k. butterbach-bahl | imk-ifu | march 2008 kit – die kooperation von forschungszentrum karlsruhe...
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K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
The role of the biosphere in air quality and climate
Klaus Butterbach-BahlInstitute for Meteorology and Climate Research
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl / M. Dannenmann | IMK-IFU | NEU meeting Ghent February 2008The NEU mediterranean burning experiment
Fossil fuel burning
Land use change
CO2
Industrial sources
Rice paddies, wetlands, ruminants
CH4
Industrial sources
Agriculture, forests, ozeans Soils: 60-70%
N2O
Why to study biosphere-
atmosphere interactions when
talking about climate change?
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl / M. Dannenmann | IMK-IFU | NEU meeting Ghent February 2008The NEU mediterranean burning experiment
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl / M. Dannenmann | IMK-IFU | NEU meeting Ghent February 2008The NEU mediterranean burning experiment
Erisman et al., 2008; Nature - Geosciences
Nitrogen and global population increase
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
N Fertilizer Produced
100
The fate of nitrogen
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
N Fertilizer Produced
NConsumed
100 14
14% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process enters thehuman mouth……….
Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002
The fate of nitrogen
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
N Fertilizer Produced
N Fertilizer Consumed
N in Crop
N Harvested
Nin Food
NConsumed
-6 -47 -12
100 144794 2631
-5-16
14% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process enters thehuman mouth……….if you are a vegetarian.
Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002
The fate of nitrogen
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Global human population and meat production
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
N Fertilizer Produced
N Fertilizer Applied
N in Crop
N In Feed
Nin Store
NConsumed
-6 -47 -3
100 44794 731
-24-16
4% of the N produced in the Haber-Bosch process and used for animal production enters the human mouth.
Galloway JN and Cowling EB. 2002
The fate of nitrogen
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
The global nitrogen cycle
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Nr creation 1995 (left) and 2050 (right) [Tg N yr-1]
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Hours days Weeks months years decades centuries
materialsclimate change
Vegetation changessoil processes
forest ecosystem health
soil nutrient reserves
Carbon sequestration
air concentrationsvisibility
Depositionhealth (acute) health (chronic)
aquatic (episodic) aquatic (chronic)plant responses
Ecological and social consequences of Nr
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
The Nr cascade
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Increase in nitrogen flows in rivers
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Nr deposition in 1860 and 1993 [mg m-2 yr-1]
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Nr deposition in 1860 and 1993 [mg m-2 yr-1]
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Closed nutrient cycles
Man labor
Intensive agriculture
Industrialisation
Historical development
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
NONOyyNN22 NHNHxx
2121 2525
1616
2525
55
3333 2323 2626
66
3939
4848
1818
100100
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
mid
-199
0s
110110
66 77
88
0.30.3
66 99
1111 881515
2727
NONOyyNN22 NHNHxx
55 66
1860 120120
Galloway et al., 2003b
The Global Nitrogen Budget in 1860 and mid-1990s, TgN/yr
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
N2O
IPCC 2007
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
The effect of N on the GHG balance
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
The effect of N on the GHG balance
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
ISRIC-WISE
ESDB v1
Clay contentpHbulk density
TemperaturePrecipitationPARLatitude
SOCMap of TopsoilOrganicCarbon
MM5
CAPRI Crop type/area
Sowing andHarvest date (2003)
LUCAS
Polygon
1x1 km2
Grid
10x10 km2
Grid
Fertilizer inputYield (kg/ha)
1x1 km2 Grid
NUTS Regions
Points
Data sourceData content format
SOIL
CLIMATE
MANAGEMENT
10km x 10km Grid
Spatialinformation
GISDATABASE
DNDC
EmissionInventoryof European
agricultural soils
EUStat
EMEP N deposition 50x50 km2
Grid
GIS database for DNDC
GIS coupling for Inventories
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Simulated forest area of Europe: 1 410 477km2
NO Emissions
Minimum
Scenariokt N a-1
AverageScenariokt N a-1
Maximum
Scenariokt N a-1
199019952000
453845
988599
248220254
Inventorying soil N trace gas fluxes and identifying feedbacks
-50 -20 -10 0 10 20 50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Rel
ativ
e ch
ange
in N
2O a
nd N
O e
mis
sion
s [%
]
N Deposition change in %
N2O
NO
Kesik et al., 2006; Biogeosciences
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Agricultural soils – NO & N2O emissions
Butterbach-Bahl et al., 2008; Atm. Environm.
K. Butterbach-Bahl | IMK-IFU | March 2008
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Soil NOx emissions are contributing in average for entire Europe
up to 10% to the tropospheric NOx burden
Soil sources versus industrial sources
Butterbach-Bahl et al., 2009; Atm. Environm.
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
K. Butterbach-Bahl / M. Dannenmann | IMK-IFU | NEU meeting Ghent February 2008The NEU mediterranean burning experiment31 | V. Name | Organisationseinheit | TT.MM.JJJJ
Summary• Human activities have perturbed the global nitrogen cycling
• Acceleration by a factor of approx. 2 (C <10%)
• Large scale environmental impacts, e.g.
• eutrophication
• Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of GHG‘s
• Long-term effects and biosphere feedbacks to climate
change unknown
• Increase in N use efficiency urgently needed