kapitel 1 prähistorische kunst in europa. outline of prehistoric period paleolithic –lower...
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Paleolithic Age• “Old Stone Age” - 2,500,000 – 10,000 BC
– Technological advancement from spear to bow/arrow = better hunting
• Appearance of Homo sapiens sapiens (-120,000)• Cro-Magnon Man
– Europe– Stone Ax = chop down trees & make boats– Hunting large animals required 4-5 “bands” of people
working together• Chief status for leader
– Cave Paintings
Fundstätte einer Mammut-Knochen-Hütte
Aus der Ukraineca. 16 000-10 000 v. Chr.
Wohnstätten der Eiszeitjäger
Der Löwen-Mensch von
Hohlenstein-Stadel, Deutschlandca. 30,000-26,000 v.Chr.Aus einem Mammutzahn geschnitzt11 3/8 inch. hoch
Prähistorische Skulpturen• Älteste menschliche
Kunstwerke: aus Stein,Elfenbein, Geweih, Knochen
• Kultobjekt ? Löwenartiger Mensch als MotivTeil einer Jagdwaffe ?
• geschnitzt und in dreidimensionaler Darstellung:
also schon geistig hochstehende Gedanken-Kultur.
“Venus” von WillendorfDie meisten spätneolithischen
Figuren sind Frauen-Darstellungen
Sie sind meist rötlich gefärbt
Grundgestalt : enorme Brüste, dickbauchig & stilsierter runder Kopf
Kultfigur ? Fruchtbarkeitssysmbol ?
Bedeutung ist unklar
Frau von Lespugue
Aus einer Höhle in Les Rideaux, Franceca. 20,000 v. Chr.Mammut-Elfenbein5 3/4 inch hoch
Weitere weibliche Schönheiten
Die Bedeutung der Höhlenmalereien
• Die ersten Gemälde entstanden etwa vor 15 000 Jahren
• Ur-Bilder von: Bison, Hirsch, Pferd, Kühen, Mammuts und Wildschweinen sind die Hauptmotive.
• Rituelle oder religiöse Geisteshaltung zur Steigerung des Jagderfolgs oder der Fruchtbarkeit.
Die Bedeutung der Höhlenmalereien
• Archeologists speculate the animal images were meant to guarantee a successful hunt– Drawing a picture of it gave you power over it?– Sympathetic magic
• Artwork has been depicted with realistic features that enables scholars to identify animals
Höhlenmalereien von Chauvet
Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, Ardèche, Franceca. 30 000-28 000 v.Chr.Pigmentfarben aus Fels
Höhlenmalereien aus Pech-Merle
Lot, Franceca. 22 000 v.Chr.Pigmentfarbe auf Stein
Nicht für ewig gemalt?Hände als Fingerprintim modernen Sinne ?
Twisted Perspective – horns, eyes & hooves are shown as seen from the front, yet heads & bodies are rendered in profile
Prehistoric Art Tools•Cave artists used charcoal to outline the walls; sometimes they incised the wall with sharp stones or charcoal sticks•The “paints” used were ground minerals like red & yellow ochre•The minerals were applied directly on the damp limestone walls
Bison Ceiling
Artists used the irregularities of the cave to create sculptural effects by painting over them
Neolithic Revolution• End of Ice Age (100,000 – 8000 BCE)
brought ability to search for new food• Systemic Agriculture – Making the
conscious decision to plant & grow food• Domestication – Raising goats, sheep, pigs
& cattle• Development of permanent, year-round
settlements (and eventually, civilization)
Skara Brae Architecture• Neolithic settlement in
northern Scotland• 3100 and 2600 BCE• Corbeling – layers of
stones are piled on top of each other to form walls without mortar
Megalithic Architecture• “Large stone” (mega + lithos)• Powerful religious or political figures and beliefs was the
impetus for these massive building projects• 2 types:
– Dolmen – large, vertical stones with a covering slab like a giant table (mounded over with dirt to form a cairn)
– Menhir – single stone set on its end• Positioned:
– Henge – circular arrangement of stones– Alignment – in rows
Stonehenge: England’s First Rock Group
• Series of concentric circles & circular shapes
• Outer circle of 13 foot high gray sandstones, called sarsen stones, topped by a continuous lintel– They weigh up to 26 tons each!
http://youtube.com/watch?v=DewEKz9TzmM
How Did They Do That?!• Lacked bronze or iron tools and, possibly, the wheel• Transported the stones by barge or sled
– Heel stone standing upright, weighs 35 tons and was brought in from 23 miles away
• Raising of the stones was done in stages by prying the ends up and inserting timber beneath– Added layer after layer and then removed the
elevated scaffolding
BanksyStonehenge Port-A-PottiesGlastonbury, England2008metal and plastic
Jim ReindersCarhengeAlliance, Nebraska1987metal