M^diAieri, Barakuru. But t h i s i n sc r ip ­

t ion has been assigned to the 13th century on paloeographi-

cal grounds. As discussed e a r l i e r , even during the days

of Bankideva I , Barakuru had not become tfc» S^upa c a p i t a l .

In view of the prevalence of Santara i n sc r ip t ions in the 42

northern pa r t s of Dakshiria Kannada d i s t r i c t we may thirik

t ha t the §antara a c t i v i t i e s may have continued in Barakuru

t i l l i t became the %\vpa c a p i t a l .

1. fellP& B[]L£ m BJiRfiKfRTl «

Baraknrn becomeff the HaPiisL fiiiy «

The S^upas who were rul ing from Ydayavara must have

shif ted the headquarters of the i r government to Barakuru

in the middle of the 12th century A.D. This shi f t ing of

c ap i t a l must have taken place during the re ign of the

S^upa monarch Kavi H^upendra. Unfortunately the records

do not give us a c lea r picture of the circumstances leading

to t h i s t r ans fe r of c a p i t a l , nor do they provide de ta i led

information about the events tha t must have happened during

t h i s period.

: 103 :

When -we examine t l ^ i^coi^s of Kavi U^lupendra -we

not ice that his first record dated §aka 1036 (111-4-15 A . D . )

i s from Udayavara. We see him se t t ing up a memorial

stone there for one Udayadityarasa and the l a t t e r i s

referred to in the record as Kumara. K.V. Raoesh has

iden t i f i ed him as son of Kgvi J'J.upendra.^ There are a

number of memorial stones in Udayavara which speak about

c i v i l wars that took place here e a r l i e r . Jfest probably

t h i s record a lso mentions such a p o l i t i c a l disturbance in

rd^yavara. But the d e t a i l s mentioned in t h i s record are

l o s t as i t i s badly damaged. We can only surmise t ha t some

unhappy incident must have happened resu l t ing in the

death of the son of the ru l e r Kavi i^upendra. This d i s ­

turbance along with o the r reasons discussed below might

have led to the t r ans fe r of the cap i ta l to a more con­

venient place i . e . Barakuru.

Barakuru by t h i s time had developed into a very

prominent place in the coastal region. I t s importance was

such tha t the western ghats came to be cal led Barakanura

gha^ta. I t had a l l conveniences to develop as a centre

of trade and commerce with a very deep r ive r touching the

c i t y . This place had an easy access to the sea. This

helped her to e s t a b l i s h coramercial contact with the out ­

side Trforld, For t h i s foreign trade as well as for sale and

consumption in t h i s area Barakuru used to get supplies

from upghat regions. Barakuru was a very convenient

place for t h i s contact with upghat regions of Kamataka.

Halacli was the only r i v e r which the merchants had to go

to upghat regions v iz . Hosangadi ghat. Tb cross th i s

r i v e r in summer was not a t a l l a problem. I t was not the

case from other places l i ke Udyavamt. This l i n e of conmuni-

cation was not much affected by floods a l s o . I f they

wanted to go through Agumbe ghat they did not have to

cross r i v e r s a t a l l , Kokkarne and Chara were slowly de­

veloping as trade centres and those places also could be

very e a s i l y approached from Barakuru. For the above

purposes Udayivar was not so convenient. Heavy rain f a l l

and floods could cause suff ic ient inconvenience to the

government a t Udayavar. The low regions in and around t twt

cap i t a l c i t y could be submerged by floods and th i s could

paralyse t ranspor t and communication very often in the

ra iny season. But Barakuru being an elevated place did

not have t h a t problem.

In Birakuru the I^upas could build a fo r t adjacent

to the r i v e r . The port was very close to the c i t y . This

! 105 :

could help not only trade and commerce but a lso p o l i t i c a l

contacts and defence. Two important centres in the northern

p a r t of the present d i s t r i c t of Dakshiga Kannada Basaruru

and Hat|;iyangadi could be reached e i t h e r by the water or

land route . Those two coninercial centres were mentioned

in foreign accounts and insc r ip t ions from very ancient

times and Barakuru could have contacts with them. The

To^ahas of Suralu who played an important role in the

p o l i t i c a l and commercial h is tory in the northern pa r t of

Dak Shiga Kannada were c losely associated with the X^upas

since Barakuru became the cap i ta l c i t y , Basaruru was

another prominant centre of the Tb^ahas of Suralu and

hence the contacts between these two c i t i e s were quite

n a t u r a l . With the beginning of Kavi J^upendra's rule

from Barakuru his in sc r ip t ions begin to appear from

Basaruru also and tha t c i t y must have been r e b u i l t during

tha t period as revealed by the new name Hosapa^itiaipa

Basurepura found in i n sc r ip t i ons , ^he X^upas could

concentrate on t h i s centre arKl consolidate the i r p o l i t i ­

cal hold with the help of the To^ahas i f they made

Barakuru t h e i r cap i t a l c i t y . Hattiyangadi was a centre

of Santara a c t i v i t y . V/e have already referred to the

Santara S^uPa cordial r e l a t i o n s . Commercial contact with

: 106 :

Hatjiyangadi and p o l i t i c a l contact with the upghat a l l i e s ,

the Santaras might have also made the I^^Pas sh i f t to

Barakuru. Moreover from Barakuru the Hi upas could eas i ly

extend the i r au thor i ty towards the present North Kanara

region. We must a lso note tha t by the 12th century

Tldyavara must have l o s t i t s coianercial importance. Thus

the increasing importance of Barakuru and the above con­

veniences must have Impressed Kavi J^upendra to t ransfer

the headquarters of h is government from Udayapura to

Birakanuru»

MtL l\2iV§Mi^*^ AcUvlliiea in BirgKiiru :

The known a c t i v i t i e s of Kavi J'^upendra in Barakuru

s t a r t from 1139 A.D. His f i r s t i n sc r ip t ion in Birakuru - 50

i s from Paiichalingesvara temple a t Kojekeri and i t i s

dated §aka 1062, S iddh i r th i . Here he has the only

t i t l e Bhujaba^a. In t h i s year the king es tabl ished

Sivanandayogi nivedya-sale in Markanijesvara temple of

Ko^ekeri. He a lso gave a grant of 30 gold coins called

Pagdya-gadyanas along with the i n t e r e s t amount. This

was given out of cer ta in taxes . The rec ip ien t of the

grant was To^aha of Surala who had probably to maintain

t h i s nivedyasi ie es tabl ished by the king. The 30 gadyanas

: 107 :

granted to the nivedyasile came from Bf^iruvara to be

col lec ted from To' aha a t Suralu (Surala lu ^"^ahana kajryalu

bldaruvarmaga[gl] hidiva-suge) and from land tax on

Bidira-gadde. Thougb t h i s i s Kavi J"^upendra's f i r s t

record from Biraki5ru we do not get any information about

the cap i ta l c i ty of the ^"lupas during t h i s period. This

only reveals t ha t Kavi 5"iupendra's a c t i v i t i e s had s ta r ted

by t h i s time in Bgrakuru and t h i s c i t y had a t t r ac ted his

a t t e n t i o n . I t i s a lso i n t e r e s t i ng to note tha t in t h i s

i n sc r ip t ion he has not assumed very high sounding t i t l e s .

But there i s a change in t h i s in the very next year.

In his another inscription,^"^ found in the Pancha-

l ingesvara temple, dated §aka 1077, Yuva, Karkataka,

Prathama, ^bnday corresponding to 1155 A.D., June 27,

Kavi X^upendra receives the ful l array of sovereign

t i t l e s . The f i r s t five l i n e s of the record runs as follows :

" (1) Svast i Saiaaaia Bhuvanasrava Sr?D<*thuvl

Yallabha

(2) ^hara;tadhlra1a Paramesvara paxaiQi. bhal^^Sra-

karapp^

(3) ST? matoagdva rihakravarti 3hujaba"^a Kaviyalpe-

(4) ndra devaru Barahakanv9Puradara»manevarii1

(5) gnka gankatha a3Lnod9<aIm xaJ7aug§yyjiiiix§. I"

: 108 ;

Two things t ha t we hgve to note here are the long

l i s t of t i t l e s of the r u l e r and a reference to his rule

from Barahakanyapura. The freshness and vigour of his

rule are indicated by the nature of t h i s record -which

gives a l l imperial t i t l e s . If any p o l i t i c a l disturbance

had affected the suzerainty of t h i s monarch during the

ea r ly years of his re ign , we uray think t h a t i t disappeared

by t h i s time. MDre than anything e l s e , the t rans fe r of the

headquarters of government from Udayapura to Barahakanyapura

indicated in the ^ th and 5th l i n e s of t h i s insc r ip t ion and

the addi t ional vigour with which he had s ta r ted ru l ing from

his new capi ta l must have made him assume these new t i t l e s .

Absence of these t i t l e s in his e a r l i e r insc r ip t ions ^ and

the appearance of those t i t l e s along with the mention of

the cap i ta l c i t y as Barahakanyapura for the f i r s t time

in th i s record reveal the significance of t h i s event in

h i s adroinist i^t ion. Hence v;e are inclined to think tha t

the t r ans fe r of cap i ta l must have taken place somewhere

between 25th November, 115* A.D., the date of the Basrur

in sc r ip t ion of Kavi H^upeiSdrg and 27th June, 1155 A.D,,

the date of his second Panchalingesvara temple i n sc r ip t i on .

The purpose of Kavi S'^upendra' s second insc r ip t ion

in Panchalingesvara temple i s to record a g i f t given by one

s 109 :

Sajiraga a native of Kashmir, of the purchase money of a

land (mekke bhumi in which fourteen muras of paddy could

be sown) in Pannlrpa^^i (modern ISneha'^'^i) for conducting

service to God MarkaQ(Jesvara. This grant was to be looked

a f t e r and protected by the king, the minis ter , the hegga^e,

the nagarasamuha and PaQ^ya^^^hadevi, This record not only

throws l i g h t on the administrat ive system but a lso i n t r o ­

duces one Pa^dyamahadevi, When Kavi S^upei^re was rul ing

over the kingdom from the palace of Birahakanyapura,

Pandyamahadevi was rul ing over the v i l l age of P a n n l r p a ^ i

(auranalva Pandyamahadevi). Unfortunately t h i s record

makes no mention of the re la t ionsh ip of Pi^^yamatiadevi with

Kavi 5"iupendra. But the par t i c ipa t ion of princesses and

queens in administrat ion i s well known in X" upa his tory and

hence the view of K.V. Ramesh t h a t Pa^^sramahadevi "nray

have been a queen of Kavi X^upendra" may be accepted.

Thus during the days of Kavi 3"^upendra Barakuru had

contact with Kashmir. Kashmiri scholars were patronised

by Kamitaka r u l e r s and great scholars l i k e Bilhapa had

won a place of d i s t i nc t i on in the f ie ld of l i t e r a t u r e . The

presence of a person of Kashmiri o r ig in , Saj lr ina in

Barakuru tempts us to think t h a t he may have been a scholar

patronised by Kavi ^^wpendra.

: 110 :

Though the insc r ip t ions of Vish^uvardhana, the

Hoysa^a ru le r , eulogise him as utpa|;ita-Gha$^a-Kapat;an

(• the f e l l e r of the door leading below the ghats*) and

Tulu n r ip i l a -hr idaya-v ida lana- ragake l i ( 'he who burs t the

hear ts of the^ulu kings in the game of war), the same

records say t h a t his kingdom was bound on the west by the

Barakanura gha^^;a. Since the claim of Tu^uva conquest

i s made in 1117 A.D. K.V. Ramegh thinks t ha t Kavi ^v-

pendra who was the X^upa ru l e r during t h i s period had to

face t h i s invasion of Vishguvardhana, However, he fee ls

t ha t the conquest did not r e s u l t in any t e r r i t o r i a l annexa-

t i o n . But Kohka^a commencing from Birakanuru i s s ta ted

to be the western boundary of Vishguvardhana* s kingdom in

two of his records .^^ Another epigraph of 11^9 A.D., points

to the conquest of Vishguvardhana and demaifeates his klng-

dom inclusive of Barakanuru in the wes t . ^ ' In t h i s connec­

t ion P. Gururaja Bhat remarks thus : " I t deserves to be

noted tha t in no record of the 5\upas e a r l i e r than the

v ice roya l ty of Vlra Balla^a T i l , there i s any mention of

the recognit ion of the Hoysa' .a overlordship over )5"^vakh6da.

Moreover no record belonging to the Hoysa'^as un t i l the

th i rd quarter of the 13th century A.D. has h i ther to been

discovered in I^vakheda. I t i s quite poss ib le , t ha t the

3' upa ru l e r s nominally acknowledged the overlordship of the

: 1 1 1 J

C O

Hoysalas." A careful examination of the above records

and the conteraporary S^upa insc r ip t ions reveal t h a t though

the S^upas had accepted the overlord ship of the HDysa^as I t

was only nominal as suggested by P. Gururaja Bhat, Though

a few records include Barakuru within the Hoysala dominion

as a r e s u l t of t h i s nominal acceptance of Hbysa^a suzerainty

by the l^upas, the o ther records of the Hbysa:^as which say

t h a t B§rakanura ghatt:a (western ghats) was the western

boundary of Hoysala kingdom speak the t ru th . I t i s only an

from 1333 A.D, t h a t the records of the Hoysalas s t a r t

appearing in Dgkshina Kanna^a and the f i r s t Hoysala i n s -

c r ip t ion in Barakuru proper i s dated 133^ A.D, Hence,

even though the 3\upas had nominally accepted the over-

lo rdsh ip of the Hoysalas during t h i s period, Barakuru was

not subjected to the X: upa rule t i l l the ea r ly par t of the

fourth decade of the fourteenth century A.D. Therefore a t

t h i s Juncture the 5" upa rule in Barakuru was unaffected,

Kavi lil-upeftdra's l a s t known date i s 1155 A.D, and

he may have reigned t i l l 1160 A.D, During his long reign

Kavi 3" upeAdiKi who had t ransfer red the Ulupa cap i t a l from

Udyavara to Barakuru ra ised the l a t t e r to the posi t ion of

prominence. In the ea r ly days of H^upa rule he must have

: 112 s

r e b u i l t the c i t y . The a c t i v i t i e s of Kavi Slupendra men­

tioned in his records are r e s t r i c t e d to Kotekeri in Bara-

kuru. But many more changes might have occured in d i f f e ­

ren t f i e ld s during t h i s period. He must have introduced

changes in the administrat ion of the c i t y . A new arrange­

ment of division of Barakuru into Keris must have s ta r ted

from t h i s time, '^ Hence from the beginning of Kavi 3: u-

pendra 's reign s t a r t ed a new phase in the p o l i t i c a l and

cu l tu ra l h is tory of Barakuru,

P. Gururaja Bhat has placed Bommadeira S^upendra

between 1156 and 1170 A.D, as the successor of Kavi X|u-

pe^dra. But t h i s i s ^accep tab le as an insc r ip t ion of

ICundana from Varanga, while giving the genealogy of the

X upa i 'nlers of t h i s period in l i n e s 33 and 3A mentions

Kulasekhara as the successor of Kavi 3^upendra.

Kulasekhara, the successor of Kavi J'^upendra ruled 65

for a long period from 1160 to 1220 A.D. But unfortu­

na te ly no insc r ip t ion i s available to speak about Kula­

sekhara 's a c t i v i t i e s in the cap i ta l c i t y . Ob discharge his

d u t i e s e f fec t ive ly in the southern pa r t of his kingdom Iw

: 113 :

must have stayed for cer ta in periods in the palace called

Bhuvanisraya in Mangalore which was made one of the 66

c a p i t a l s . Tradition speaks about an invasion of hlva-

khefja by a Pa^(Jyan king of J^idhura. A Papdyan inscr ip t ion 67

mentions the conquest of the Tu'^uvas, But no c lea r

evidence i s avai lable to speak about Pigdyan hegemony

over Birakuru. However, i t i s possible that such an

invasion had resul ted in making Manga"^uru in the southern pa r t of the kingdom, one of the cap i t a l s for the sake of

68 ' -

safe ty . Gururaja Bhat thinks t ha t Kulasekhara had

divided the kingdom into Birakuru and Mangal^uru Provinces

and he subs tan t ia tes his view with the help of an epigraph

dated 1205 A,D. which refers to Birakanura gadyaga and

Manga^ura gadyina, which he th inks , were minted in two

separate uni ts in a l l probabi l i ty r e l a t ing to two provinces.

Kulasekhara had married a Jaina pr incess Jfkalamahidevi

probably same as Jakalamahadevi rul ing over Ka^asa Karkala

p r i n c i p a l i t y from her capi ta l a t Ka^asa (Chikamagalur

d i s t r i c t ) . ' ^ ' ^

I t i s revealed by the Varanga insc r ip t ion tha t <• - 7 1

Kupdana of the Sintara l ine succeeded Kulasekhara. But i t i s not s ta ted in t h i s record tha t Kunda^a was ru l ing

: 11A :

from Barakuru. As staijed in the above record he belonged

to the Santara l ine and he was the younger brother of

Tribhuvana Santara whose inscr ip t ion i s found in the

northern par t of the d i s t r i c t . PlN. Narasiniha Murthy

s t a t e s tha t "the p o l i t i c a l Influence of the Jalna Sintaras

was so great t h a t i t ul t imately led to the inevi table point

of S in ta ras shouldering the r e spons ib i l i t y of protect ing

and ru l ing Hlvakheda a f t e r the death of Kulasekhara t i l l

the kingdom found a sui table S^upa successor. This succes­

sion to the S^upa throne may be in the capacity of a 73

regent" . In connection with Kuridana's succession to the

Al-upa throne, Ramesh wr i tes thus - "The circumstances which

r a i sed Ku^daga to the %\WB throne are not revealed by the

Varanga in sc r ip t ion . I t may be tha t he had married a

pr incess of the 3^upa house, probably the daughter of

Kulasekhara and may have gained the Alupa throne as regent

when the l a t t e r died without any e l i g ib l e candidate 74

d i r e c t l y belonging to the l ^upa dynasty ." He has assigned 75

Kugdaija to the period between 1220 and 1230 A.D. ' Thus

Kugda^a of the Sgntara dsmasty ruled for about a decade

in Barakuru.

: 116 :

The next r u l e r who f igures in records i s Dgttg^-

peAdra ^rlmara Oddamadeva, He has been r i g h t l y ident i f ied

as Vgllabhadeva and Oijdaniaraja of Vgddarse insc r ip t ion

assigned to 1235 H.T), An undated in sc r ip t ion from

M^iukeri s t a t e s tha t he was rul ing in Birakuru and t h i s

record r e g i s t e r s a g i f t of cul t ivable land to Gaganasiva-

charya given by the king in associa t ion with the halaru

gnd the Nakhara of Barakuru in the palace Piriyaramane.

The king, na(Ju and nakhara are mentioned as the protectors

of t h i s grant . As we have the insc r ip t ion of another ru l e r

in 12^7 A.D. \^e may place the reign of t h i s king between

C. 1230-12A0 A.D.

Bit^IdeYJ;pendradeyg :

I t has been h i the r to thought tha t Virapandvadevt

was the successor of Dattal^pendra Srimara O^^araadeva. But

a newly discovered insc r ip t ion from Ha^egardi in the

Chejj^ady vi l lage of Udupi taluk introduces a new ru l e r

called Bitjtid§vi^pendradeva. The f i r s t par t of the t ex t

of t h i s insc r ip t ion connected with the p o l i t i c a l h is tory

of Barakuru runs as follows :

: 116 s

1

2

3

A

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Svastl. ^ulisslPiQ^y^ flhaKravartl xiya

jya-mnttarottaribtij. jsrulMbl Pxa:zaila-mana mpchandrarka tiramba-

lak -gal nttamire §p KaYa f l: a 117Q xie-

ya Piavanga safflvatSara's3 l u l i

masa prathama dlna aoiiYiriaan-

4u srlmaj^ xaJMtmi S^rato^aaya-

Pura^qraiaan^yalH mgmnagaljj A-

nhaiadevi jillya Bagiad93za. ad^aaade-

218. flatalta nttilra slBh^Banflrii h^ra-

gi za^dQiag^gCLttinsLlJi ^ p i i l a sannldiCna.-)

^Ln aal^ana ylsBb^jrafleva BaoltlYe-

ggacie gajjiziiui Ran^hlvlgjllai Deyappa-

xjisJiaxns 3< tiiKirl Sn n<AH .sinaliima-

rum irali3 Cherkadlgarildu _ _ _ « 78

This record s t a t e s tha t Bi^tidevalpendra was rul ing

from his palace a t Barahakanyapura in 1247-^8 A.D. along

with his grand daughter Achaladevi and nephews Bateadeva

and Oddamadeva. The insc r ip t ion also records the presence

of Yishaharadeva (Isvaradeva) , Bankivegga^e, Gajabahu,

Sandhivigrahi Devapparusha (Devapparasa) and Adhikari

Anandu Senabhova in the court . Isvaradeva i s referred to

: 117 s

as maiduna (bro the i^ in- law) . Dattalpendra ^rTroira Oddaroa-— 79

deva ' s dgted record ' i s of 10th September 1235, whereas

Virapan^yadeva's f i r s t insc r ip t ion i s of 13th September

125A A.D. BlJJ^idevalpeiWra's reign f a l l s in the period

between 1235 and 125* A.D. Hence Bitt ideva;pendra may be

considered to have reigned from about 12^0 to 1250 A.D,

Thus Barakuru witnessed the reign of t h i s A^upa ru le r for

about a decade. Bommadeva i s mentioned in Chericady i n s ­

c r ip t ion as nephew (a^iya) of the king. One Bginmadeva i s

a lso mentioned as a nephew of Kulasekhara T in his Manga-81

lo re i n sc r ip t i on . Though on the bas i s of t h i s i t can

be said that Bit fide valpendradeva i s a brother of Kula­

sekhara I , i t cannot be explained as to why he did not

succeed him icinediateiy (before Datta'^pendra). MDreover,

the avai lable sources do not help us to e s t a b l i s h t h i s

r e l a t ionsh ip beyond doubt. Any how the presence of Hchala-

devi , the grand daughter of the r u l e r in the court indica tes

t ha t the king was suf f ic ien t ly old a t tha t time. His suc­

cessor on the IJ' upa throne of Barakuru was VlrapSndyadeva,

Y^T^PJijdvadeva y]npendrqdeva< ^ xaign Jjl ESxaldkil :

. > — - 82

An undated record from Kotekeri Barakuru s t a t e s

t ha t Vira Jaggdavarasa, Pattamahadevi and Pandyadevarasa

were ruling ;}ointly from t h e i r cap i t a l Barahakanyipura,

: 118 J

Pan^yadQvarasa of t b i s insc r ip t ion i s none other than

Virapandyadeva himself, ^his inscr ip t ion reveals t h a t

he was rul ing in the beginning of his reign j o i n t l y with

Virajagadevarasa and Patjamahadevi. The fact tha t Jaga-

devarasa played a prominent role in administ^l^frg-^fefas'<f-

Birakuru i s c lear from the importance given to him in

t h i s record. Eleven l i n e s of t h i s insc r ip t ion are used to

record the t i t l e s and praise t h i s V?rajagadevarasa. In the

l i s t of three jo in t ru l e r s the name of Vlrapan^yadSva

appears in the end. His wife does not figure in th i s i n s ­

c r ip t ion and hence we may assign the record to the beginning

period of his reign when his mother and Jggadevarasa helped

him in t ransac t ing the s ta te business . The feudatory

t i t l e s of Jagadevarasa l ike I^himaij^^^^svara reveal t h a t

he was a subordinate of some imperial power. He has been 83 -

considered as the feudatory of the Hoysa^as. Pa ta ma ha­

de v i can be considered as the mother of VJrapandyadeva

(on the bas is of evidences mentioned below). She was

probably a s i s t e r of Vira jagadevarasa, Vira jagadevarasa 's

t i t l e s reveal tha t he belonged to the Sintara l ine and ^*^^

^,. ^ an ta ras .

Pa^itamahidevl seems to have continued to a s s i s t

Vlrapandya in administrat ion for more than a decade, Yira-

: 119 :

papdya's in sc r ip t ions dated I26l and 1262 A.D. s ta te tha t

he was rul ing along with Pat^amahidevl. She i s described

as P i r i ya r a s i in the records. On the bas is of an undated

in sc r ip t ion from Mudukerl i t has been r igh t ly concluded

tha t she was the queen ^bthe^. " In t h i s Mijdukeri record

Viraparjdyadeva i s called her son ("Pat^tadapiriyarasi

Pat^t^mahadeviyara ^uput raraha") . Thus in the ea r ly years

of his reign he was ass i s ted by ViraJagadevarasa and

Pa|;|;amahadevi,

Vlrapapaya' s e a r l i e s t dated insc r ip t ion i s of

§aka 1177, Unanda, Bhadrapada, ba. 30, Kanya 16, Sunday,

i . e . 125A A.D., September 13. He i s s tated in his records

as ru l ing from his palace a t Barahakanyipura with the

t i t l e s Pandya-Chakravarti and flriraya Basavasankara. A

newly discovered insc r ip t ion of VlrapirKjya a t Baikady,

Udupi t a luk , dated §aka 1179, i . e . 1257 A.D. gives him the

e p i t h e t Vair i r iya Basava Sarikara besides Srimat Pgn^ya-89 chakravar t i . Another record speaks about the presence

of his minis ters and p r i e s t s (purohitaru) while Vlrapandya-

deva was in audience, in his palace a t Barahakanyapura,

He i s a lso s ta ted as ru l ing from Barahakanyapura palace

in the presence of his minis ters including Jfeiduna Oddama-90

deva and Narasinga heggaije and r i s h i s and p r i e s t s .

: 120 :

Maiduna Od^amadeva i s a lso called Oddaraasrldeva.^"' H8ra<|l 92

i n sc r ip t i on ^ of t h i s ru l e r also r e fe r s to the presence of

Maid una Oddatnadeva and Naragingaheggade, They are mentioned

as minis ters in his Puttige record. Another record dated

127- A.D. c a l l s them as ^fehapradhanas.^^ A reference to

these two persons in almost a l l his i n sc r ip t ions shows tha t

they played a very important role in administrat ion during

the reign of Ylrapari^yadeva,

Vlrapag^y^^^va's queen Ballamahadevi i s introduced

by the above said I-Sdukeri i n sc r ip t ion . When she was

present in the court the king gave a g i f t of paddy to the

temples of Somanatha and l^feihalakshmi in Mutjikeri.

A newly discovered insc r ip t ion from Ke a Adpu, A-foor

v i l l a g e , Udupi taluk which wi l l be discussed in d e t a i l

shor t ly , mentions Santaradeva as his maiduna who was present

in the court a t Barakuru. On the bas i s of th i s record i t

may be s ta ted t h a t Vlrapi^^yadeva had married a princess

of the family. Thus during the reign of Virapagdyadeva

Barakuru continued to have close connections with the

Santara family.

The l a s t record of Vlrapandyadeva i s dated 1274 A.D.

and hence his reign might have ended somewhar© in 1275 A.D,

: 121 :

is explained e a r l i e r , Vlrapag^yadeva was rul ing in

the beginning with the ass is tance of Vlra jggadevarasa and

Pa t fa ma hade v i . Hence he way not teve come of age In

1250's . Hence a t the time of his death h is son Nagadevarasa

was only a minor and tha t i s the reason wliy we notice his

queen Ballamahadevi taking the re ins of administrat ion in to

her own hands. So the next ru l e r in Barakuru was Bal la­

mahadevi, queen of Virapandyadeva.

Scholars have differed on the question of her or igin

or the family to which Ballamahadevi belon-red. The Kenjuru

insc r ip t ion of Ballamahadevi gives her the ep i the t

Manabhara^esvaradevara Varasanveyar. This has led some 97

scholars to think tha t she may have been a princess of

the Pan^ya dynasty or tha t she nay have belonged to the

family of Manabharana, the Ceylonese king. Though d ip lo ­

matic r e l a t ions exis ted between the r u l e r s of Kamataka and

Ceylon, thei« i s no d i r e c t evidence of any connection between 98

the J'^upas and the Ceylonese k ings . K-i/ Bamesh in t h i s

connection wri tes t h a t ' ' i t i s however unlikely t h a t the

i^upas, whose rule was a t t h a t time confined to the t iny

kingdom of A'^vakheda, contracted marital a l l iance e i t h e r

: 122 :

with the Pagdyas or with the d i s t a n t Ceylonege k ings . On

the o ther hand Ballamahadevi appears to have belonged to

a leading family of fl^vakheda i t s e l f and may have been the

s i s t e r of Ofjdamadeva who appears in the records of VJra-

pandygdeva not only as his pradhana but a lso as his maiduna".

He a lso thinks t ha t "Batla" was the proper name of Od^ama-

deva and Ballamahadevi in support of which he c i t e s Kote - » - - 99

and Brahmavar insc r ip t ions of Virapandyadeva. But we must also note t h a t the name Oddamadeva occurs in Kotesvara

101

and Eundapura epigraphs without Balla which leads us to

doubt whether i t i s a proper name a t a l l . Thus on the

bas i s of the avai lable records nothing def in i te could be

said about the family to which Ballamahadevi, the f i r s t

lady ru l e r of Barakuru, belonged. But a l i t h i c record

recent ly discovered a t Ke^a Adpu in Aroor v i l lage of Udupl 102 taluk throws fresh l i g h t on th i s problem.'

The 8th and 9 th l i n e s of th i s insc r ip t ion run as

follows :

"Va^dolagangottiralu Srlpada Sannldanadaljj

maiduna Santaradevanu - - - "

Santaradeva of t h i s insc r ip t ion f igures as one of the

important personages of the court of the king Virapinidyadeva,

s 123 :

This Sintaradeva i s referred to as maiduna or b ro ther - in -

law in th i s epigraph. His name i t s e l f i s a c lear proof to

say t h a t the brother- in- law of the king Vlrapandygdeva

belonged to the Sintara dynasty. Hence we may think tha t

Ballaraahadevi the queen of Virapandyadeva must have belonged

to the Santara l i n e . The e a r l i e r re la t ionsh ip of Vira­

pandyadeva with the Sin taras has already been explained

above. This ^ intara associa t ion might have prompted him

to have natrimonial re la t ionship with the Santara family,

Wia may also suggest here t h a t Migiduna O^damadeva who figures

in Kote'^'^ and Brahroavar'^'^ epigraphs of Virapandyadeva

may be same as maiduna Santaradeva of Ke" a Adpu in sc r ip t i on .

The f i r s t insc r ip t ion tha t speaks about the reign

of Ballamahadevi in Barakuru comes from Mllivara, TJdupi 105

ta luk and i t i s dated September 12, 1277 A.D. ' In t h i s

record she i s referred to as Pa t t adap i r iya ras i and i t

reveals t h a t in the beginning she did not assume imperial

t i t l e s . The o thers Present in her court in the pr incipal

palace a t Barakuru were the desipurushas, the baha t ta ran i -

yogis and the p r i e s t s . By 1281 A.D. she assumed the ep i the t

'm i s t r e s s of the western sea' and t h i s i s revealed by her

Kenjuru i n sc r ip t i on . According to t h i s record in her

court a t Barakuru Bankideva of the l ine of Datt i^va,

: 124 :

Narasinga-heggade, mahapradhana Soraag^a-ssnabhova, Bgmmanna

Senabhova and Kumira Bl j jan^a-arasa , mahapradhana Peruna

sQnabhova and the desipurushas were present . This i n s c r i p ­

t ion introduces for the f i r * t time Kumara Bij ja^pa-arasa

•who may be regarded as Kumira or son of Vlrapan^yadeva and

Ballamahadevi. But no o ther insc r ip t ion of l a t e r period

belonging to her reign mentions his name. Nor do we find

h i s independent i n s c r i p t i o n s . Hence -we may think t h a t

t h i s Bijjanna-arasa may have been the e l d e s t son of Vlra-

Pan^yadeva and Ballamahadevi whose premature death might

have resul ted in the r i se of his younger brother Nagadevaraga.

Ballamahadevi's insc r ip t ion found in Kallugadde in

Heradi v i l l a g e , Barakuru, dated in the Kali year -4304

Chitrabhanu, §aka 120^ i . e . 1282 A.D. (between July 28 and

October 28) i s her f i r s t insc r ip t ion in Baraki5ru and in i t

she assumes the t i t l e 'Pandyachakravarti ' for the f i r s t

time. She seems to have given a grant to God Janardana

of Kuijlu.''^'^

Another re cord''^^ of Ballamahadevi from Pancha-

l ingesvara temple dated in the cycl ic year Sarvadhari,

Sravana ba 5, Mjnday i . e . 19th July, 1288 A.D., mentions

t h a t when Ballamahadevi was rul ing in Barakuru along with

: 125 :

lier pancha-pradhgnas or five minis ters , one Nidurabaraya

made a g i f t of a garden and a house to cer ta in Sankara-

bhatta for providing five hane of r ice on every mesha

Sankramana for conducting services to the god Mai^anegvara,

Ballatnahadevi's administrat ion must have benefited

the cap i ta l c i ty a l o t for she has been considered as the

most i l l u s t r i o u s personal i ty in the en t i r e S^upa dynasty.

She i s described as a second Lakshmi, an Apundhati to her

l o r d ' s wishes, the wish-grat ifying jewel to the needy, a

Kalpavyiksha to her dependents, profuse in l i b e r a l i t y , the

refuge of those who sought her she l t e r and the vanquisher

of her f o e s . ^ ^ Her epigraphs reveal t h a t she -was bene­

volent and s p i r i t u a l minded. !Ihus during her regime

Barakuru being the cap i ta l c i ty , saw contentment and pol i ­

t i c a l s t a b i l i t y for a period of about seventeen years

(1276-1292 A.D.).' ' ' ' ' '

liga<iieYara5a.*js iu2l§. In B^r^KHru ^nd ganKldey^ H :

NigadQvarasa, aon of Vlrapan^3radeva and Ballamahadevl

must have a t ta ined majority by about 1292 A.D. He s tar ted

ru l ing in Barakuru independently^^^ though his mother cont i -113 nued to associate herself in adminis t ra t ion . His

: 126 J

Basrurt! i n s c r i p t i o n ' ^ dated §aka 1213, Thursday i . e . 14th

February, 1292 A.D. s t a t e s tha t Nagadevarasa Tjas ru l ing

from Barahakgnyapura with his minis ters , p r i e s t s and

desipurushas.

The l a t e s t known date of Nagadevarasa* s rule in - - 115

Barakuru i s ISth February 1298 A.D. He may have cont i ­

nued to rule over in Barakuru for some more years even

a f te r t h i s date t i l l about 1300 A.D."'"'^

Vlrapan^zradeva had a nephew called Bankideva who 117

was very active in administrat ion during his r e ign .

Bankideva ass i s t ed his queen Ballamahadevi in administer­

ing the kingdom. K.V. Ramesh thinks t h a t Bankideva

contested the r i gh t of Ballamahadevi and Nagadevarasa to

succeed to the throne l e f t vacant by his uncle. According

to t h i s learned scholar t h i s open revol t took place a f te r

1281 A.D."''^^

In t h i s connection i t i s necessary to examine the

Brahnavar record''^^ which s f e r s to his reign for the

f i r s t time. This inscr ip t ion i s dated in ^ k a 1209,

Yyaya, Marggasira, su. 10, Tuesday i . e . November 26, 1286

A.D, Though he assumes the t i t l e s Apiraya Basava-Sankara

! 127 :

and VJrapan^ya Dhananjaya he i s referred to as fflahamgnda-

lesvara which ind ica tes his subordinate pos i t ion . There is

no reference to the enimical re la t ionsh ip of Bankideya with

B^llamahadevi whom he i s seen helping in 1281 A.D. The

subordinate t i t l e J'&haraandaiesvara indica tes tha t he was

ru l ing the southern port ion of the kingdom with the consent

of Ball a ma hade v i . He issued independent records from

Mangalore palace of the S'^upas l a t e r but there i s no record

to reveal the overthrow of Nagadevarasa by Bankideva nor

do we have his i n sc r ip t ions in Barakuru to speak about his

rule over Barakuru, After the accession of Soyideva,

Bankideva must have stopped issuing independent records,

I^nlgaraker l insc r ip t ion of Soyideva reveals tha t there

was cordial re la t ionsh ip between the 5' upa ru le r of BSrakuru

and Bankideva,

^Qjlde^i^ l^iipeMxadiza.'^ xelgQ. IQ Saxaldiiui :

Soyideva J^upendra who f igures in insc r ip t ions as the

next r u l e r in Barakuru i s ident i f ied as the son of Banki-

deva TI by some scholars . On the o ther hand another

scholar thinks tha t Bankideva I I was the nephew of Soyi­

deva. ^ ^ -^his cannot be accepted as the prefix ' a l i y a '

: 128 :

at tached to his name simply means t h a t he -was the nephew

Of the former ru l e r Vlrapan^yadeva Hi upendradeva. Records

do not s ta te that Soyideva was the son of Bankideva. Msre-

over a reference to Bankideva simply as Bankideva of

Dattalavara ba'^i along with the Saraanta pradhinas, des l -

Purushas and others lead us to doubt whether Bankideva was

the fa ther of Soyideva at a l l . If he had ruled as an inde­

pendent king, and i f he was the fa ther of Soyideva def i ­

n i t e l y he should have been given some importance in the

record. Hence Soyideva nay not have been the son of Banki­

deva, At the same time the available records do not help

us to e s t ab l i sh the re la t ionsh ip of Soyideva with any of

the e a r l i e r r u l e r s of the dynasty. A reference to the rule

of Soyideva In 130" A.D. in S i r a l i i n sc r ip t ion ind ica tes the

beginning of his reign in c. 1300 A,D.

~ ~ 125

Soyideva S'^upendra's e a r l i e s t insc r ip t ion in

Barakuru i s from I^nigarakeri and i s dated §aka 1238,

Rakshasa Marggasira (wrong for Ni ja-Kart ika) , §u. 13,

Vrischika 13, ffonday i , e . 10th November, 1315 A.D. Vrtien

Soyideva was rul ing in Barahakanyipura, Bankidevarasa of

the l ine (ba l i ) of Datta^va, Samasta pradhinas or a l l the

min is te rs , the desipurushas, the era^u kolaba l i and the

b iha t ta ran iyogis were present in the court . All these

: 129 :

along with the king figure in th i s record as the donors,

^his grant of gold was for expenses of offer ings to Soma-

natha (ha t tu honnanu manigara keriya Somanatha devari^e

myisthannadakki^ naiyedya).

Soyideva was ass i s ted by Kuti^uva dgntjangyaka and

also by other o f f i c i a l s mentioned above. Soyideva assumed

the t i t l e s ' Chakravarti ' and Aririya Basava Sankara.

Singana Sahayi was his chief minister (mahapradhana).

But in an inscr ip t ion of 132^-25 A.D., two Mahapradhanas

v iz . Sovanrjsi Senabhova and Singanna-Sahani are rrientioned.

But again by 1327 A.D. Singana Sahagi i s mentioned alone 1 ?Q

as mahapradhana. By 1331 A.D, Soyideva appointed Vaijapa

Sahani as his chief minister as revealed by the S i r a l i

inscr io t ion^^^ of t h i s r u l e r .

Three insc r ip t ions of th i s r u l e r have been newly

discovered; two a t Kurgdy near Barakuru and one in Heskutru

v i l l age of Kundapur taluk.^^"' The Heskutru inscr ip t ion i s

dated §aka 12^5, cycl ic year Rudhirodgari*. The other

d e t a i l s of the date are l o s t . But the day i s mentioned as

Sunday. This year corresponds to 132* A.D, In t h i s

in sc r ip t ion he i s given the t i t l e s Pan^yachakravarti, Aririya

Basava Sarikara and i s stated as ru l ing from Barahakanyipura.

: 130 :

When he was seated on the Sthira simhisana of Bgrakuru

and when he was in audience, the Samasta pradhanas,

des ipumsas , bahataraniyogis and era^u kola ba"^i were

present in the court . Here the samasta pradhanas included

cer ta in da^avayi whose ngme i s l o s t and his son dannijaka.

This king gave a grant of land and c a s h . ^ ^ But the

r e c i p i e n t ' s name i s l o s t .

The Kurady insc r ip t ion of Soyideva i s dated Sgka

(sanda) savirada yinnura ayivat ta mcraneyg pra . la tpat t i

(sanda) badrapada ba 12 Siraha masa 21 Itonday, i . e . 1333

A.^. The record c a l l s him as "^ra Soyideva^pendradevarasa and

the t i t l e s mentioned are as usual Pandyachakravarti and

Ariraya Basava Sankara, found in o ther records too . Vayi-

jappa Sahagi, eradu kola ba^i and samasta pradhanas were

present in the court when Soyideva gave a grant to Gopi-

nithadeva and Visvesvaradeva of Anilava^i in Barakuru.

The Hoysa'^as were the f i r s t imperial power of

Karnataka to e s t a b l i s h t h e i r d i r e c t rule in Barakuru.

I t was during the days of Soyideva t h a t the Hoys3"Va ru le r

Balla^a I I I invaded the Ulupa kingdom. The 1\\}VB ru l e r

who had to face t h i s c r i s i s was Soyideva and scholars have

s 131 :

r i g h t l y concluded tha t Soyideva r e a l i s i n g the s t rength of

the Hoysa"i.a forces accepted the Hoyga' a author i ty and

offered Chikkayi Tayi an Slupa princess (prohably his 133

s i s t e r ) in marriage to Balli^a T i l . But the Hbysal^as

did not d i s turb the S' upa rule and the l a t t e r continued

to rule in Barakuru though the Hoysa'^as had also s ta r ted

rul ing in th i s cap i ta l c i t y . From 1333 A.D., the Hoysa^as

began to rule in Barakuru but the Hoysala insc r ip t ion in

Barakuru proper i s only from 133^ A.D, which wi l l be d i s ­

cussed shor t ly .

In 1333 A.D, Soyideva's rule in Barakuru i s revealed

by the Kuridi i n sc r ip t ion , £.ven when the Hoysala regitae

was there jn Barakuru in 133^ A.D, Soyideva continued to

rule here with sovereign e p i t h e t s . Soyideva's l a s t

i n sc r ip t ion dated 1335 A.D, also mentions his name along

with the t i t l e s Pandyachakravarti, Basava Sankara and - - • / 135

Rayaga jankusa. This was possible only with a very cordial

r e l a t ionsh ip with the Hoysalas. An insc r ip t ion from

Tdggunji mentions the reign of Virasomideva'^peridra (SoyideviV

pendra) and i t i s dated in the cycl ic year Sarvaj i tu .

Saka year i s not mentioned here but the o ther d e t a i l s corres­

pond to 6th March, 13^8 A.D, But i t has to be noted tha t

the successor of Soyideva had s ta r ted rul ing from 1323-2^ A,D.

; 132 :

frotn Mangalore and his records are avai lable from 13^5 A.D,

which mention him as the ru le r in Birakuru (discussed

below). But K.V, Rgmesh thinks t ha t Soyideva ended his

reign in about 1335 A.D. and he was succeeded on the throne

of Barakuru by Kulasekharadeva S'^P^^'^radevarasa. In

t h i s connection i t may be suggested tha t when Soyideva

was rul ing in Barakuru Kulasekhara was governing the

southern par t s of the S upa kingdom. A proper understanding

and cordial re la t ionsh ip exis ted between these two persons

and t h i s i s revealed by an inscr ip t ion of Soyide'^vi'^pendra

in Mangalore dated 1335 A.B, though Kulasekhara was rul ing

there from 1323 A.D. as revealed by his newly discovered

Pa jee r i n sc r ip t i on . I t seems tha t Soyideva and Kulasekhara

were fa ther and son. In about 1335 A.D. Soyideva might

have allowed his son to assume power (as the l a t t e r was

grown up and already had a son) in Barakuru and r e t i r ed from

active p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . But the t i t l e s he had assumed

e a r l i e r continued to be associated with his name as seen

in the Idagunji record of 1348 A.D, Hence we may suggest

t h a t though Soyideva l ived even a f te r 1335 A.D. i t was

Kulasekhara who was rul ing in Barakuru.

: 133 :

^nie. Ql KnlRseKharn I I i n Barakrrru :

By 1323-2* A.D. (^unduthi) KulasQkhara was govern­

ing a portion of the llvps kingdom from Mgngalore as

revealed by the newly discovered insc r ip t ion from Pa jeer 138

(l-fengalore taluk) and the epigraph reveals t ha t he had

a son by tha t tirae. By 1335 A.D. Soyideva might have

thought of giving up the throne as he was growing o ld .

Thus Kulasekhara IT became the ru l e r from about 1335 A.D,

The Handady insc r ip t ion of 1339 A.D. s t a t e s t h a t Kula­

sekhara was ru l ing in Birakuru from his pr incipal palace

a t Barahakanyipura with the sovereign ep i t he t s Pandjra-

chakravar t i and arir iyagajankusa. We must note t h a t during

t h i s period Ghikkayi Tayi was also exercis ing HDysa a

au thor i ty in Birakuru on behalf of Ballai^a I I I . Kulasekhara

I I was ass i s ted in administrat ion by his Sgrnastapradhanas.

This record s t a tes tha t the ru l e r gave a grant to the god

Somanathadeva. Kulasekhara i s seen assuming the t i t l e s

Pan^yachakravarti, ariraya-basava-sankara and Rayagajankusa

and ru l ing in Barakuru from his pr incipal palace in 13^5

A.D.'''^^ A newly discovered insc r ip t ion of Kulasekhara I I

from Sakkattu in Sir iyara v i l l age , Udupi taluk dated 13-45

A.D, (Tarana) gives 3lupa sovereign t i t l e s and mentions

h is ru le in Barahakanyapura with the ass is tance of Saraasta-

s 13^ :

pradhanas. A record issued the next 3rear (13^6 A.D.) a lso

mentions the above e p i t h e t s and has a signature of Kulase-

khara . The l a s t record mentioning hiijJ as the rwler in

Baraki5ru i s from Hgndadi v i l l age and i t i s dated 14th

l^rch, 1346 A.D.''^''

Bankideva H I aM Knlagekhara H I :

I t was during the reign of K^lasekhara I I tha t one

more p o l i t i c a l power i^e . Vijayanagara entered the cap i ta l

c i t y . This resu l ted in the fur ther decl ine of the 5],upa

importance in Barakuru. After Kulasekhara I I ' s reign from

1335 to 13-46 A.^. , Bankideva H I began to rule in Bara-142 . kuru. As the f i r s t record of his successor i s of 1355

A.D,, we rr&y assume t h a t he ruled in Barakuru from 13- 6 to

1355 A.D. Bankideva I l l ' s success^bte^on the Jlupa throne

of Barakuru was ^^jnlasekhara I I I . The only insc r ip t ion which

r e f e r s to his reign in Barakuru i s from Handady v i l l age and

i t i s dated §aka 1277, ^fenmgtha, Dhanus 27, Thursday, i . e .

2-Ath December 1355 A.D. I t s t a t e s t h a t Kulasekhara

was reigning in Barakuru with the t i t l e s Pandya chakravart i ,

ar i raya Basavasankara and Rayagajinkusa and the record

re fers to 'Va:^eyarasa and the Samasta pradhanas as being

present in his court .

: 135 !

The next Inscr ip t ion of Kfilasekhara dated 1383-84

i s from Miidigbidure and i t reveals that Kulasekhara I I I

i^as rul ing from Mijduibidure (B id i r e ) . Probably as a r e s u l t

of the increasing hold and a c t i v i t i e s of Vijayanagara

governor in Birakuru made the 3^upas quite ins ign i f i can t

in the p o l i t i c a l arena. Hence Kulasekhara must have l e f t

Birakuru and made Bidire (I-fudabidure) his cap i t a l somewhere

in the middle of his reign i . e . in about 1360's. Thus

the S' upa author i ty in Barakuru ceased to e x i s t in the days

of Kulasekhara I I I .

2, PPYSALA Rf .l!; 11 BgRAKfRTT ;

The Ii3ysa"ias can take the c red i t for having e s t a ­

bl ished t h e i r d i r e c t rule in Barakuru as they were the

f i r s t imperial power of Kamataka to do so. I t came to

be achieved in the days of Ballaja H I in 1333 A.D., ' ^

as mentioned e a r l i e r . Ball i^a I I I married Chikkayi Tayi,

an 3lupa princess who was probably a s i s t e r of Soyideva

^lupendradeva, the then rul ing king of the 3: upa dynasty

in Birakuru,^^^ In t h i s connection K.V, Ramesh remains :

"That she may have been an S' upa princess i s only a

conjecture which i s not d i r ec t l y supported by avai lable

epigraphical evidence but which i s rendered plausible by

another conjecture t ha t the K^upas, who were m i l i t a r i l y

: 136 :

not capable of repe l l ing the Hoysa^a invasion, may have

t r i ed to mitigate i t s adverse e f fec ts upon the i r own

s t a tus by placat ing Balli^a Til by offering the hand of 14-7

an IlvpB p r inces s . " The 3^upa t i t l e s assumed by her

and Ballads I I I and the cordial r e l a t i ons tha t existed

between the S'^upas and the Hbysa^as also ind i r ec t ly support

the above view.

From 1333 A.D. Balla^a I I I began to exercise the

Hoysa"^a author i ty in Birakuru through his queen ^hikkiyi

Tayi. The Slupas were s t i l l there in the i r palace ( a t

present Siinhasanagudde) a t Kotekeri . We do not know whether

she too exercised her author i ty from the same place or from

some other quarter of Barakuru. Anyhow both Ballala and

Chikkayi Tayi assumed U^upa t i t l e s and in the insc r ip t ion ,

in the beginning, both the names appear along with t i t l e s

though they were issued probably by Chikkayi Tayi herself

with the ass is tance of able minis te rs . Pandya chakravart i

Ariraya Basava ^ankara, Raya gajankusa, Pratipa Chakravarti

were the ep i the t s used by Ballala I I I and ^h±]<ikByi Yayi i s

referred to as 'Pg^ftada p i r i y a r a s i ' , the senior crowned

queen in the f i r s t year of Hoysa"^a suzerainty here.

The f i r s t Pbysa^a insc r ip t ion found In Barakuru

proper i s from Ibs i^a , dated Saka 1255, Srimukha, Magha ba.

: 137 :

1-4, Kumbha 10, Thursday i . e . 1334 A.^,, February 3 . This

record re fe rs to the reign of Ballala I I I and his queen

hikkayi Tayi with the ass is tance of Mahapradhina 7gyi;]appa

dariigtiyaka and Ajanna Saha^i who were present in her court .

Bahattaraniyogis , Eradukola ba'^i were also a s s i s t i ng her

in carrying on the adminis t ra t ion. This i s a grant to a

de i ty called Visvesvara. As the grant was connected iijith

mudukeri a l so , the halaru of Mudukeri were present when

the grant was given. Vayijappa who was serving as maha-

pradhana under Soyideva in 1333 A.D. i s seen as Maha­

pradhina of Chikkayi Tayi in 133-' A.D. Soyideva must

have spared the services of th i s experienced chief minister

to f a c i l i t a t e the Hoysala adminis t ra t ion,

Ghikkayi Tayi also took extreme care in promoting

the welfare of her subjects in Bar^kuru. The fact tha t

she was sensi t ive to the mult ifar ious problems of her

subjects and was keen on solving them stands revealed in

her newly discovered epigraph from Benriekudru, a suburb

of Birakuru.

hie important l i n e s ( t ex t ) of the newly discovered

insc r ip t ion are as follows :

: 138 ;

(1) ^ k a v g r u g a 1256_neya, §rlmuVha Sa^va tsarada

v a v l s i -

(2) [kha] Su 12 bu Svas t l Sritnatpandya C h a k r a v a r t t l

a r l r a y a ba-

(3) [Sajva 3an[ka ] ra raya ga.lanknsa § r l

chaV r ava r t i Hp-

(•^) yisarj^a § r l V i ra B a l l i ^ a [devaraX Pattada p r j y a r a s l

K i k a r

(5 ) y i Tay±ga:iJ - - S r i p i da S a n n l d h a n a ^ l u ^ S v a s t i Sr?^

(6) manu-maha.^radhanam Vayj lppa danaya[ka]r i3 flja-

(7 ) ^a Sahaniyaju, Samai=;ta pradhanaru eradukola b a l l

(8 ) bahatar j n iyo^a muntaglJBarakura Sankada dharma-

(9) ke Ti r imsi lesvara Nayakarige B-rahaora paduva bhaga-

(10) da lu Harahadly3lu_mude 58 a j i l a te ranu a

(11) Sank a dha^rrmake Tlnyidn dhara purbak a vi^i—SU

(12) rn grimJQlgaln muntigl yeradu Kotjaru - - -

This i s a grant given in 133* A.^. by Chikkayi Tayi

(Kikayi Tayi) for the maintenance of a x^ooden bridge

constructed across the r i ve r which touches the westein

p a r t of Barakuru and enc i rc l e s Bengekudru, a small is land

to the west of Barakuru. Probably the bridge was constructetl

during t h i s period. The stone Mo^ were ins t a l l ed in the

J 139 :

r i v e r on which a wooden frame work with wooden planks was

placed, ^his bridge connected Barakuru with Begnekudru,

a f e r t i l e is land, well-known for sugarcane and coconut

cu l t i va t i on . Construction of th i s bridge helped the de­

velopment of Barakuru. ^^idth of the bridge could be

about -* feet as i t was raadeof three planks. ^^^ Income

from Hgridi, a par t of Brahma vara-west, administered by

Tirimalesvara riayaka a t thgt time was ssit apar t for the

maintenance of th i s bridge and the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of main­

ta in ing the bridge was th^ t of Tirimalesvara Nayaka himself 151

as Be^pekudru came under Brahmavara v i l l age in those days.

This epigraph t e l l s us about the presence of Samasta pradhinas,

iiradu kola ba^i and bahatsraniyoga besides two prominent

persons - Kahapradhina Vaijappa dannayaka and Ajana sahanl

when the grant was given. The l a s t tvo persons figure in

almost a l l the records which reveal t h e i r role and importance

in adminis t ra t ion .

The next insc r ip t ion of Chikkayi !lSyi comes from

Kudukeri, BSrakuru''^^ and i t i s dated §aka 1258, Dhatu,

Vaisikha, §u. 1, I^Ssha 19 Saturday i . e . 13th April 1336

A.D. This epigraph introduces Chikkayi iSyl as senior

crowned queen (Pat^ada p i r iya ras i ) of Hoysal^a Vira Ballil^a-

devarasa who i s given the t i t l e s Sriraadyadava Chakravart t i

: 1^0 :

and Arirasra Basava Sankarq. Valjappa dangiyaka i s men­

tioned as Mahapradhana and Ajjartnia Sihagi as only Pradhana

reveal ing tha t the former vas the chief minis ter and the

l a t t e r was prominent among the otl^er minis ters of the

counci l . From th i s record we come to know tha t when Chik-

kayi Tayi was reigning, in the presenceof the above o f f i ­

c i a l s and Se t t ikaras of Muriikeri and 150 e^ames, Sovatyna

and Bakagna gave a g i f t of land to Saumyadeva, the chief

god of nu4^^ri»

In 1338 A.D., VIra Balla^a I I I v i s i t ed Barakuru.

He must have already stationad a contingent of Ifoysa:j.a

army in Barakuru for the establishment of Hoysa^a autho­

r i t y here, Ba l l i l a now stat ioned Ankeya Nayaka, one of

his t rusted generals in charge of the Hoysala forces here. 153

This i s revealed by a record ' from Sladaha'^'^i (Arasilcere

ta luk, Hassan d i s t r i c t ) dated April 22, 1338 A.D. which

s t a t e s t ha t he paid a v i s i t to his mi l i t a ry establishments

in Barakuru (Ballaladevaru Barakuru dan^imgejbijayam geydu..)

and on t h i s occasion, on his ordering Ankeya Nayaka, son

of the great master of robes, lionneya Nayaka of Bagiva'J.a

in Kumara-Vyittiya-kusa of the old Nerugunda-nadu, saying

"Remain in Barakuru", he (Ankeya) repl ied "I wi l l s tay j lya" ,

a t which, being pleased, Balla^a granted him 3ladahai:^i, a

: 1A1 •

haralet of Bggiva'^a as a ko^agi. Thus Balla"^a evinced per­

sonal i n t e r e s t in the administrat ion of Barakurn. S.U,

Kamath thinks thgt "Ballala had most probably enthroned

his son Kulasekhara during his v i s i t to Birakuru". ""^

After the death of Hoysa^a Vlra Ballala I I I in 13^2

h,^, Chikkayi Tayi began to rule in Barakurn with a l l

sovereign t i t l e s and her son Kulasekhara was the Joint

r u l e r . In her insc r ip t ion found a t ^feladpu, TOupi taluk

dated 6th December, 13^-* A.D. Chiki^ayi Tayi i s seen a s ­

suming a l l the sovereign ep i the t s h i ther to used by her

husband i . e . Pandya chakravar t t i , Aririya Basava ^ankara

and Rayagajafikusa. In th i s record Kulasekhara i s referred

to as her son (avara-kumara). But we do not have any

record mentioning the independent reign of t h i s Ifoysa'^a

p r i nce ' ^ Kulasekhara and hence he cannot be ident i f ied

with JJlupa Kulasekhara I I or Kulasekhara I I I of t h i s dynasty.

Chikkiyi Tayi' s reign in Barakuru i s known to us 156

from two more records dated 13^6 A.D, and 13^8 A.D,

Hence the l a s t known date of Chikkiyi Tayi and her son

Kulasekhara i s 'une 6, 13^8 A.D, provided by the Kanyana

record of th i s queen. I t i s i n t e re s t ing to note tha t even

: 142 :

though the Vijayanggara author i ty had already been es t a ­

blished by 1336 A.D., in Birakuru, Chlkkayi Tayi continued

to rule here with a l l imperial birudag, Pandya chakravar t i ,

Ariraya-Basavg-Sankara and RayagaJankusa. I t seems

t h a t she possessed her heredi ta iy r igh t s and pr iv i leges

and her t r ad i t i ona l s ta tus s t i l l continued to be respected

by the Yi^ayanagara founders with yhom she had cordia l

r e l a t i o n s as revealed by the Sr inger i inscr ip t ion of 13^6

A.D, Thus in Barakijru the Hoys^ilas may be taken to have

exercised thei r d i r e c t authori ty from 1333 A.D, to 13^8 A.D,

: 1^3 :

NO Tag AND Rt!;gSI^NGas

1 Those chambers discovered were in l a t e r i t e areas

and in type they were c i r cu l a r in plan and hemis­

pher ical in elevat ion -with a c i r cu l a r opening

facing the sky a t the centra l top, covered by a

thick rough slab of grani te ; Sundara, 5, (1)

Megaliths in western ghat and coastal region,

^•sore State - t he i r types and character , Journal

of Kgmatak Universi ty (Social Science), Vol. IX,

^97A, pp. 62-71. (2) Dakshina Kannadada Prachi-

natama Avaseshaga:^u, Sudarsliana, Qtonse Jadhav Pai

F e l i c i t a t i o n Volume, pp. 98-107. Bhat Guraraja,

Studies J Preview, Pp. V-X,

2 The other s i t e s are a t Ke'^akunjalu, Brahmavara,

Bara l i , Vaddarse and Beluru.

3 Sale tore , B.A., Ancient Kamataka^ Vol. I , History

of Tuluva (Poona, 1936), p. 56.

A Gururaja Bhat, Studies^ Plate IV.

5 Sundara, A., Dr. P. Gururaja Bhat ' s contr ibution to

the Pre-his tory and Archi tecture, The Journal of

the I n s t i t u t e of Indian Studies , Vol. I I (Udupi,

1982), p . 21 and Dgkshina Kannada Prachina

Avaseshaga^u, op. c i t .

: 1 ^ :

6 Bock-Bruisingg (F igu re s of two b u l l s ) were d i s ­

covered by the au tho r a t Gaval i , Ha l lad i -Harkad i

v i l l a g e , Kundgpur tali ik (D .K. ) ; Shetty* B.V.,

Rock-Bruis lngs from Dakshina Kannada, q. J .M,S . ,

LXXIV, No. 1 (1983) .

7 S g l e t o r e , B.A., op . c i t . , p . 56,

8 Aiyangar Krishna swatni, S . , India a t the davm of the

C h r i s t i a n Era , ' ^ . J .M.S . , Vol. I , No. 2 (1910) .

9 I t may be suggested here t h a t the country of Aioi

could r e f e r to the count ry of the X^upas.

10 i . £ . B . l . D . , 1936, pp . 72 f f .

11 Ramesh, K . 7 . , iiJQiJS.., oP. c i t . , p . 28 .

12 Gururaja Bhat , Stndieg^ p . 132.

13 S . I . I . , Tb l . VII , No. 376.

14 This record -was d i scovered by Gururaja Bhat and

e d i t e d by Sharma, l i , J . , Journal of the E p i g r a -

Phica l Soc ie ty of Ind i a , Vol. V (1978) .

15 John Dowson ( E a . ) , Iti§. HistQIT Ql In.CtU §^ t o ld lay

hey own hiRtorian?;^ Vol. I , p . 4 2 ,

16 Husayan Mainar, IxaJl SSJagxaPiiaxa' Knowledge Ql

Southern India^ p . 33 and A copy of a Pe r s i an

i n s c r i p t i o n found in Kasargodu mosque.

; 1^5 :

17 Narasimhia Murthj', P.'M., Jain ism on the Kanara Coast

Ph.D. Thesis (Typed) subtnitt»d to the Univers i ty

of %sore (1983), pp. AA ff,

18 S.I . I . , Vol. VII, No. 29^, Stndleg, op. c i t . ,

Plate IX; Ep, Ind. , Vol. IX, pp. 23-2^ and P la te .

19 £p. Ind. , Vol. XXXVII, pp, 23-26 and P la te ,

20 Ramesh, K.V., ^HDSK. p. 93 .

21 ARSffi., 1929-30, No. 585 and Gururaja Bhat, Studies ,

P. 3 1 .

22 Narasimha Murthy, P.N., Jglnlsm on the Kangra Coast,

op. c l t . , p. 62.

23 Gururaja Bhat, St.ndjes, p . 30. But there i s a di f ­

ference of opinion about the iden t i f i ca t ion of

Jinadattaraya and some ident i fy him as a l a t e r

ru l e r cf. Narasimha Hurthy, P.N,, Jginism on the

Kanara Coast, op. c i t . , pp. 56-60,

2A S . I . I , , Vol. VII, No. 388.

25 This insc r ip t ion may be priced in the beginning of

the n t h century and not in the 9 th century as

done elsewhere (cf. Sale to re , B.A., Ancient

Karnataka^ op, c i t , , p. 225). There I s s t r ik ing

resemblence between the s tyle of l e t t e r s of th i s

insc r ip t ion and Mudukeri i n sc r ip t ions refer r ing to

25 ChD^a i n v a s i o n . The l a t t e r have been ass igned to c o n t i ,

the f i r s t q u a r t e r of the 11th cen tury ( c f . Ramesh,

K.V. , i f f iSL. , P. 103 and S . I . I . , Vol . VII , Nos.

327 and 3 2 8 ) .

26 Sale t o r e , 3 . A., Ancient K^rnataka^ OP. c i t . , p . 225.

27 E .G. , Vol. I I , S r . 1^0.

28 Rgmesh, K.V. , 1 2 2 ^ . , pp. 102-02.

29 S h a s t r i , K.A.N., 1 fflstor\^ fi£ Sfljltil InMa, P. 173.

30 S . I . I . , Vol. VII , Nos. 327 and 328.

31 Ramesh, K.V. , AHDSK., p . 103.

32 The second i n s c r i p t i o n i . e . S . I . I . Vol. VTI, No.

328 i s a copy of the f i r s t one i . e . S . I . I , Vol.

VII , No. 327 and i t a b r u p t l y s tops in the middle.

33 i i i .C , Vol. V I I I , Nr. 3 5 .

3A Ramesh, K.V. , op . c i t . , p . 103.

35 Narasimha Murthy, P .N. , Jainisra on the Kanara Ctoast,

op . c i t . , p . 63 .

36 Gururaja Bhat, S t i i d i e s , p . 9 ,

37 S . I . I . , Vol. VII , No. 309, 311 , 3^7, 350, 355, e t c .

iD.C, Vol. V, Beiur , No. 3 .

38 S a l e t o r e , B.A., Aqcient Karnataka^ op . c i t . , p . 172

ff. and Gururaja Bhat, S t u d i e s , p . 23 .

39 Bangera Sg tyami t ra , H i y i . S a n i i a i . ZSitt^ Gjittjj

(Udupi, 1930), p . 2 ,

: 1A7 :

40 S . I . I . , Vol. VII, No. 314.

41 Rgmesh, E.V,, and Sharma, M, J . , TnlnnadlTTia Sagan^-

SSXM (%sOre, 1978), pp. 81-82 and Ramesh, K.V.,

i m S ^ . , P. 9 ' ' .

42 Santara a c t i v i t i e s in the northern por t ions of

Dakshlna Kannada d i s t r i c t in the 11th and 12th

centur ies A.D., are revealed by the Udyavara

insc r ip t ion dated 1058 A.D. ( S . I . I . , Vol. VII,

No, 278) and the newly discovered undated reciocds

of Kadase and Belanje. Belanje inscr ip t ion

noticed by the author t e l l s us about the construc­

tion of a Siva temple at Belanje by Vira Santara

and the Kadase inscr ip t ion of Tribhuvanamalla

Santaradeva who had assumed 5" upa t i t l e s by the

close of the 12th century A.D, shows the continua­

tion of Sintara inf].uence (Kadase inscr ip t ion was

discovered by P. Gururaja Bhat with the ass is tance

of the author) ,

we know from the records t h a t the Santaras

had entered into matritnonial a l l i ance with the

3:i.upas and t h e i r re la t ionsh ip was cordial (cf .

I^mesh, K.V., AHDSK., p. 105). With regard to

the a v a i l a b i l i t y of Sintara records in the

: 1*8 :

42 nor the rn p a r t s of Dakshina Kannada dur ing t h i s contd,

per iod Narasimha Murthy, P.N. , reraarks thus

"Chagi Santara had poss ib ly bequeathed some

t e r r i t o r i e s below the gha t s to h i s son and

successor Vlra ^ i n t a r a . Hence Tr ibhuvanamal la ' s

a u t h o r i t y was only a c o n t i n u a t i o n of the old

hegemony" (Cf. Narasimha Murthy, P.N. , Jain ism

on the Kgnara Coast, op . c i t . , p . 7 8 ) ,

43 S . T . I . , Vol. VII , No. 290.

4A Raroesh, K.V., AHDSK., p . 111.

45 Seweii, R., idsi fl£ Anii^ujaiiaii Bsisalaa aZ iljs. Pres idency Q£, I M E § ^ , Vol. 1, p . 230,

46 ARSIB., 1929-30, No. 557.

^7 S . I . I . , Vol. IX, P a r t I , No. 393 .

48 I b i d .

49 Gururaja 3ha t , P . , 'S tndie? j , pp. 3 0 - 3 1 .

50 S . I . I . , Vol. VII , No. 3 8 1 .

51 I b i d . , No. 376.

52 J S . 1 . 1 . , Vol. VI I , Nos. 381 and S . I . I . , Vol. IX,

P t . I , No. 393.

53 Ramesh, K.V., i f i ^ L . , P. H ^ .

54 i i . C , Vol, V, P a r t I , Bl . 58 and 7 1 .

: 1^9 :

55 Raraesh, K.V., JIELSE.. , P. H-*.

56 i i . C , Vol. V, Bel LIT, Nbs. 89 and 90 .

57 I b i d . , No. 6 5 .

58 Gururaja Bhat, Stndiec,^ p . 36 .

59 ARSIS., 1928-29, No. 492.

60 I b i d . , 1931-32, No. 262 and Ramesh, K.V., 'The

Hoysalas and the Tulu Ctountry', Ii& l i i y ^ a l a

Dvpastv (Ifysore, 1972), p . 8 7 .

61 Rgiaesh, X.V., flHD5K., p . 115.

62 This w i l l be d i scussed in d e t a i l under the Chapter

' A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' .

63 This view of Gururaja Bhat i s based on an undated

new i n s c r i p t i o n from Set ra B a s t i , f'iw3.abidre,

g tndies^ pp. 23 and 2^ .

64 Ramesh, K.V. , 'Varanga I n s c r i p t i o n of Kundaga' ,

i i . I . , Vol. X ^ V I I , P t . VI, pp. 271 and 275,

No. ^ 7 .

65 Ramesh, K.V. , AHDSK., p . 118 and f o o t - n o t a ,

66 S . I . I . , Vol. VII , No. 185.

67 Ayyar Subraraanya, T innave l ly I n s c r i p t i o n of I-^ra-

varcian Sundara Pandya I I , E . I . , Vol. XXIV, p . 153,

68 Gururaja Bhat, Thesis G, pp . 125-26.

69 S . I . I . , Vol. VIT, No. 223,

: 150 :

70 ISraesh, K.Y., i f l O ^ . , P. 118.

71 I b i d . , p . 119.

72 Kadase (Amasebail) i n s c r i p t i o n d iscovered by P.

Gurnraja B^at wi th the a s s i s t a n c e of t h i s

au tho r . See ' F d a y a v q n i ' , Kannada d a i l y dated

26th August 1976 and 'The Hindu' of the same

d a t e . During the 12th cen tu ry A.D. Tribhuvana-

malla r u l i n g from Huracha extended h i s r u l e over a

po r t ion of Kyndapura t a luk (cf , P.N. Narasimha

Murthy 's Thesis ' Ja inlsm on the Canara C o a s t , '

p . 7 8 ) .

73 Narasimha Murthy, P.N., Jain ism on the Canara

Coast (Typed T h e s i s ) , p . 79.

74 Ramesh, K.V., ^m^», P. 119.

75 I b i d .

76 ARSIB., 1931-32, No. 295 and Rgmesh, K.V. , _ i B £ 5 ^ . ,

PP. 120-21.

77 I b i d . , Foot note where the wrong reading publ ished

in S . I . I . Vol. 7 1 1 , No. 314 i s co r r ec t ed by

K.V, Raraesh. But the f ind spot of the i n s c r i p t i o n

i s wrongly p r i n t e d as I^^abidure i n s t ead of

Mudul^eri, Barakuru. Also see luLim<JiB§. Sagana-

ga.lJ2 by Raraesh, K.V. and Sharma, ¥,-f.

: 151 :

78 The t e x t of the i n s c r i p t i o n i s i n s c r i b e d on both

the s i de s of the stone and i t has 30 l i n e s . Cf.

the a u t h o r ' s paper e n t i t l e d 'An U^upa I n s c r i p t i o n

from Che rkad i ' , Ttie Jbnrnal QX* itjg. In»;t1tnte Q £

Indian S t u d i e s , Vol. I , No. 1, PP. 20-21 .

79 ARSIa., 1931-32, ?To. 295.

80 I b i d . , 1928-29, No, 509.

81 S . I . I . , Vol. VI I , No. 185.

82 I b i d . , No. 380.

83 Rgtnesh, K.V. , 1 2 0 ^ . , p . 13^ .

8A I b i d , and Ramesh, K.V., Tu;up3dina I t i h a s a , op . c i t . ,

p . 58 .

85 S . I . I . , Vol. IX, P t . I , Nos. 395 and 396.

86 ARSIS., 1931-32, No. 2*1 .

87 Ramesh K . v . , iflO^L., P. 12^.

88 ARSIE., 1928-29, No. 509.

89 I b i d . , No. ^ 8 5 .

90 I b i d . , No. ^90 .

91 S . I . I . , Vol. IX, P t . I , No. 395 .

92 ARSIK., 1931-32, No. 288.

93 I b i d . , 1928-29, No. 500.

94 I b i d . , 1931-32, No. 2 ^ 1 .

95 I b i d . , No. 336.

s 152 :

96 Re copied and examined by the a u t h o r .

97 ARSIii.., 1931-32, p . 6 l .

98 Majumdgr, R.C. ( M . ) , Tfae. S±XJlggl£ fo r Snip i r e (Bombay

Bhara t iya Vidya Bhavan), p . 262,

99 Rgmesh, K.V. , AH)3K., p .

100 S . I . T . , Vol. TX, P t . I , No. 395 .

101 I b i d . , No. 396.

102 Shet ty Vgsantha, ' O r i g i n of Ba l l amahadev i ' , Annnal^

^ . IklS^ '^ $vr ian 5 Q 1 L § ^ § . (Brahmavar, 1982-83),

pp . 18-19.

103 ARSIii., 1928-29, No. 509.

104 I b i d . , No. *85.

105 I b i d . , No. 491 .

106 I b i d . , 1931-32, No. 336.

107 I b i d . , No. 291 . The ngme of the queen had been

wrongly read as Odamarijadeva. I t was co r r ec t ed

byK.V . Eamesh ( l i a S K . , P. 126, F . N . ) . This

i n s c r i p t i o n was copied and re-examined by the

a u t h o r . The f igure of Janardana in r e l i e f i s

found a t the top of the s l a b .

108 ARSIE., 1931-32, No. 257.

109 Gururaja 3h3t , SjjidJLes., p . 3 7 .

t 153 :

110 ARS l i i . , 1929-30, p . 83 ,

111 I b i d . , No. 587. Ballaraat iadevl 's l a s t i n s c r i p t i o n

belongs to 1292 A.D,, September 28, Sunday,

112 AR3IK., 1927-28, No. *15 and Ramesh, K.V., i 2 Q ^ , ,

p . 126.

113 ARSIiii., 1929-30, No. 587,

114 I b i d . , 1927-28, No. ^15 .

115 I b i d . , No. *20.

116 As Nagadevarasa was very young and the n e x t r u l e r ' s

f i r s t i n s c r i p t i o n i s da ted 1315 A.D. we may

t e n t a t i v e l y accep t 1305 A.D. as ttie l a s t da te of

Nagadevarasa ' s r e i g n ,

117 ARSDi., 1928-29, Nos. 509 and ^ 8 5 ,

118 I b i d . , 1931-32, No. 336,

119 Ramesh, K.V., AmS^ . , P . 128.

120 ARSIS., 1928-29, No. ^84. The c o r r e c t reading

of t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n i s provided by Ramesh, K.V.,

AliP^vo PP. 128-29.

121 IJlupas assuming imper ia l t i t l e g even dur ing t h e

r e ign of some o t h e r power in Barakuru a l i t t l e

l a t e r shows t h a t sometimes these imper ia l t i t l e s

d id no t i n d i c a t e abso lu te sove re ign ty . Bankideva

must have ru l ed over southern p a r t s of the kingdom

wi th such t i t l e s as Nagadevarasa, a weak r u l e r

: 154 :

121 was no t in a p o s i t i o n to a d m i n i s t e r the e n t i r e contd .

kingdom e f f e c t i v e l y . This s i t u a t i o n cont inued

only t i l l the acces s ion of Soyideva.

122 Kamesh, K.V. , Tq:^unqdina I t i h a s a , op . c i t . , pp . 6 0 - 6 1 .

123 Kamath, S . r . , The Hoysalas and South Kanara D i s t r i c t ,

Itlg. l i iy^ i la Dzaasjy (iiid.) (I-fysore, 1972), p . 9 5 .

12-4 Kamatak I n s o r i P t i o n q , Vol. I l l , P t . I , No. ^4 of 19A0-41.

125 S . T . I . , Vol. VIT, Ho. 35A.

126 AHSDi., 1931-32, No. 3A5.

127 I b i d . , No. 308. This ep ig raph was recopied and

s tud ied by t h i s a u t h o r .

128 I b i d . , 1930-31, No. 37^.

129 S . I . I . , Vol. VI I , No. 308 .

130 Kamatak I n g c r i P t i o n s , Vol. I l l , P t . I , pp. 2-4 ,

No. 44 of 19-^10-41.

131 One of thera i s fomd nea r Kokkarne Kushala S h e t t y ' s

house, Kurady v i l l a g e , Udupi t a l u k . But t h i s

i n s c r i p t i o n i s badlj'* damaged.

But the second i n s c r i p t i o n from Murady (Tdupi t a l u k )

i s in Karabalagadde. The l e t t e r s are engraved

between two deep h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s . D e t a i l s of

the g r a n t given in the lower por t ion of the s l ab

: 155 :

131 are danaged, contd ,

Soy ideva ' s Hesl 'utru i n s c r i p t i o n i s found in a paddy

f i e l d ca l l ed 'Kallugadde muvattu hane' in the

Hesakutru v i l l a g e of Kundgpur t a l u k . Only a few

words of t h i s record are l o s t and hence the

r e c i p i e n t of the g ran t i s n o t known,

132 The land g r an t included land y i e l d i n g a geni of 100

muras of paddy in the e a s t e r n p a r t of Hosaguturu

(now ca l l ed Hes^^utru), The cash g r an t included

gold gadyaga f ive and gold vara ha f i v e ,

133 Raraesh, K . 7 . , ^HPSK.^ pp. 137-38, Tulunidina T t ihasa ,

op , c i t . , pp, 61-62; Guraraja 3ha t , Studies^ p , 38 .

13A ARSIii., 1928-29, No, 527.

135 I b i d . , No. A6l .

136 K a m a t a k Incor iDt iong , Vol. I l l , P t . I , No, 6

(No. ^8 of 19*0-^1) , pp. 10-12.

137 Ramesh, K.V. , 11E.SL., P. 1^1.

138 The i n s c r i p t i o n i s now preserved in the Kannada

Department of Mangalore U n i v e r s i t y , Mgngala-

g a n g o t r i ,

139 ARSE., 1929-30, No. 596.

1^0 I b i d . , No. 591 ,

: 156 :

1^1 I b i d . , No. 603 .

142 I b i d . , 1928-29, No. ^84 and Rgtnegh, K.V. , ISOSE.,

P. M 7 .

1^3 ARSIS,, 1929-30, No. 59^. The record was recop ied

and examined by the a u t h o r .

144 S.I.I., Vol. VII, No. 225.

145 Suryanarayana, T.S., Life and Times of Hoysa"i.a Vira

Ballala, p. 89.

146 Ramesh, K.V., Tu^unadina I t i h a s a , op. c i t . , p . 62;

Kamath, S .T . , 'The Hoysalas and South Kanara

D i s t r i c t ' , The Hhv.gala Dvna.gtv ( E ^ . ) , op. c i t . ,

p . 9 5 ,

14? Ramesh, K.V., 'The Hoysalas and the Tu' u Coun t ry ' ,

The Hnvsa^a D^magtv ( l i d . ) , op . c i t . , p . 88 ,

148 ARSK., 1923-29, No. 492.

149 Some of these stone poleg of t h i s b r idge are seen

even today. This f a c i l i t y provided to the people

as hack a s ISS'' A.D. i s n o t a v a i l a b l e to the

people even in modem t imes and they have t o

c ross the r i v e r which i s very deep wi th the

he lp of b o a t s .

150 Usua l ly planks of ha l f ko^u were used fo r t h i s

purpose and half ko:^" i s equal to 1' 3 " and wi th

a gap of 1 inch bet ' jeen the planks the width of

: 157 s

150 3 p l a n k s ' br idge can be about ^ ' , contd .

151 iiven today BenneVudru i s a p a r t of Brahmavar Tovm

Panchayat area and i t comes under Wandady and

Kururagodu v i l l a g e s . See t h i s a u t h o r ' s a r t i c l e

'Brahmavarada Ai t ihas ika Hinneie*, BeT\lbngge

( S i l v e r Jub i l ee Sou^renir of S.M,S. J r . Co l lege ,

1978).

152 S . I . X . , Vol. VII , No. 312. While g iv ing the t e x t

here , the name Kikkgyi Tgyl was wrongly read as

Kishnayi Tgyi, I t was co r r ec t ed by K.V, Ramegh,

cf, '^'ulunadina Sasanagalu, op. c i t . , p . 99

and AiSOg.., p . 1*0 foot>-note.

153 £».G., Vol. V, P t . I , Ak. No. 183.

15A Kamath, S.T. , 'The Hoysalas and South Kanara

D i s t r i c t ' , The UoysalS Dvnastv, op . c i t . , p . 9 5 ,

155 ARSIii., 1931-32, No. 2*0 and 1930-31, No. 360 .

Both mention the name of Kulasekhara a s J o i n t

r u l e r wi th h i s mother and no e p i t h e t i s a s s o c i a t e d

wi th h i s name.

156 l i . C . , Vol. VI, Sg. 1 and ARSIS., 1930-31, No. 360.

157 I b i d .