karrbkl;muxgar enakgñúkarrkb;rkgdfiøi nigfnfanfmµcati³...

0

karRbKl;muxgar

enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøI n igFnFanFmµCati³

CeRmIsBIry ³eBlmFümeT AEv g

ERhVk v :an ; GakK½r

Ex v icäika qñaM 20 10

1

esckþIbdiesF

mtieyabl; nigkarvaytMélrbs;GñkniBn§ mincaM)ac;qøúHbBa©aMgmtieyabl; nigkarvaytMélrbs;

Gñke)aHBum<pSayeLIy.

2

matika

esckþIepþIm ............................................................................................................................3

sav ta nigbBaðacMbg .........................................................................................................3

v is½ysRmab;karRKb;RKgdIFøI n igFnFanenAmUldæan ....................................................... 7

karcuHbBa¢I nigRbB½n§B½t’mandIFøI ...................................................................................................................... 7

bTbBaØtþieRbIR)as;dIFøI ....................................................................................................................................... 8

karGPivDÆdIFøI nigkarpþl;TICRmk .............................................................................................................. 10

karykBn§elIdIFøI .......................................................................................................................................... 13

karedaHRsay nigkarsRmuHsRmYl ............................................................................................................ 15

karsMlwgeT Amux ................................................................................................................. 15

3

esckþIepþIm

muxgarmYycMnYnenAkñúg {vis½y} RKb;RKgdIFøI nigFnFanFmµCati GacRtUvRbKl;[RkumRbwkSaXMu

sgáat;enAkñúgry³eBlxøI. vaBak;B½n§nwgmuxgarEdlminRtUv)anepÞrCapøÚvkardl;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; eTaH

CaRkumRbwkSaTaMgenHkMBugGnuvtþmuxgarenHrYcehIy k¾dUcCamuxgarCaskþanuBlenAeBlGnaKtEdlRtUv

)anpþl;CaGnusasn_edayCMnajkarrbs;RksYg nigCMnajkartamvis½y. muxgarTaMgenH RtUv)ansegçb

enAkñúgtarag]bsm<½n§TI 1.

etICeRmIsry³eBlEvgsRmab;vimCÄkarmanGVIxøH? kMNt;sMKal;segçbenH nwgKUsbBa¢ak;vis½y

sMxan;² EdlkarEkERbbEnßmeTotGaceFVIeTA)an nigGVIEdlGacCalkçN³énkarEkERb. vis½yénkarEk

ERbKwkarcuHbBa¢I nigB½t’mandIFøI karkMNt;bTbBaØtþikareRbIR)as;dIFøI karGPivDÆn_dIFøI karykBn§elIdIFøI nig

lT§PaBedaHRsay nigsRmuHsRmYlTMnas;dIFøI. edIm,IkMNt;lkçN³énkarEkERb esckþIsegçbenH nwg

TamTar[manTinñn½ybEnßmeTot edIm,IFanafa Gnusasn_Ep¥kelITLðIkrN_ nigkaryl;dwgrwgmaM. vis½y

Edl)anelIkeLIgCasMNUmBr GaceFVICamUldæansRmab;eFVIkarBinitüemIleLIgvij[)anl¥itl¥n; nigTan;

eBlevla.

sav ta nigbBaðacMbg

enAkñúgesckþIEføgEpñkeKalneya)ayrbs;xøÜn raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa manbMNgFana[)anfa Rkum

EdlCYbkarlM)akTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_enAkñúgsgÁm. dIFøI nigFnFanFmµCati KWCakgVl;cMbg. kareqøIy

tbcMeBaHkMeNInRbCaCnx<s;enAkm<úCa nwgTamTar[mankarERbkøaytMbn;ksikmµy:agFM ¬y:agsMxan;¦

eTACadIRbCMuCnvij nigkarvinieyaKy:ageRcInelIesva nigehdæarcnasm<½n§. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kar

pÁt;pÁg;dIFøI nigFnFanmankMrit. FnFanTaMgenH minGackekIteLIgvijeT elIkElgEtkrNItictYc

4

b:ueNÑaH. dUecñH bBaðakan;kab;dIFøI nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI mankarBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmky:agxøaMg³ skmµ

PaB nigkmµsiT§idIFøI manplb:HBal;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. RbB½n§RKb;RKgdIFøIenAeBlsBVéf¶ bgár[manbBaða

RbQmmYycMnYnEdlRtUvcgRkgCaÉksary:agl¥. mandIsmRsbsRmab;lMenAdæan nig¼b¤ksikmµ b:uEnþva

minRKb;RKan;sRmab;kMeNInrbs;sgÁmeLIy. RbkarenHk¾CakarBitsRmab;tMbn;RbCMuCnpgEdr. tRmUvkar

cMeBaHTICRmkRKb;RbePT mankarekIneLIg RbsinebIbBaðaénsMNg;GnaFibetyü nigkarbeNþjecj RtUv

)ancat;TukCasUcnakr. karGPivDÆtMbn;RbCMuCnfµICaeRcIn minRtUv)anpþl;esvaRKb;RKan;eLIy. GVIEdl

sMxan; edIm,I[TIpSardIFøI pþl;Tinñplkan;EtmansmFm’enaH karcMNay nigplRbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁl nig

sgÁm KYrRtUv)anbnSIúKña[kan;EtRbesIr. bBaðaenH k¾CaKnøwHcMeBaHkarGPivDÆéRBeQI nigClplkan;Et

RbesIrpgEdr.

sBVéf¶enH enAfñak;mUldæan karksagEpnkar KWCakareqøIytbtampøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHsßanPaBCaeRcIn

enAkm<úCa. enAeBlenH mankarTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTAfa y:agehacNas; karksagEpnkarCak;Esþg nigkar

Binitütamdan KYreFVIeLIgenAfñak;mUldæanEdldwgeRcInGMBItRmUvkarenAmUldæan1. RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;

manGaNtþiCaTUeTAkñúgkarelIkkMBs;karGPivDÆenAmUldæan ehIymanKNenyüPaBedaypÞal;cMeBaHRbCa

Blrdærbs;xøÜnelIkargarGPivDÆn_. eKGacGHGagfa muxgarCacMbgmYyrbs;GaCJaFrmUldæan KwkarRKb;

RKgdIFøI. edayKµankarsgS½y RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; mantYnaTIy:agsMxan;EdlRtUvRbkan;ykenAkñúgkar

karBartMbn;FmµCati tMbn;ksikmµ nigtMbn;eTsPaBsMxan;² ehIyelIkTwkcitþkarkan;kab;dIFøICaTUeTA. kar

GPivDÆRbkbedaysmFm’enAfñak;mUldæan TamTar[manmeFüa)aykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB edIm,IerobcM

FnFanÉkCn nigFnFansaFarN³ EdlbMeBjbEnßmedayynþkarCYyxøÜnÉgenAshKmn_. RbkarenH

1 KN³kmµkaresdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;GasIu nig)a:sIuPic ¬UN/ESCAP¦ )anpþl;Gnusasn_

enAÉsnñisITsþIBI {sPaBénnKrUbnIykmµenAGasIu nig):asIuPic qñaM 1993} fakarpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigesvaenA

TIRbCMuCn KYrEtCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GaCJaFrmUldæan nigfa FnFanhirBaØvtßú bec©keTs nigmnusSrbs;GaCJaFr

mUldæan KYrRtUv)anBRgwg.

5

eFVI[mankarcaM)ac;fa RkumRbwkSamUldæan Rbkan;ykkarTTYlxusRtUv edIm,IRKb;RKgdIFøI nigFnFand¾man

kMritrbs;xøÜneTAtamrebobRbkbedayviC¢aCIv³. tYnaTICaTUeTArbs;rdæaPi)alkNþalenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg

dIFøI nigFnFan KYreTAelIkarpþl;Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigrdæ)al nigFanadl;RbtibtþikaredayrlUn

rbs;rdæ)almUldæan nigTIpSardIFøIenAmUldæan. dUecñH karRKb;RKgdIFøI nigFnFan KWCavis½yRtUvkar[man

kareFVIvimCÄkary:agxøaMgkøa. bc©úb,nñenH mankarcg;)ansgÁtiPaBEpñkeKalneya)ayEdlpþl;karENnaM

GMBIGaTiPaBEbgEckdIFøIfñak;Cati. ]TahrN_ RkumRbwkSaXMu RtUv)anrMBwgfa RtUvkarBarbrisßan b:uEnþmin

manGMNacGVIelIéRBeQIeLIy. RbkarenH bgár[manPaBRcbUkRcbl; ehIybgárCaGMeBIGskmµ nigkar

lM)akcMeBaHRkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;kñúgkarGnuvtþGaNtþirbs;xøÜn[)aneBjelj. GMeBIGskmµenH man

TMnas;y:agxøaMgkøaCamYynwgkarEbgEckeLIgvij[)anqab;rh½s nigCadMukMPYnnUvlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFan

nigdIFøIEdlRtUvekIteLIgenAeBldMNalKña.

bBaðasßitenARtg;faetIRtUveFVIEbbNa edIm,I[RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; manlT§PaBelIkkMBs;kar

eRbIR)as;y:agsmRsbbMputelIFnFandIFøId¾mankMrit. Rkbx½NÐrdæ)alRKb;RKan; k¾dUcCakarRbmUlpþúMGñk

rdæ)alenAmUldæanRbkbedaysmtßPaB BitCamansar³sMxan;Nas;. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday varitEt

sMxan;eTAeTotEdlRtUvecjdMeNIrBITisedAry³eBlEvgc,as;las; edIm,IdwknaMkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFn

Fan. karksagEpnkarPaKeRcIn edaHRsaybBaða bnÞab;BIbBaðaTaMgenaH)anekIteLIg. RkumRbwkSaXMu

sgáat; KYrmanCeRmIs edIm,I[man\T§iBleTAelIkarGPivDÆrUbv½nþenAdMNak;kaldMbUg edaykMNt;TisedA

nigGnum½teKalneya)ayeRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFnFanc,as;las;. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg RbkarenH man

n½yfaCakarpøas;bþÚrBITsSn³enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøIfaCardæ)aldIFøI edaymankarkt;RtaelIskmµPaBknøg

mkeTACakarRKb;RKgdIFøIfaCadMeNIrkarRbkbedayfamBl nigskmµ. vamanlkçN³CafamBl BIeRBaH

kareRbIR)as;dIFøIsmRsbbMput mankarpøas;bþÚrCaRbcaM. enAeBlenaH etIGVICaCeRmIssRmab;karRKb;RKgdI

enAmUldæanEdlmanlkçN³famBlkan;EtxøaMg? vis½yEdlGacman KWkarkMNt;tMbn; karpþl;karGPivDÆ

6

nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarykBn§elIdIFøI . ynþkar rYmmankareRbIR)as;]bkrN_eFVIEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI

RbkbedayfamPaB PaBCaédKUrvagrdæCamYyÉkCn bec©kviTüaEdlmantMélTab bTdæanGb,brma b¤

bTdæansmRsb.l. edIm,IQanecjBIrdæ)aleTACakarRKb;RKgy:agskmµ CakarsMxan;EdlRtUvpSar

P¢ab;karksagEpnkarCamYyynþkarEdlGacGnuvtþ)an edIm,IRtYtBinitükareRbIR)as;dI nigdwknaM nigkMNt;

GaTiPaBvinieyaK.

karEksRmYlCacMbgelIeKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþtamEbbvimCÄkarTak;TgnwgkareRbIR)as;

dIFøI nigFnFan kMBugdMeNIrkar b¤RtUv)aneRKagTuk. dUecñH vaCa»kasy:agRbesIrbMputEdlRtUvBiPakSa

CeRmIssRmab;RKb;RKgdIFøI nigFnFantamEbbvimCÄkar. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAdMNak;kalenH va

minTan;dl;eBlEdlRtUvpþl;Gnusasn_Cak;lak;ry³eBlEvgelImuxgarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;Edl

GacRtUvepÞreLIy. Gnusasn_ RtUvP¢ab;edayRbugRby½tñCamYyTinñn½y EdlenAeBlenHminTan;man

RKb;RKan;enAeLIy. dUecñH TamTar[mankarsikSaeRcIneTot edIm,IEsVgyl;BIRbsiT§iPaBén]bkrN_

EdlGacmansRmab;karRKb;RKgdIFøI nig FnFantamEbbvimCÄkar. RbkarenH mann½yfa RtUvBinitü

emIleLIgvijy:agl¥itl¥n;EfmeTotelI PsþútagGMBIkarGnuvtþEdlBak;B½n§TaMgenAkm<úCa nigCaGnþrCati.

bnÞab;mk RtUvmankarføwgEføgPsþútagenHedayeRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½yBIrKW skþanuBlkñúgkarQaneTArk

karmUlmti nigskþanuBlkñúgkarGnuvtþ nigkarvaytMélRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. lkçN³vinicä½yTImYy

GaRs½yelIlT§PaBénkarpþl;Gnusasn_c,as;las;. lkçN³vinicä½yTIBIr Bak;B½n§nwgsmtßPaB EdlRsb

eTAnwgTisedArbs;Cati.l. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAdMNak;kalenH eKGaccg¥úlbgðajc,as;las;

BIvis½yCaskþanuBlEdlRkumRbwkSaenAmUldæan GacGnuvtþ)any:agskmµ nigcritlkçN³énmuxgarEdl

RkumRbwkSa GacRbkan;yk. bnÞab;mk cMNucTaMgenH KYrRtUvsikSabEnßmeTot.

7

v is½ysRmab;karRKb;RKgdIFøI n igFnFanenAmUldæan

karcuHbBa¢I nigRbB½n§B½t’mandIFøI

karcuHbBa¢I nigRbB½n§B½t’mandIFøIenAkm<úCa Ca]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkarEklMGkarRKb;RKgdI. RbB½n§cuH

bBa¢IdIFøIEdldMeNIrkar pþl;snþisuxcMeBaHkarkan;kab; nigKaMRTkarykBn§elIdIFøI. RbB½n§enH k¾CYysRmYl

pgEdrdl;karksagEpnkarCak;Esþg nigkarbegáItRbB½n§B½t’mandIFøI. RbB½n§enH KWCameFüa)ayrkSaTuk

dkRsg; nigEckrMElkB½t’manGMBIdIFøI dUcCakarlk;dUr kareRbIR)as;dI kmµsiT§idI nigtMéldI.

bc©úb,nñenH RbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøIenAkm<úCa CYbkarlM)ak nigmankaryWty:avCaeRcIn. karlM)akenH

naM[mankaryWty:avenAkñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaHtRmUvkarEdlmankarERbRbYlrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigeFVI[kar

TajykplcMeNjBItMéldImankarrIkraldal. tYnaTICaskþanuBlrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; KYrEtCa

cMNuccab;epþImsRmab;karcuHbBa¢IdIrdæ ¬CasaFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ k¾dUcCadIÉkCn. tYnaTIenH manbBa¢Úl

TaMgkarpþl;GaCJab½NÑ niglixitGnuBaØatEdlkMNt;l½kçx½NÐGMBIrebobeRbIR)as;dIÉkCn nigkarTTYl)andI

rdæ. bc©úb,nñenH tYnaTIenHenAmankMrit. visalPaBrbs;vaminhYsBIParkic©mYycMnYnTak;TgnwgkarcuHbBa¢I

kan;kab;dIÉkCn. niyaykan;EtCak;lak; RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; bBa¢ak;BIPaBBitR)akdelIdILÚt× nig¼ b¤

m©as;dIedaymankMNt;RBMRbTl;. bnÞab;BIkaryl;RBm XMucuHbBa¢IdIenAkñúg{esovePAbBa¢ak;karcuHbBa¢I }

EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§B½t’mandIFøIEdlsaFarNCnenAmUldæan GacBinitüemIl)an. eKalbMNgén

rdæ)aldItamEbbvimCÄkar KYr[XMueFVIbc©úb,nñPaBbBa¢IdI enAeBlkarcuHbBa¢ICaRbB½n§ RtUv)aneFVIeLIg.

bc©úb,nñenH karcuHbBa¢ICabnþeTot RtUveFVIeLIgenAkariyal½yRsuk EdlbnÞab;mk epJIc,ab;cM;lgénÉksar

surieyadIeTAXMu. GVIEdlsMxan;enaH kareFVIEbbenH KYrEtmanlkçN³b®Ba©as;eTAvij. cMeBaHkarcuHbBa¢I

nigB½t’manTak;TgnwgdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ ¬sm,TandIesdækic© éRBbMrugGcié®nþy_

.l.¦ RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; minmantYnaTIGVIsMxan;eLIy. muxgarrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; enAkñúg

8

vis½yenH GacRtUvBRgIky:agxøaMg edIm,IeFVI[RbB½n§kan;EtmantmøaPaB manRbsiT§iPaB nigkarcMNayman

RbsiT§ipl.

bTbBaØtþieRbIR)as;dIFøI

bBaðaGMBIkarfycuHKuNPaBdI mankarekIneLIgenAtMbn;CnbTenAkm<úCaEdlnaM[)at;bg;CIvcMruH.

kñúgkMritxøH bBaðaenH KWCaplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manEdlbegáItedayesckþIsMercrbs;m©as;dIÉkCnenAkñúgXMu.

bTbBaØtþieRbIR)as;dIFøI KWCa]bkrN_EdleFVI[man\T§iBleTAelIesckþIsMercrbs;ÉkCn vakMNt;l½kçx½NÐ

GMBIrebobeRbIR)as;dIÉkCn. bTbBaØtþienH manbBa¢Úl]bkrN_ksagEpnkar karkMNt;tMbn; karsagsg;

karRtYtBinitü nigkardak;Bin½y.

TisedAy:agTUlMTUlayénkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI KWedIm,IdwknaMkarGPivDÆsRmab;ry³eBl

Cak;lak; nigelIkkMBs;TMrg;énkareRbIR)as;dIEdltMrUveTAtamTisedArbs;GaCJaFr¬mUldæan¦. raCrdæa-

Pi)alkm<úCa )anerobcMviFIsa®sþrbs;xøÜnpÞal;cMeBaHkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIenAmUldæan {karksag

EpnkareRbIR)as;dIrbs;XMu (CLUP)} CLUP KWCa]krN_d¾manGMNacEdlQanecjBIkarvaytMélelI

sßanPaBmanRsab; eq<aHeTArkkarKUsbgðajGMBIsßanPaBEdlcg;)anenAeBlGnaKt. eKminTan;dwgenA

eLIyfaetI]bkrN_ksagEpnkarenH manfamPaB nigRbsiT§iPaBkMritNa niyay[kan;EtCak;lak;enaH

KwfaetI]bkrN_enH GaceqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarEpñkesdækic©cMeBaHdIFøI CaBiessenAkñúgbribTénkMeNIn

tMélEdrb¤eT. edIm,I[]bkrN_ksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI manRbsiT§iPaBeBjelj TMnak;TMngrvagfñak;

nanaenAkñúgkarksagEpnkareTAtamtMbn;PUmisa®sþ RtUvEtmanPaBc,as;las;KW etIkarksagEpnkareRbI

R)as;dI KYrmanlkçN³BIeRkameLIgelI BIelIcuHeRkam b¤Cakardak;bBa©ÚlKñarvagTisedAfñak;Cati nigfñak;

eRkamCati? enAkñúgkrNIcugeRkay RtUvmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;las;GMBIrebobEdl CLUPmanTMnak;TMngCa

mYyTisedA nigviFankarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIEdlkMNt;edayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ]TahrN_ Tis

edAEdl)anbBa¢ak; KWRtUvBRgIk[)anxøaMgkøanUvshKmn_Clpl nigshKmn_éRBeQI b¤karpþl;sm,Tan

9

dIesdækic©FMTUlay. karksagEpnkar GacmanRbsiT§iPaB drabNa viFIsa®sþ mantmøaPaB ehIy

lT§plmanPaBc,as;las;.

karkMNt;tMbn; Bak;B½n§nwgkareRbIR)as;bTbBaØtþi edIm,IkMNt;dIenAkñúgtMbn;sRmab;lMenAdæan

BaNiC¢kmµ ]sSahkmµ ksikmµ karkarBar b¤kareRbIR)as;epSgeTot. vak¾mankarBak;B½n§pgEdrCamYy

nwgbTbBaØtþiEdlkMNt;kareRbIR)as;dIEdl)anEbgEckCatMbn; ¬ÉkCn¦. enAtMbn;RbCMuCn bTbBaØtþi Gac

Bak;B½n§nwgTItaMg kMBs; TMhMLÚt× TMrg; nigkareRbIR)as;ehdæarcnasm<½n§enAkñúgtMbn;nImYy². enAtMbn;

CnbT bTbBaØtþi GacBak;B½n§nwgkarswkricril nigPaBRtwmRtUvéndIRsTab;elI ¬]TahrN_ rukçCatiTb;

xül; b¤rukçCatiRbePTxøH¦ karsagsg;ehdæarcnasm<½n§Edlb:HBal;pøÚvTwk nigFarasa®sþ viFankarkarBar

tMbn;CMral.l. ]TahrN_ eKGacKitGMBIkardak;kMhitelIkareRbIR)as;dI2. GaCJaFrmUldæan GaceRbI

R)as;kardak;kMhit edIm,IpSarP¢ab;CamYynwgkarkan;kab;dIedayELk3 FanakareRbIR)as;dIRtUv)andak;

kMhitsRmab;EteKalbMNgEdl)anbBa¢ak; rkSaTuktMbn;RTnab;enACMuvijtMbn;]sSahkmµ rkSaTukstV b¤

rukçCatiBIdMbUg b¤TidæPaBFmµCati b¤eTsPaB. kargarenH eFVI[RkumRbwkSa mansiT§idak;Bin½ykñúgkrNIEdl

minGnuvtþtambTbBaØtþikMNt;tMbn;. karkMNt;tMbn; k¾GacmankarBak;B½n§pgEdrCamYynwgkareFVIcMNat;

RbePTeLIgvijelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCn4. GVIEdl

2

kardak;kMhitelIkareRbIR)as;dI KWCakic©RBmeRBogCalayl½kçN_GkSreTAtamTMrg;Edl)ankMNt; EdlGacman

bBa¢ak;enAelIÉksarkan;kab;dI. m©as;kmµsiT§i e)aHbg;siT§imYycMnYnTak;TgnwgdI. kardak;kMhitenH manbMNgFana

[)anfa katBVkic©GnuvtþeTAtamkardak;kMhit manP¢ab;CamYykarepÞrkmµsiT§ikan;kab;dI. m©as;kmµsiT§ienAeBlxag

mux k¾RtUvcgP¢ab;eTAtaml½kçx½NÐpgEdr. kardak;kMhit GacGnuvtþcMeBaHdITaMgmUl b¤dImYycMENk ehIymintMrUv[

mankareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³eLIy. 3

RbkarenH GacGnuBaØat[Rkumm©as;dItUctac Ca]TahrN_ manlkçN³sm,tþiTTYl)ansm,TanGPirkSelIdIÉkCn

rbs;Kat; ¬Edl)andak;bBa©ÚlKña¦ . viFIsa®sþEbbenH manenARbeTskUsþa rIka. 4 RkumRbwkSaXMu GacpþÜcepþImkareFVIcMNat;RbePTdIrdæ edayeFVIsMeNICalayl½kçGkSrN_dak;CUnKN³kmµaFikarRKb;

RKgdIrdæfñak;extþ ¬maRta 15 énGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ¦

10

l¥enaH KWtRmUvkarcMeBaHkareFVIcMNat;RbePTeLIgvij KYrelcecjBIdMeNIrkar CLUP. dUecñH hak;dUcCa

manPaBsmRsbEdlRkumRbwkSaenAmUldæan KYrmansiT§ipþÜcepþImxøHenAkñúgkargarenH. siT§ienH manbBa¢ak;

enAkñúgbTbBaØtþisþIBIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©enAmUldæan. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday l½kçx½NÐEdlRKb;RKgsiT§i

pþÜcepþImEbbenH Gac nigKYrEcg[c,as;las;.

sþg;darGb,brmaEdlRKb;RKgkareRbIR)as;dIEdlkMNt;CatMbn; KWCaviFIpSarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngksag

Epnkarfñak;elI nigfñak;eRkam. sþg;darenH kMNt;siT§iGMNacrbs;RkumRbwkSaenAmUldæan edaymin)an

R)ab;RkumRbwkSaenHGMBIGVIEdlRtUveFVI nigrebobeFVI[)anBitR)akd. enAkñúgkrNIénRbeTskm<úCa RksYg

tamvis½y nig¼b¤RkumRbwkSafñak;elI ¬Rsuk extþ¦ GacBinitütamdankarsMerc)ansþg;darGb,brmaeday

RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; . Cakarc,as;Nas;fa sþg;darGb,brma minRKan;EtmeFüa)aysRmab;RtYtBinitü

b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgCameFüa)aysRmab;CMruj[RkumRbwkSaenAmUldæanRbkan;ykkarTTYlxusRtUv

nigsMerc)anlT§plkargartamkarrMBwgTuk. sþg;darGb,brma EcgBIFatuecjCaCagFatucUl b¤kMrit

cMNay. ]TahrN_ smamaRtGb,brmaénépÞdIEdlmanéRBeQIeFobnwgépÞdIsrubrbs;XMuenACnbTenA

kñúgtMbn;Cak;lak;mYy b¤ pleFobCaGb,brmaén]Tüan b¤tMbn;ébtgepSgeTotCamYynwgépÞdIsrubrbs;

sgáat;. karerobcMtak;Etgsþg;darGb,brma nwgbegáIt[manTMnak;TMngrvagTMhMénfvikaEdlpþl;[Ca

TUeTA ¬mUlniFiXMu sgáat;¦ nigkarcMNayBitR)akdrbs;GaCJaFrmUldæan ¬esva¦ eTAtamkMritkargarEdl

)anrMBWgTuk. RbkarenH k¾mann½ypgEdrfa karkMNt;muxgar nigsþg;darGb,brma ¬esva¦ Edlman

GmCamYy RtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNtMél[)aneBjelj. bnÞab;mkTinñn½y GacRtUvERbkøayeTACabTdæan

cMNay ehIydak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgynþkarepÞr.

karGPivDÆdIFøI nigkarpþl;TICRmk

karcuHbBa¢IdIFøI karkMNt;l½kçx½NÐsRmab;karTTYl)an nigkareRbIR)as; nigkarpþl;B½t’manGMBI

skmµPaBTaMgenH nigplb:HBal;rbs;skmµPaB KWCaviFIeFVI[mankarcUlrYmcMENkEpñkneya)ayenA

11

mUldæan. GaCJaFrk¾GacTTYl)ankaresñIsMupgEdr[pþl;dI edIm,IGnuvtþParkic©epSgeTotmYycMnYnEdlxøÜn

TTYlbnÞúk. Parkic©TaMgenH rYmman karpþl;bNþajehdæarcnsm<½n§ esvasaFarN³ ¬salaeron mnÞIr

eBTü sYnc,ar .l.¦ karpl;TICRmkdl;GñkmancMNUlTab karbegáIttMbn;ébtg.l. kMeNInRbCaCn

plb:HBal;énkarfycuHbrisßan k¾dUcCakMeNIncMNakRsuk nigkartaMgTIlMenACafµI k¾eFVI[bBaðaenHman

lkçN³smRsbsRmab;RkumRbwkSaenAmUldæanpgEdr. etIKYrbgár[RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; manlT§PaBpþl;

dI)anRtwmRtUveTAtameBlevlaenAkñúgTIkEnøgEdlcg;)anEdrb¤eT? RbkarenH GaRs½yelIkarmandI

saFarN³ GMNacrbs;RkumRbwkSaelIdI nigsmtßPaBrbs;RkumRbwkSakñúgkareFVIlT§kmµdIÉkCn. Cajwk

jab; enAtMbn;RbCMuCn ¬nigtMbn;CnbTxøH¦ manmeFüa)ayEtmYyKt;KWlT§kmµdI. GaCJaFrmUldæan man b¤

nwgmankarTTYlxusRtUvkan;EteRcInelIkarpþl;esva. ectnaénlT§kmµdIsaFarN³ KWedIm,Ikat;bnßykar

cMNayrbs;saFarNCnelIkarpþl;esvaEdlcg;)anrbs;GaCJaFr. edaysarsMBaFGPivDÆn_ tMéldIman

karekIneLIgCaTUeTA. GVIEdlminc,as;las;enaH KWlT§PaBenAeBlxagmuxrbs;GaCJaFrkñúgkarpþl;esva

edayminbgçMcitþbg;R)ak;elItMéldId¾eRcInelIslub.

sMBaFmYycMnYn GacRtUvkat;bnßytamry³PaBCaédKUrvagEpñkrdæCamYyEpñkÉkCn edayEpñk

ÉkCnmanTun ehIyRKb;RKg ¬rYmKña¦ elIkarpþl;esvaeRkamkarRtYtBinitü. CaFmµta TsSn³enH Kit

GMBIviFItamsþg;darEdlmanPaByutþiFm’. ]TahrN_ Epñkrdæ mandIsaFarN³ nigkarRtYtBinitü ehIy

EpñkÉkCnmanTun nigkarRKb;RKg edIm,IbegáIt nigdMeNIrkarehdæarcnasm<½n§ dUcCa pøÚv s<an Twks¥at

.l. bTBiesaFn_d¾mankMritmYycMnYnCamYynwgviFIsa®sþEbbenHmanenAkm<úCa rYmTaMgenAfñak;mUldæan

pgEdr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eKk¾GaceRbIR)as;RbkbedayPaBécñRbDitpgEdrenAkñúgkrNIEdlEpñk

ÉkCnmandI. ]TahrN_ edayKitGMBIkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkenAmUldæan RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; GaccuHkic©snüaCa

mYym©as;dI edIm,IGPirkSKMrbéRBeQI nigdIesµAsMxan;² nigkarBarRbPBTwks¥at. bTBiesaFn_EbbenH

12

manenAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn ¬dUcCa kUsþarIka¦. RtUvmankarviPaKbEnßmeTot edIm,Ipþl;Gnusasn_Edl

manRbeyaCn_cMeBaHcMNucenH.

viFIsa®sþRKb;RCugeRCayry³eBlEvgmYyeTot KWkarbegáItFnaKardItUcmYyedaymandILÚt×

sMxan;² mYycMnYn. GVIEdlsMxan;enaHKW FnaKardI KWCakarbegáItdIbMrug. FnaKardI GacsMerceTA)antam

viFICaeRcIn. enAtMbn;CnbT FnaKardI GaceFVIeTA)antamry³kareFVIcMNat;RbePTdIeLIgvij ]TahrN_

kareFVIcMNat;RbePTeLIgvijelIsm,TandIesdækic©EdlmanTMhMFMhYs tambTbBaØtþic,ab;EdlsßitenACa

Frman. edayehtufa sm,TanEbbenH RtUv)ancat;TukrYcehIyfaCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ CeRmIsmYyGacCa

karpþl;dImYycMENkdl;RkumRbwkSaenAmUldæan edayKitBIkarbegáItsm,TandIsgÁmkic© b¤dIbMrugTuk

sRmab;karGPivDÆ b¤sRmab;bMerI[eKalbMNgeGkULÚsIu. rdæGacpþl;TMnukcitþedayRbKl;Parkic©kñúgkar

RKb;RKg nigrkSasuvtßiPaBdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ b¤dIsaFarN³ÉkCndl;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; EdlbnÞab;

mkehAfaGaCJaFrEdl)anTTYlTMnukcitþ ¬maRta 2 énGnuRkitüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ¦. dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ k¾

GacRtUv)anEbgEcksRmab;kareRbIR)as;edayfñak;XMu sgáat;pgEdr GnuelamtamRbkasrYmrbs;RksYg

mhaépÞ nigRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú ¬maRta 20 énGnuRkitüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ¦. Caplvi)ak KWfa

RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; RtUvTTYl)ankarGnuBaØatCabnþbnÞab; edIm,IsMercelIkareRbIR)as;enAkñúgEdnkMNt;.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday ynþkartampøÚvc,ab;TaMgenH manlkçN³CacMeBaHkic©. bTbBaØtþicMeBaHPaBCam©as;

b¤karTTYl)anTMnukcitþelIdIrdæedayRkumRbwkSamUldæan manlkçN³TUlMTUlay ehIyRtUvkar[mankar

bMPøW muneBlGacpþl;Gnusasn_. ]TahrN_ etIl½kçx½NÐsRmab;karTTYl)anTMnukcitþ GacmansuvtßiPaB

kMritNa? RbsinebIGaCJaFrfñak;elI GaclubecalkarTTYl)anTMnukcitþ edayesckþIsMercEpñkrdæ)al

y:agsamBaØ karTTYl)anTMnukcitþfaCa]bkrN_sRmab;karRKb;RKgdIenAmUldæanry³eBlEvg manman

RbeyaCn_eLIy.

13

CaCeRmIsepSgBIenH XMuGacTTYl)andIÉkCn. karBinitüemIleLIgvijy:aghµt;ct; k¾KYrnaM[

manPaBc,as;las;elICeRmIsEdlmancMeBaHGaCJaFrmUldæansRmab;karTTYl)anCakatBVkic© nigminEmn

katBVkic©elIdIÉkCnCaviFIénFnaKardIFøI. RbkarenH manPaBsmRsbsRmab;tMbn;CnbT b:uEnþritEtman

PaBsmRsbEfmeTotsRmab;tMbn;RbCMuCn. maRta 44 énrdæFmµnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa GnuBaØat[

mankardkhUtdIÉkCnsRmab;bMerI[eKalbMNgsaFarN³. CeRmIsEdlminsUvmanvivaTxøaMgsRmab;kar

BRgIkdIbRmug GacCakarTijykdIEdlehobnwgcUleTAkñúgTIpSar. eKGacsBa¢wgKitemIlfa GaCJaFr

mUldæan mansiT§imuneKkñúgkarTijdIenAtMbn;sMxan;². CarYm TsSn³GMBIFnaKardIenAmUldæanenAkm<úCa RtUv

mankarsikSabEnßmeTot. m©as;dIEpñksaFarN³ KYrEtCaKMrUenAkñúgkarGnuvtþl¥bMput b:uEnþkrNIEbbenH

minekItmanenAkm<úCaeLIy. karRtYtRtakñúgkMritsmRsbmYyelIdIFøI mincaM)ac;mann½yfaCam©as;kmµsiT§i

eLIy. PaBCam©as;elIdIFøIBIsMNak;GaCJaFrmUldæanxøÜnÉgpÞal; minnaMeTAdl;kareRbIR)as;dIFøIkan;Etman

RbsiT§PaBedayecosminrYceLIy RbsinebIeKalbMNgénkareRbIR)as;enH minmanPaBc,as;las; b¤

RbsinebIminman]krN_Gm edIm,IeFVIEpnkar nigRtYtBinitükareRbIR)as;dIFøIy:agmanRbsiT§iPaB.

karykBn§elIdIFøI

GaCJaFrmUldæan manFnFanhirBaØvtßúd¾mankMrit. edaysarkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜnmankarekIn

eLIg CakarsMxan;EdlRtUvpþl;»kasdl;GaCJaFrmUldæan[begáIt nigRKb;RKgmUlniFiEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;

k¾dUcCaBüayamsMerc[)annUvtulüPaBmYyEpñk b¤tulüPaBTaMgRsukenAkñúgkarpþl;esva. enAkñúgkrNI

dIFøI nigFnFanFmµCati manCeRmIsmYycMnYn. enAkñúgbribTénkarGPivDÆn_dIFøIy:agqab;rh½s krNIy:ag

rwgmaMGacRtUvbegáIteLIg edIm,IsþarcMENkénkMeNIntMélEdlbNþalmkBIdMeNIrkarGPivDÆdI. karkMNt;

tMbn;dIFøI nigkarpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ begáIttMéldI ¬kareLIgéfø¦ EdlGac b¤minGacykkMérBIm©as;dI.

m©as;dI min)anTTYlkMérBIkMeNIntMéldIeLIy. dUecñH GMNHGMNagKWfa tMé ;lTaMgenH KYrEtCakmµsiT§irbs;

shKmn_Edl)ancMNaysRmab;eFVI[dIeLIgéfø. ]TahrN_ karcMNayelIkarpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ Gac

14

RtUvTUTat;ykmkvijtamry³Bn§elIkMeNIntMéldI. enHk¾CaviFITb;sáat;karTijdITukykplcMeNjpg

Edr. vamanPaBTMngy:agxøaMgfa karTijdITukykcMeNj nwgmankMritTab enAeBleKdIgfa rdæaPi)al

RtUvRbmUlykmkvijnUvkarcMNayrbs;saFarNCnelIkarGPivDÆ nigkarpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§.

rUbmnþ edIm,IEckrMElkrvagGaCJaFrenAtamfñak;nanaEdlGacGnuvtþcMeBaHBn§ nigkMérelIdIFøI ¬dUc

CakMérepÞrsurieyadI¦ KYrEtCaFatuy:agsMxan;mYyeToténRbPBcMNUlpÞal;sRmab;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; .

eyagtamc,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgrdæ)alXMu sgáat; RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; KYrTTYl)anGaNtþiRbmUlBn§elIdI

FøI. knøgmk Bn§elIdImineRbIR)as; Bn§elIkarepÞr nigkMércuHbBa¢I RtUv)andak;[GnuvtþenAkm<úCa. Bn§enH

minmanrkSaTukenAmUldæaneLIy. eRkABIenH vahak;dUcCamansmRsbkñúgkarKaMRTsiT§irbs;XMuEdlRtUv

TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkMérTTYl)anBIkarCYldIrdæenAkñúgRBMRbTl;rbs;xøÜnenAkñúgry³eBlrhUtdl; 99

qñaM5. ]TahrN_ RkumRbwkSa GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIBn§ b¤kMérEdlkMriteTAelIsm,TandIesdækic© nig

sm,TanensaT ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬eGkU¦ eTscrN_ .l. bTbBaØtþienH k¾CakarsMxan;sRmab;cMNat;

RbePTfµICaskþanuBlpgEdr. esckþIRBagEpnTInaMpøÚv REDD+ kMNt;yuT§sa®sþCaskþanuBlmYycMnYn

edIm,IGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ REDD+ rbs;km<úCa dUcCakarbegáIt {kic©snüakarBaréRBeQIenAmUldæan } nig

{sm,TanGPirkS} . sMNUmBrepSgeTot pþl;Gnusasn_[GnuvtþkarTUTat; pþl;R)ak;RbcaMqñaM ¬Ep¥kelI

kargar¦BIsm,TanensaTGaCIvkmµenACab;shKmn_sRmab;esvaEdl)anpþl;Tak;TgnwgkarGPirkSRtI.

Gnusasn_minmanPaBCak;lak;eLIyTak;Tgnwgmuxgarrbs;XMu b:uEnþGnusasn_ BitCaKYrTTYl)ankar

BicarNaEp¥kelITsSn³enH.

dUcmuxgarepSgeTotEdr RtUvkar[mankarsikSabEnßmeTot. bBaðaEdlRtUvviPaK KWtYnaTIrbs;

RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; enAkñúgkarvaytMéldI nigkarRbmUlBn§ kMér nigBin½yCak;Esþg rUbmnþ nigynþkar

EckrMElkcMNUl KNenyüPaB nigkarpþl;TMnukcitþ.

5 CYnkal RKbdNþb;elIépÞdIFMEdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgXMu.

15

karedaHRsay nigkarsRmuHsRmYl

manGMNHGMNagmYycMnYnfa karedaHRsay nigkarsRmuHsRmYlTMnas; KYrEtCatYnaTIy:agsMxan;

rbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;. karviPaKbEnßm KYrbgðajfaetImuxgarEbbenH GacmanlkçN³RsbCamYynwg

muxgarCaGñktak;EtgbTbBaØtþib¤eT . CaeKalkarN_ edaykMNt;bTbBaØtþi nigGPivDÆkareRbIR)as;dIFøI

nigFnFan RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; GackøayeTACaPaKImYyenAkñúgdMeNIrkarEdlPaKIepSgeTot ¬]TahrN_

m©as;dIÉkCn¦ GacRbqaMg. vaGacecaTCasMNYrfaetI RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; CaCagPaKITIbI KYrsRmuH

sRmYl b¤edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHb¤eT.

karsMlwgeT Amux

vis½ysRmab;E;kERb RtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkMNt;sMKal;segçbenH. vaBak;B½n§nwgGMNac nig

muxgarbEnßmsRmab;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;enAkñúgvis½ycuHbBa¢IdIFøI nigRbB½n§B½t’man bTbBaØtþikareRbIR)as;

dIFøI karGPivDÆdIFøI karykBn§elIdIFøI karedaHRsay nigkarsRmuHsRmYlTMnas; ¬sUmemIltaragenAkñúg

]bsm<½n§¦.

karvaytMélbEnßmeTotelIvis½yEdl)anKUsbBa¢ak; KYrpþl;TidæPaBsMxan;² énrebobvar³c,as;

las;sRmab;karEkERb. RbkarenH manrhUtdl; {GVI}EdlGaceFVI)an. eBlenaH vaGaRs½yelIkarksag

karmUlmtiEpñkneya)ay edIm,IERbkøayrebobvar³enaHeTACakmµviFIsRmab;karGPivDÆeKalneya)ay

nigkMENTRmg;c,ab;. enAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMeTAenH tRmUvkaredIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTak;TgnwgdIFøI nig

FnFan)anvivtþecjBIRbFanbTEdlmanplRbeyaCn_BiesseTACakarmUlmtiCaTUeTA[mankarEkERb .

GVIEdlRtUvsMerc[)anTak;TgnwgkarksagCMhrrYmenAkñúgvis½yTaMgGs; KWkarTTYlsÁal;fa ¬ i¦ sßanPaB

bc©úb,nñ minGacsßitenAteTAeTot)aneT nigfa ¬ ii¦ dMeNaHRsay KWCaGVImYyEdlminEmnCaGaCJaFr

xageRkARbePTNamYyEdlCMnYs[kareFVIesckþIsMercenAmUldæan. vak¾CakarsMxan;pgEdrEdlRtUvecos

16

vagkarkMNt;muxgar faCaKMeragEdlminmanmUldæanenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigc,ab; ]TahrN_ {PaBCa

édKUvis½yéRBeQI} CaCagGaNtþiEdlmanmUldæantampøÚvc,ab;6.

cMNgd¾sMxan;éndMeNIkarksagkarmUlmti KWkargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµkarGMNac nigmuxgarrbs;

KN³kmµaFikarCatisRmab;karGPivDÆtamEbbRbCaFibetyüenAfñak;eRkamCati. enAkñúgkarsMlwgemIl

eTAmuxrbs;xøÜn CakarsMxan;Nas;EdlGnuKN³kmµaFikarenH Rbkan;ykviFIsa®sþrYmcMeBaHeKalneya

)ayCaKnøwHEpñkesdækic© sgÁm nigbrisßan. karRKb;RKgdIFøI KWCasñÚléneKalneya)ayCaKnøwHTaMgGs;

enH.

tarag³ vis½ysRmab;karEkERbEdlGacman nigRbePTmuxgarGm

vis½y RbePTmuxgar FatusMxan;² tYnaTICaskþanuBlrbs;

RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;

karcuHbBa¢I nig B½t’man

dIFøI

karRtYtBinitü

• karBinitütamdan nigvaytMél

• karksagEpnkar nigfvika

• karcUlrYm

Rbtibtþikar

• erobcM nigRKb;RKgkarGegát¼sßiti

• karGnuvtþesva

karsRmbsRmYl

• karcuHbBa¢IdIÉkCn ¬surieyadI¦³ enA

eBldMbUg nigenAeBlbnÞab;

• karcuHbBa¢IdIrdæ³ enAeBldMbUg nigenA

eBlbnÞab;

• RbB½n§B½t’mansurieyadI

• B½t’mandIrdæ³ sm,TandIesdækic© éRB

bMrugGcié®nþy_ EdnensaT .l.

bTbBaØtþidIeRbIR)as; eKalneya)ay

• karkMNt;TisedA

• karkMNt;bTdæan

• karksagEpnkardIeRbIR)as;

• karkMNt;tMbn;

• lixitGnuBaØat lixitbBa¢ak; kMér nig

6 KWfa drabNaminmanTsSn³ nigRkbx½NÐeBlevlac,as;las;elIKMeragEdlvivtþeTACaGaNtþieT ¬tamry³ kar

sakl,g karvaytMél ehIybnÞab;mk bRBa¢abeTAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigc,ab;¦.

17




karksagEpnkar nigfvika

• karkMNt;

karRtYtBinitü

• karBinitütamdan nigvaytMél

• karGnuvtþ

Rbtibtþikar

• karpþl;karGnuBaØat

• karR)aRs½yTak;Tg

Bin½y

karGPivDÆdIFøI

eKalneya)ay

• karkMNt;TisedA

karksagEpnkar nigfvika

• karkMNt;

ehdærcnasm<½n§

• karsagsg;

• karEfTaM

Rbtibtþikar

• karGnuvtþesva

• karcuHkic©snüa

• karsRmbsRmYl


• FnaKardI

• tamry³karpþl;TMnukcitþ

• tamry³lT§kmµ

• karGPivDÆlMenAdæan

¬sm,TandIsgÁmkic¦

• RbePTepSgeToténsm,Tan ¬enAeBl

xagmux (cf. REDD +)

Bn§elIdIFøI • karpþl;hirBaØb,Tan

• RbPBpÞal;énkarepÞrhirBaØvtßú

• karRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi

• Bn§elIkMeNIntMéldI

• Bn§ nigkMérepSgeTotTak;TgnwgdIFøI

• karEckrMElkplRbeyaCn_elIkarCYl

dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ

18




karedaHRsay nigkar

sRmuHsRmYlTMnas;

karRtYtBinitü

• karGnuvtþ

Rbtibtþikar

• karGnuvtþesva

• TMnas;dIÉkCn

• TMnas;Tak;TgnwgdIrdæ

]bsm<½n§TI 1

karRbKl;muxgarenAkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøI nig FnFanFmµCati³ CeRmIsry³eBlxøIenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg

kareRbIR)as;dIFøI

edIm,IerobcMrcnasm<½n§taragCabnþbnÞab; cMNat;RbePTmuxgarxageRkam RtUv)aneRbIR)as;³

RbePT GnuRbePT

eKalneya)ay

• karcUlrYmenAkñúgkarGPivDÆeKalneya)ay

• karkMNt;eKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_

• karkMNt;bTbBa¢a nigbTdæan

karRtYtBinitü • karBinitütamdan nig vaytMél

• karBRgwgkarGnuvtþ

karksagEpnkar nig fvika • karcUlrYm

• karsMerc

karpþl;hirBaØb,Tan • RbPBpÞal;énkarepÞrhirBaØvtßú

• karGnuBaØatkarpþl;mUlniFi

19

• karRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi nigbuKÁlik

Rbtibtþikar

• karGnuvtþesva

• eFVIkarGegát¼RKb;RKgsßiti

• karGnuBaØat¼karcuHkic©snüa

• karsMrbsRmYl


ehdæarcnasm<½n • karksagsg;¼]bkrN_

• karEfTaM¼CYsCul

20

RbePT muxgar GnuRbePT muxgarCaskþanuBl

eKalneya)ay

karcUlrYmenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ

eKalneya)ay

karkMNt;eKalneya)ay

GPivDÆn_

karkMNt;bTbBa¢a¼sþg;dar

• kardak;kMhitkareRbIR)as;dIFøI 7¬niyaym:üageTot³ dak;bTbBaØtþi

elIkareRbIR)as;dIÉkCn¦ ¬Van Acker 2010¦

• dak;bTbBaØtþikarsagsg;ehdærcnasm<½n§ edIm,ITb; b¤bEgVrTwk ¬Van

Acker 2010¦

karRtYtBinitü

karBinitütamdan nig

raykarN_

• Binitütamdankarpþl; sm,TandIesdækic© nigraykarN_CUnRkum

kargardIrdæfñak;Rsuk ¬RbkarenHnwgtMrUv[mankare)aHBum<pSay

esovePAbBa¢IeQµaHsm,TandIesdækic©TaMgGs;CaPasaExµr nigGac

rk)anedayesrIenAsalaXMu¦ (evTikaGgÁkar NGO qñaM 20 10 )

karBRgwgkarGnuvtþ

karksag Epnkar

nig fvika karcUlrYm

• GnuvtþkarksagEpnkardIeRbIR)as;rbs;XMuenATUTaMgRbeTs8 kar

ksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIrbs;XMuKYr³

o eFVICamUldæansRmab;EklMGnItiviFIenAkñúgkarpþl;kmµsiT§idICaRbB½n§

nigdac;edaydMu edaypþl;lT§PaB[RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat;RbmUl

BaküsMucuHbBa¢IdIenAkEnøgCak;lak; ehIybBa¢ÚnBaküTaMgenH

7

enAkñúgÉksarEdl)anBinitüemIl kardak;kMhitEbbenH k¾maneQµaHfa kardak;kMhitGPirkS svPaBGPirkS

ktikasBaØatampøÚvc,ab; .l. 8 RbkassþIBI{nItiviFIsRmab;karrerobcM nigkarGnuvtþkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIrbs;XMu} RtUvEterobcM[cb; ehIy

Rbkas sþIBI {karepÞrmUlniFiBIfvikaCatisRmab;skmµPaBksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIrbs;XMu} RtUvEtGnum½t.

21


eTAkariyal½ysurieyadIRsuk

o pSarP¢ab;CamYynItiviFie)aHbegÁalRBMTl; nigkarcuHbBa¢ITak;Tg

nwgdIrdæenAkñúgvis½yepSgeTot ¬sUmGan {vis½yéRBeQI}

nig{vis½yClpl}¦

o eFVICamUldæankaryl;RBmelIbøg;erobcMEdndI ¬bøg;em.l.¦

o pþl;B½t’mandl;Gñkdak;BaküsMusm,Tanesdækic© k¾dUcCaskmµ PaB

edIm,IERbkøaydIsm,Tanesdækic©Edlmin)aneRbIR)as;eTA

CadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ. sm,TanfµI KYrRsbeTAtambøg;dIeRbIR)as;

EdlmanRsab; nigsiT§icMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ancuHbBa¢I .

karsMerc9

karpþl;

hirBaØb,Tan

RbPBpÞal;énkarepÞr

hirBaØvtßú

karbegáItcMNUlpÞal;Tak;TgnwgdIFøI

- RbmUlBn§dI QñÚlCYldIrdæ k¾dUcCaBin½yBIrMelaPc,ab;sagsg; b¤ bøg;eRbIR)as;dI (Wehrmann, 2004)

- pþÜcepþImkarkan;kab;EdlmantMélkMNt; (Thiel 2010)

- EckrMElkplRbeyaCn_BIBn§ b¤éføQñÜlEdlkMNt;elI sm,Tan

dIesdækic© (Van Acker, 2005)

karpþl;hirBaØb,TanpÞal;Tak;TgnwgdI

- eRbIR)as;mUlniFiqnÞanusiT§ipÞal;xøÜn edIm,Ipþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;esvPaB

(Oberndorf,2004) nig dIbMrug (Van Acker, 2005)

- eRbIR)as;siT§iTijmuneK edIm,ITijdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ edIm,IeFVIEpnkar sRmab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ (Thiel, 2010)

karGnuBaØatkarpþl;mUlniFi GtßbTc,ab;nana bgðajtYnaTIenHsRmab;RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; eday

9 etIkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIrbs;XMu manlkçN³CakarsMerc b¤CakarcUlrYmTak;TgnwgkareFVIEpnkar? lkçN³

sMercrbs;va KWlkçN³cUlrYm nigkarshkar ebIminmanlkçN³enHeT vaminGacdMeNIrkar)aneLIy.

22


minmanbBa¢ak;lkçN³BitR)akdénkarcMNay b¤ RbPBénkarpþl;

mUlniFi³ CaBiess karksagEpnkardIeRbIR)as;rbs;XMu nig sm,Tan

dIsgÁmkic©.

karRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi • RKb;RKgdIbMrugrbs;XMu (Van Acker 2005)

Rbtibtþikar

eFVI nigRKb;RKgkarGegát¼

sßiti

karGnuvtþesva - EfTaM nigrkSaTukÉksarcuHbBa¢IdIenAeBlbc©úb,nñ bnÞab;BIkarcuH

bBa¢ICaRbB½n§dMbUg RtUvbBa©b; (Wehrmann, 2004)

- cat;viFankarelIkkMBs;karGPirkSdI nigkarsþarRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu

(K>C>G>b 2010, Van Acker 2010)

- sMrbsRmYllT§PaBTTYl)andMeNaHRsaycMeBaHCMelaHdIFøI (Wehrmann 2004, Van Acker 2005)

karGnuBaØat¼karcuHkic©

snüa - ecjlixitGnuBaØatkan;kab; (Van Acker, 2010)

karsRbmsRmYl - CYyenAkñúgkarkMNt; nigkare)aHbegÁalRBMRbTl;sm,Tan esdækic©

nigkarepÞógpÞat;GnuelamPaB ( evTikaTUeTAénGgÁkar NGO qñaM

20 10 Van Acker 2010)

karR)aRs½yTak;Tg

• RkumRbwkSaXMu sgáat; KYrpþl;esovePAbBa¢IdIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©

[saFarNCnBinitüemIl ( evTikaTUeTAénGgÁkar NGO qñaM 20 10 Van Acker 2010)

ehdæarcnasm<½n10 karksagsg;¼]bkrN_ - karpþl;]bkrN_sRmab;karkarykBn§ nigkarRKb;RKgpÞal;elI

10

sm,TandIsgÁmkic©enAmUldæan sMedAelIkarsagsg; nigkarEfTaMehdærcnasm<½n§ dUcCapøÚv salaeron mNÐl

suxPaB .l. cMNucenH minKYrelIkeLIgenAkEnøgenHeT b:uEnþenAeRkamcMNgeCIgnanaEdlBak;B½n§.

23


esovePAbBa¢IsurieyadI dIbMrugXMu .l. ¬kMBüúT½r ]brN_.l.¦

¬minmanGnusasn_Cak;lak;enAkñúgÉksarBinitüemIl b:uEnþEp¥k

elIGnusasn_BIÉksarepSg¦

karEfTaM¼karCYsCul

karrbkl;muxgar enakgñúkarrkb;rkgdfiøi nigfnfanfmµcati³...

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