kbm 3841, indre Østerbro kvarter, simeon-sankt johannes ... · the city walls of copenhagen. it...

KØBENHAVNS MUSEUM / MUSEUM OF COPENHAGEN

Trianglen

KBM 3841, Indre Østerbro Kvarter, Simeon-Sankt Johannes

Sogn, Sokkelund Herred, Københavns Amt

Kulturstyrelsen j.nr.: 2010-7.24.02/KBM-0015

Jacob Mosekilde

Front-page:

Close up of parts of the pastures that surrounded Copenhagen. With Trianglen in the middle, the triangular square was formed by the four roads that met there: Plan of the City of Copenhagen and its fortifications. Drawn by H.J von Czernikov in April 1769.

Københavns Museum

Vesterbrogade 59

1620 København V

Telefon: +45 33 21 07 72 Fax: +45 33 25 07 72

E-mail: [email protected]

www.copenhagen.dk

© Museum of Copenhagen 2015

mailto:[email protected]

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Contents

1 Abstract/Resumé ................................................................................................... 5

2 Introduction 7

2.1 Proposed development .......................................................................................... 7

2.2 Legislative framework ............................................................................................ 7

2.3 Administrative data ................................................................................................ 7

2.4 Other data .............................................................................................................. 8

3 Topography and historical background…………………………………………..…...9

3.1 Cultural historical background ............................................................................... 9

3.2 Topography ......................................................................................................... 12

4 Archaeological background…………………………………………………………..13

5 Archaeological potential and aims…………………………………………………...14

6 Methodology and measurement system…………………………………………….15

6.1 Excavation and documentation ........................................................................... 15

6.2 Finds registration ................................................................................................. 16

6.3 Environmental sampling ...................................................................................... 18

7 Results………………………………………………………………………………….19

7.1 Preservation ........................................................................................................ 19

7.2 Archaeological results ......................................................................................... 20

7.3 Summary ............................................................................................................. 32

References .................................................................................................................... 34

Appendices i

Finds Report..................................................................................................................... ii

Finds report – Iron and Metal Finds ............................................................................. xvv

Finds report -Coins and Non-ferrous metals ............................................................ xxviiiii

List of Contexts ……..xli

List of Finds xliii

List of Photos … .xlvi

Dendro report .................................................................................................................. xl

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Figure 1 Map over the Copenhagen area and the place for the excavation. The red star marks the location of the excavation. Museum of Copenhagen 2013.

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1 Abstract/Resumé

In 2012 excavations took place at Triangeln, former pasture land which became

incorporated in the city of Copenhagen around 1900. The excavation was

conducted in three several steps, one being a community dig, or open

excavation, involving hundreds of school children and other members of the

public. The project was part of the Museum of Copenhagen’s focus, on

increasing the local community’s historical awareness, through public outreach

programs, in this case by constructing an historical awareness experience, for

the participating individuals, based on practical archaeological fieldwork.

The excavation revealed no standing structures, below ground there were

several modern constructions, these had truncated large portions of the site.

There where pockets of intact areas, where the archaeological stratigraphy was

uninterrupted from the present days, down to the ice age. These areas revealed

scattered traces of prehistoric activity; a piece of prehistoric ceramic waste and a

few worked flint shards. There was no evidence of medieval or renaissance

activity at the site. A few coins were found, the oldest from 1815. In the upper

layers there was evidence of paving. A large paved area consisting of stamped

slags, from iron production, was found below a dump layer. The dump layer

consisted of material, from the numerous slum clearances which were carried out

in Copenhagen in the early 20th century.

Also, a wooden post construction, interpreted as a breaking wheel (execution

instrument) and dated to late 18th-early 19th centuries, was the most remarkable

find.

Periods: Ice age, prehistoric, absolutism, modernity

Features: Wooden construction, modern constructions, coins, cannonball

Keywords: Pasture, military drilling ground, park.

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Figure 2. Overview of the excavated area at Trianglen. The red lines represent the measurement data taken during the excavation. Museum of Copenhagen 2015.

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2 Introduction

2.1 Proposed development

Archaeologists from Museum of Copenhagen were commissioned by

Metroselskabet I/S (Metro Company) to undertake the supervision of the

construction work (by NCC) as part of the establishment of a metro station at

Trianglen.

Fieldwork took place in 2012 and was subdivided into three main phases: 1)

March 26th-April 19th. 2) June 24th-July 6th. 3) September 13th - November 31th.

Due to the fact that the fieldwork was organised as watching briefs, the

interruptions in the work procedures were caused by standstills in the

construction work. The area affected by the excavation work is depicted on

Figures 1 and 2.

2.2 Legislative framework

The watching brief will follow guidelines required by Kulturstyrelsen (Danish

Agency for Culture; in KUAS Vejledning 2010) and Danish Museum law

(Bekendtgørelse af museumsloven nr. 1505). Standards for investigations carried

out by Copenhagen Museum are stated within a document covering the overall

archaeological design aspects of the Cityring project which was approved by

KUAS in the autumn of 2009 and in June 2010 (Project Design 2009).

According to Danish legislation, no research financed by the developer, in this

case the Metro Company, will be carried out. The end product of the excavation

is working statements and site reports, which contains empirical conclusions and

basic cultural historical interpretations. For the smaller of the Metro Cityring

excavations (named Categories 2 and 3 in the preparations work for the project)

there will also be produced a joint report which will highlight the most interesting

cultural historical results from the excavations (called “Bygherrerapport”). Further

archaeological research and analysis can only be carried out under separate

funding. This complies with statements in the Danish Museums law

(Bekendtgørelse af museumsloven nr. 1505). Construction work that involves

excavation can be temporarily stopped in accordance with Museum Act § 26

(protection of ancient monuments).

Museum of Copenhagen was contacted well in advance, so that a test

excavation could take place before the construction work was initiated. The

Metro Company agreed on the further details with Kulturstyrelsen and the

Museum of Copenhagen.

2.3 Administrative data

On completion of the fieldwork, Museum of Copenhagen produced a concise interpretative report on the archaeological results of the excavation (this report), which includes an outline of the historical and archaeological contexts and a summary of the results. A copy of this report was distributed to Kulturstyrelsen and the Metro Company (MC).

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The documentary archive relating to the fieldwork is deposited with the Museum of Copenhagen. All digital records are filed in the IntraSiS database program.

The Museum of Copenhagen was responsible for the archaeological

investigation and owns the rights to this report. According to agreement the

client, Metroselskabet I/S, Metrovej 5, 2300 København S, financed the

investigation.The public outreach excavation was financed outside the

excavation budget, and the details of the practical process was agreed between

MC, Kulturstyrelsen and Museum of Copenhagen

2.4 Other data

The initial casework related to the archaeological evaluation excavation was

handled by curator and project manager Hoda El-Sharnouby. Responsible for the

site excavation was Jacob Mosekilde. In addition a number of archaeologists

were involved in the excavation work: Andreas Bonde Hansen Claes Hadevik,

Claus Rohde Olsen, Mikkel Blichfeldt Siebken Niels Henrik Andreasen and Stine

Damsbo Winther,

Different aspects of the finds registration and finds report writing was undertaken:

Metal finds: Mikkel Siebken. Detector finds: Niels Henrik Andreasen. Ceramics

and other finds: Claes Hadevik. Georefering of maps: Claus Rohden Olsen. The

report was written by Jacob Mosekilde.

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3 Topography and historical background

3.1 Cultural historical background

The area where the Metro Cityring station of Trianglen will be constructed was

initially used as a summer pasture for the stabled cows and horses from within

the city walls of Copenhagen. It was a part of Østerfælled, or the Eastern

pastures. During the age of absolutism, the area was also used as a drilling area

for Copenhagen’s militia and later for the standing army. In the early 20th century

the pastures where slowing being absorbed by the expanding city, Copenhagen

was growing exponentially, as the age of industrialism upturned the demographic

census, which had existed for centuries between countryside and city. The social

movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century, focussed on workers’

rights and in some cases, made it possible to establish large green areas, where

factory workers could relax or engage in sports in their newly acquired leisure

time. One such area was Trianglen and the area was there for newer build upon

as the city rapidly grew, beyond the constraints of its antiquated fortifications.

Østerfælled consisted of Blegdams fælled, Østerfælled and the pastures along

the coast up to Gamle Vartov and Rosbæk bridge. In 1682 it was valued at 180

Høved. A Høved is an Old Danish term for one unit One cow equals six sheeps.

You had to pay money to the magistrate for keeping your animals on the pasture.

In total the towns pastures where valued at around 1000 animals. This number

does not include animals that where in the private enclosures or animals that

were kept in stock all year round. So it cannot be used to calculate the total

amount of animals being kept by the inhabitants of Copenhagen. Initially the

pastures where used only by the herders and their animals. After the loss of the

eastern provinces, in 1658, the militarization of Copenhagen essentially turned

the capital into a huge fortress with a disproportional large number of soldiers

compared to other contemporary Danish towns, with the exception of the

garrison towns in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In the 18th century

during the Great Northern War ((1700–21) the Pastures where used as drilling

ground and encampment for up to 16000 soldiers at a time. In written sources

from the period it is complained about holes being dug in the pasture and that it

required a great effort to restore the pasture to its original purpose.

In 1847 we know that roughly 1,100 heads of cattle were grazing on the

Commons. Horses and livestock roamed freely on the Commons until about

1906-07 and the large area was enclosed with a wooden fence which had only a

few entrances.

A debate on what to do with the Commons erupted during the 1880s. Should the

area be developed for buildings, or should the citizens be given access to the

green space? In the late 1800s, the Commons were a favourite place for

neighborhood children during the summer months.

Fælledparken was established 1908-12 and it included then app. 58 ha. Mayor

Jensen planted the first tree on 27 April 1909. The public got access to the park

and the military lost its right to use the Commons. A park area was established

by merging Copenhagen's former pastureland for horses and cattle: Blegdams

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Common, North Common and East Common. In subsequent decades, a large

part of the parkland was gradually sold off for construction but preservation of

Fælledparken was carried out in 1965 when the Copenhagen municipality

accepted to preserve the area as a recreational green area and operate it as a

park.

Figure 3. Map of Copenhagen anno 1722 and the area north of the town, the map is a depiction of the water supply system that provided the town with water. The black star marks the location of the 2012 excavation for a new metro station.

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Military

The pasture around Copenhagen has been used as a drilling ground for the Copenhagen

militia and later for the standing army. From historical sources and maps it seems that the

area north of Trianglen has been favoured for the annual inspections of the troops,

probably because of its close proximity to the Citadel. On the map below from 1750 one

can see the positioning of different regiments lined up for inspection. The map also gives

a good depiction of the layout of the terrain and road system at the time.

Figure 4. Østerfælled, around 1750. The coloured hand drawn map shows the position of the different regiments for the yearly army inspection. The red square marks the location of the 2012 excavation, prior to the establishment of a metro station, unknown artist.

During the great northern war (1700-1721) as many as 30

000 Russian troops, including the distinguished

Preobrazhensky guard regiment, were camped at

Østerfælleden in 1716. Russia was allied with the kingdom

of Denmark-Norway and had agreed to participate in the

planned and botched invasion of Sweden. According to

historical sources1 the Russians had difficulties in gaining

admittance to clean water and resorted to digging down to

the water supply network running from the lakes to the

north into Copenhagen, they then drilled holes into the

wooden water pipes in order to gain access to fresh

drinking water. They also chopped down trees from private

gardens for firewood. The Citizens of Copenhagen closed

the city gates to the Russians and a fear of a Russian

sneak attack on the town spread, Russian discontent,

fuelled by Danish xenophobia led to the departure of an

angry Tsar Peter the Great (1682–1725) and his Russian

troops before the campaign against Sweden even started.

1 Nielsen. Page. 477

Figure 5. A Russian musketeer, taken from General Adam Veides: Drill manual for musketeers, 1698, unknown Artist.

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3.2 Topography

Figure 6. Arial photography from 1953 the red area, shows the location that was excavated in 2012, Københavns Museum 2013.

The excavated area consisted of flat terrain with a few shallow water holes that

have been filled in or regulated in modern times. The area is situated on average

8.5 meters above sea level. The natural underground is made up of fine sandy

clay with a light brown colour, some pebbles and at times larger stones are

included in the natural Ice Age deposit.The geological material seems to have

been above water since the Ice age as its lacks any evidence of having

undergone fluvial activity. The area lies on a moraine flat formed by the Oresund

Glacier during the last Ice Age. The terrain has only modest undulations. The

topography rises towards the south, which is reflected on modern maps and in

the average height values for the till deposits found in recent geotechnical

investigations. The till consists of yellowish brown clay. The average depth of

postglacial layers in the area is rarely more than 0.5 m. The excavated area is at

an altitude of app. 12 m above sea level (DVR90).

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4 Archaeological background

There have been a few recorded prehistoric finds in the area. In general the

emphasis is on prehistoric finds, as the area as far as we know has been

unhabitatedin the historic period. One recent archaeological survey (KBM 3843)

discovered a prehistoric pit from the late Bronze age in the north western part of

Fælledparken.In the beginning of the 20th century the National Museum

excavated a stone coffin in a prehistoric burial mound underneath what is now

Østerport stadium. Also, artefacts from Palaeolithic reindeer hunters, which

moved up through Scandinavia behind the receding ice, have been found in the

area where Rigshospitalet now stands.

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5 Archaeological potential and aims

The Excavation at Trianglen had two main focuses, both the scientific

documentation of the archaeological remains according to the Danish Museum

Law, and also a pedagogical campaign, undertaken outside the framework of the

Museum Law.The initial part of the excavation was pedagogic and was carried

out as a community dig. The purpose of the public excavation was to strengthen

the local inhabitant’s connection to their local area and to give them a practical

experience in how and what archaeology can achieve as a tool for generating

information about the past. The project was carried out as a joint project between

the museums archaeological department and the public outreach department.

The two departments gained valuable experience in the process, and the project

was a success. Several hundred schoolchildren and adults participated in the

excavation of the modern dump layers2 that covered the site.

The conclusion about the sites value from a cultural historic and pedagogic

perspective is good. The area is easily accessible and large enough for a large

group of people to participate in a public excavation. The layer chosen for public

excavation was interpreted as being used as a levelling for the modern entrance

to the park.

One should be careful, though, with automatically assuming that the modern

dump layers are spread all over the area. It likely that as one progress further

into the park, the dump layers thins out and disappears. The cultural historical

aim for the excavation was to establish the site’s usage from prehistory to the

age of absolutism. The Museum Did not have high expectations of finding

significant items or remains from the historical period3 as the areas usage as a

pasture for Copenhagen has been well documented. The museum could

however not rule out that there would be evidence of prehistoric activities in the

area, or of later activities not documented in written sources.

2 AD 1800-1950, mostly building material and ceramics 3 Early medieval to Absolutisme

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6 Methodology and measurement system

The site had to be cleared well down into the natural Ice Age deposit prior to the

building of a new metro station. The main part of the archaeological work

consisted of watching briefs, there was several gas, water and telephone cables

that truncated the site, so large parts of the site were disturbed. There were also

several large disturbances caused by the constructions of air raid shelters from

the Second World War.

6.1 Excavation and documentation

The excavation and documentation followed the standards that the Museum of Copenhagen has dictated for its excavations within its area of archaeological responsibility (see literature section).

The excavation was carried out from Monday to Friday, from 0700-1500, there

was no weekend or night work. The Museum had a good dialogue with the

construction crew and the client. The museum’s work was well facilitated, and the

construction crew had full disposal over machines; both large and small diggers

were available to the archaeologists at a moment’s notice. The work consisted in

carefully scraping down to the natural underground with the machine in stretches

of approximately 10 meters in length and 3 meters in width. If anything of

potential archeological interest showed up the machine digging waited for the

archeologists to investigate the structures and layers.

Excavation methodology

The excavation was carried out according to the single context documentation

method. As the stratigraphy was not very complicated the use of machines to

excavate did not result in any loss of the understanding of the areas stratigraphic

development

Documentation methodology

All archaeological contexts were measured and recorded with a portable GPS

and photographed, then the contexts where described on paper and finally

excavated. Contexts interpretations that were used included:

Cut

Foundation

Cable, water pipe, gas pipe, drainage.

Deposit, backfill, dump layer, levelling layer, primary deposit, secondary

deposit.

After the construction was concluded, all contexts that where considered

important for the interpretation where grouped and contextual relations where

created between them and the finds or samples that belonged to the context.

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Figure 7. Example of the principle of grouping of archaeological contexts. It shows how a cut for a wooden post, and the wooden post and the fill that surrounds the post gets grouped together.

The figure above shows the process that creates archaeological groups which

are the basic units that will be described in the report. A post has a cut and a fill,

together they form a posthole. Several postholes create a house. The House is

the group. The idea behind the system is to facilitate the interpretation work that

is represented in the report.

Archive material

A Nikon D3100 was used for taking pictures in the field. All documentation

regarding the excavation of Trianglen is stored by the Museum of Copenhagen.

This means that all paperwork: context sheets, diaries, drawings and such are

kept in the museum storage under the id KBM 3841. Digital material, such as

photos, Intrasis database, e-mail correspondence and so on, have been saved

on the museums terminal server with relevant back-up.

6.2 Finds registration

Finds that didn’t have a dating value or were deemed having low informative

value, where discarded in the field. Finds were collected and placed in plastic

bags with a KBM-Nr. (KBM is short for Københavns Museum) and a number that

connected them to the layer or context that included the find, dates and initials of

the finder where also added to the find bags. Special finds such as coins where

measured with a GPS, so that the artifact had a precise location connected to a

layer. After the excavation the finds where transported to the museum, where

they were washed and entered into the site database.

House

Posthole

Post Cut Fill

Posthole Posthole

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Retrieving

The collection of finds was done in accordance with the collection policy of the

Museum of Copenhagen as it is stated in the Finds Handbook (Januar 2010)

All the archaeological finds retrieved on the excavation have been added into

IntraSiS as Finds Units. Special finds have been measured by totalstation,

whereby finds unit identities were generated in the IntraSiS database. Finds

Units for bulk finds have been created by the archaeologist with special

responsibility for finds. The excavating archaeologist has split the finds material

collected in the same context/excavations unit into various material types, and

placed it with a tag in a bag, and label with KBM number, context number and

Finds Unit ID number. KBM Collections department staff have been consulted

and used in the lifting procedure of selected artefacts.

The finds were brought to the museum, processed (cleaned, weighed, counted,

placed in bags and marked) then transformed within IntraSiS from Finds Units

into Finds Objects, whilst the fieldwork was ongoing.

Within the documentation process, artefacts have been registered in the Finds

Object section of IntraSiS. In this way they have been further sorted using

appropriate typologies, dated and split into function type. Through this process,

information regarding chronology, trade, wealth, and land use has been

discerned.

Registration

Each Find Unit created was registered as a Finds Object. Usually many Finds

Objects were created from a single Finds Unit as the finds were retrieved and

placed together due to their material type. Each Finds Object was registered in

two phases; the Basic Registration phase (whilst the excavation was ongoing)

and then the Specialist Stage (post-excavation phase). The Specialist stage

differed as extra analysis was undertaken after conservation and the whole

assemblage could be viewed at one time.

Each Finds Object is given an auto generated number in the database. The

Finds Object consists of a Class section and Subclass section. The Class section

comprises various fields such as material type, type of object, date,

measurement, location within the project and provenance. The Sub-class section

consists of finds grouped together with other finds of similar types and functions.

These groups relate to categories used by NOM (Nomina Rerum Mediævalium)

and (MOLAS) Museum of London Archaeological Services.

Each Finds Object comprises information on the bag such as:

KBM-number

Context number (SD number)

Finds Object ID

Material or Special Find type

Preservation

In general the preservation condition was reasonable, for most types of finds.

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Wood was fairly well preserved

Ceramics were well preserved, but highly fragmented, indicating secondary or tertiary deposits

Most of the easily corroded metals where badly preserved, Gold, silver and copper lived up to their names as precious metals and were perfectly preserved.

Animal bones were generally badly preserved, highly fragmented and weathered.

All in all the preservation of the finds indicates that they were dumped at Trianglen from other sites.

6.3 Environmental sampling

One dendrochronological sample was taken from structure S21.

Sampling techniques

Samples were extracted by archaeologists or consultants on site. Hereafter the

samples were prioritized by the archaeologists in order to secure that only the

ones with most potential in providing answers to relevant questions were sent to

specialists. Further sampling has been undertaken in the laboratories by

consultants. All the samples have been accompanied by a written motivation for

each analysis, which has been entered into the free text field for the sample in

IntraSiS.

Sample documentation

All samples taken were surveyed by GPS, creating a unique number for the

sample while linking it directly to the context from which it was sampled. On the

context sheet the motivation for taking the sample is stated. This was then

transferred into IntraSiS. The individual consultant was responsible for creating

sample ID in the IntraSiS database. The sample analysis ID was then created by

the consultant conducting the analysis.

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7 Results

7.1 Preservation

Figure 8. depicts a model of the general stratigraphy at Trianglen. The area generally consisted of 3 layers. Grey: Modern Debris, Brown: Organic soil (Muld). Yellow: Natural natural soil. Københavns Museum. 2015.

The modern layer at Trianglen consisted of several strata of grey sand, heavily mixed

with modern building material. The building material contained yellow and red brick

fragments, window and bottle glass,

various metal types; nails, brackets,

pipes, hinges and different kinds of

ceramics; mostly bone China. The

items were mixed together and had

clearly been deposited elsewhere

before ending up at Trianglen. The

fragile items like glass and ceramics,

were minute and shattered to a size

that indicated tertiary deposition. The

layer is interpreted as coming from the

urban sanitations of Copenhagen in the

late 19th

century and early 20th century.

The material has been used as a

levelling layer for the entrance area of

the newly created park, sometime in

the beginning of the 20th century or

possibly in connection with renovation

works in the 1950s, when one of the old

air raid shelters from the Second World

War was removed. The layer was

between 1- 1, 2 half meter thick.

The organic soil layer at Trianglen

dates back to the postglacial period that

followed the Weichsel glaciations, from 9.600 B.C. and after. The upper parts of the layer

date to around the end of the 19th century. The layer was featureless and contained

pebbles and small pieces of flint. The layerwas on average 0,3 m thick.

Figure 9 shows an example of the three different layers that covered the entire excavation site. Københavns Museum. 2015.

Modern debris layer

Organic soil layer

Natural subsoil

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The natural soil consisted of fine yellow sand with small whole and fragmented pieces of

flint. The layer is interpenetrated as fluvial deposited due to the fine sand. A couple of

larger boulders where removed with machine power, these boulders properly dropped

through the seasonal ice covering the fluvial environment below, and ended up

embedded in the sand bottom of the ice lake which formed during the ice melting.

7.2 Archaeological results

A total of 94 contexts were recorded at the site (Tab. 1). The table below gives an

overview of the types of features encountered during the excavation. Individual contexts

will be described within the group that it belongs to, if it serves a purpose for the

understanding of the feature.

Type No

Deposits 27

Timber structures 29

Cuts 16

Disturbances 21

Total 94

Table 1. Total number of contexts recorded at Trianglen.

Table 2 shows that a total of 5 archaeological groupings where created from the 94 contexts shown in table 1. Each group consists of several contexts as explained above.These groups will be described in this chapter.

No Type Duration Comments

1 Timber construction 18th century Pre modern metal nails. Bone China in backfill.

2 Wooden box 19th

century Filled with industrial slag. Drainage system

3 Postholes 19th

-20th

century Forms a rectangle: Army encampment, circus or agricultural show

4 Rectangular cuts 19th-20th century Tree planting or agricultural show.

5 Undisturbed Fælled 9600 BC - 2012 Area without truncations

Table 2 Groups created from the contexts

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Figure 10. Map of the 4 groups created for the interpretation of the activities that has taken place at Trianglen. The black lines are modern utility pipes that run through the site. Note that group 5, the undisturbed fælled, is not shown on the map. Københavns Museum, 2015.

1

3

4 2

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Group 1: Wooden structure

Figure 11. Plan of the wooden structure, Group 1. The grey area represents the cuts into the natural ground for the wooden structure. The brown areas represent the parts of the wooden structure itself. The yellow shape marks a modern disturbance that cuts in between the two areas. Museum of Copenhagen 2015.

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The table below (tab. 3) shows parts of group 1 (the wooden structure), namely the northern part, excavated in the spring of 2012, and named subgroup 25. This consists of several contexts which are the multiple wooden elements that make up the entire structure (Fig. 12). Of particular interest is of course the fill that was in the cut for the structure, as it contained ceramics which is useful for dating.

Id Name Class Subclass

25 Hjul og stejle nord Stratigraphic object Group

2200 Støttende pæle Ø Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2256 Støttenden pæle vest Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2292 Træplanke Ø-V Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2299 Stopklods II Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2303 Træpløk Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2307 Undeliggende træstøtte II Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2311 Østlig Træplanke Ø-V Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2322 stopklods I Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2332 Østlig træplanke N-S Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2349 Træplanke N-S Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2353 Underliggende træstøtte I Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

2223 Opfyld I nedgravning Stratigraphic object Deposit

Table 3. Northern part of wooden structure, group 1.

The table below (Tab. 4) shows the south situated part of group 1, excavated in the fall of 2012, and named subgroup 26. This consisted of several contexts which are the multiple wooden elements that make up the entire structure. This structure had been truncated by an old gas pipe and was therefore not complete.


26 Hjul og stejle træ (syd) Stratigraphic object Group

5593 Skråstiver til stejle Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5597 Bundplanke til stejle Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5602 Skråstiver til stejle Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5606 Bundplanke til stejle Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5662 Træstykke Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5573 Opfyld I nedgravning Stratigraphic object Deposit

Table 4. Southern part of wooden structure, group 1.

.

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Figure 11 shows the structure in 2D and seen from above. The grey area is the cut for

the structure. The cut was not visible until approximately 0,4 m´s of soil and demolition

material from the early 20th century had been removed. The refill in the cut contained

small fragments of ceramics that gives a terminus post quem to the middle of the 1700:s.

One of the wooden posts itself has been dendrochronologically dated to 1771-1811. The

best correlation match for the origin of the tested wood was found in Mid Norway4, which

is not so odd, given that Norway has been a major exporter of timber since the Middle

ages.

The wooden construction was found placed in a complicated cut that was shaped like a

double cross. The construction was made up of heavy worked timber planks and rafts.

The timber structure seems to have been constructed on the surface and then lifted into

the hole.

The structure itself was well crafted and held together with handmade iron nails At the

centre of each of the two crosses, three secondary wooden rafts met in a supporting

angel. The supported objects had been removed prior to the demolishment of the

structure. It was constructed so that the supporting rafts, for the central protrusion, were

held firmly in place, the rafts were prevented from sliding by blocks of woods at the distal

ends of the crosses. These blocking parts were nailed to the double-crossed wooden

structure that formed the framework for the structure.

The reason for there being only three supporting rafts on each cross seems to be

intentional so that the supported object, which protruded from the structure vertically,

could be raised and lowered on a regular basis. Consequently the fourth supporting

beam would have been added on the surface.

Figure 11. Drawing of north-most of the two identical wooden constructions found at Trianglen.

4 See Dendro rapport, Appendix x..

25

Figure 12. The north eastern part of the wooden structure seen from the west. Københavns Museum, 2015.

Figure 13. The same structure as figure 13 seen from another angle. Københavns Museum, 2015.

26

Figure 14. The southern part of the wooden structure, seen from the east. The striped red line is the construction cut for the structure. A gas pipe from the late 1800’s have gone right through the southern structure, destroying much of it. Københavns Museum, 2015.

27

Interpretation

The structure is, after investigations in different kinds of options, interpreted as the lower

parts of a breaking wheel (hjul og stegle). The dendrochronological dating to 1771-1811

is correlating with the time when these methods were used. Placement at a certain

distance from the city is also in line with the usual placement of these types of activities.

After considerable research into preindustrial manufacturing and processing methods and

consultation with Swedish, Dutch and German archeological institutions, the most

probable purpose for the wooden construction is to function as the lower part of a “Hjul

and stegle”5 These have been in use since the Middle Ages in Denmark. Some of the

earliest Illustrations of these constructions can be seen on church frescos from

Vinderslev church and the Cathedral in Aarhus, both in Jutland (Fig. 16 and 17). The

construction has to be very steady as it must stabilize a long vertical pole that, at its top,

carries a wagon wheel. The constructions where often placed at major roads leading into

and out of urban centers.

On the earliest depictions of hjul og stejle the artist usually paints the structure as a pole

erected into the ground. This could be because they were erected in this simplistic

fashion or possibly the structures where uncommon and the artist hadn’t seen them in

real life, but knew about them as symbolic figures in a medieval world dominated by

symbolism..

Figure 15. A late medieval depiction of purgatory, with a Breaking wheel on the left. Fresco from Vinderslev Church, Jutland. 1510.

Figure 16. Another late depiction of an erected wheel, with a gallows next to it. The setting is rural and possibly realistic. Fresco from Aarhus cathedral, Jutland 1470-1520.

5 A Breaking wheel or Catherine wheel, erected on a pole.

28

Group 2 Wooden frame


31 Trækasse med slagge Stratigraphic object Group

5150 Trækasse Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5169 Slaggelag Stratigraphic object Deposit

Table 5. Wooden frame, group 2

Wooden construction of unknown function, perhaps some kind of drainage well. The box

was underneath the modern dump deposit (late 19th century or early 20

th century) that

covered the whole excavation area. It was possibly filled in together with the rest of the

site. The box was rectangular; it measured 1,45 meters in length and 0,65 meters in

width. It was held together with industrial machine fabricated nails. The box was

constructed with horizontally laid planks, with 4 supporting corner post hammered into the

ground on the inside of the box. The box had a deposit of slag from a blast furnace; the

slag was lightweight and had been almost completely exhausted of iron. The dating of

the ceramics, which included modern ceramics, the mass fabricated nails and the

stratigrafic information places the box in a timeframe between 1850 and 1900

Figur18. Group 2, Wood framed box, filled with blast furnace slag, possibly some kind of drainage. Københavns Museum, 2015.

29

Group 3 Postholes


29 Træpæle Stratigraphic object Group 5096 Træpæl Stratigraphic object Timber Structure 5104 Træpæl Stratigraphic object Timber Structure 5111

6 Træpæl Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

5133 Træpæl Stratigraphic object Timber Structure

Table 6. Postholes, group 3.

Rectangular system of wooden posts that has been hammered into the ground. The post were probably not hammered all the way into the ground from the top, no cuts where observed as the machine was removing the topsoil. Possibly some form of tent or stand, of either military or civilian use. No ceramics was found in connection to the structure. The posts looked fairly recent. Structure dated on the basis of appearance to the late 19

th

century or early 20th century. Surface, with modern fill is at 8,1 meter above sea level.

The posts were found at 7,5 meters above sea level, under the modern fill. The posts continued down to 7 meters above sea level. They had been broken off at 7,5 meters.

Figure 17. One of the 5 postholes found at Trianglen, forming a rectangular shape. Dated to around 1800 – 1900. Københavns Museum, 2015.

6 Measurement consists of 2 posts

30

Group 4 Rectangular cuts

Figure 20. A series of rectangular cuts with no inclusions of any kind was registered at Trianglen. Københavns Museum, 2015.

31


30 Nedgravninger 8 stk Stratigraphic object Group

5016 Nedgravning til træ 1 Stratigraphic object Cut






Table 7. Rectangular cuts, group 4. 5052 and 5061 consists of 2 cuts each

A series of rectangular cuts were measured at the site, 0,90 meters in length and 0,45 meters in width. They are presumed to be modern cuts, maybe a survey or for tree planting. There were no inclusions in the fill. The holes looks like they were made by a small machine as they are all of equal size.

Group 5 Undisturbed Common


1145 Fælledparken fragment 1 Stratigraphic object Deposit




Table 8. Deposits in Fælledparken, group 5.

The undisturbed common or old pasture was located numerous places on the site. It had

of course been heavily truncated by all the different modern utility pipes that crossed the

site. A huge section of the deposit had been disturbed in the northern part of the zone. It

is assumed to be from the removal of a massive air raid shelter from the Second World

Figure 21. One of the 8 cuts observed at Trianglen that formed some kind of broken line. There were no inclusions in the fill. Københavns Museum, 2015.

32

War, leaving a huge construction cut filled with rubble. The layer contained most of the

finds collected from the excavation; at the second part of the excavation the use of a

metal detector enabled the museum to find a large amount of coins and other metal

objects.

Figure 22. Close up of the consistency of the pasture, a small fragment of a clay pipe has been located. Københavns Museum, 2015.

On the figure above a clay pipe has been exposed almost at the bottom of the layer that

is assumed to be the commons or the pasture. Clay pipes are not abundant until the 17th

century; the presence at the bottom of the layer assumed to have formed from the last ice

age and up until today, seems odd. There may have been several incidents of soil

turbulence in the area, particularly as herds of cows have been moved in and out of the

area in rainy seasons.

7.3 Summary and Assessment

The archaeological remains were in line with what could be expected for an area

belonging to the Commons. The finds material is quite small and typical of a late post-

medieval park-like environment in a suburban context, and it does not on its own bear

any potential for further research.

Of particular note was the wooden structure with its possible judiciary importance, its

presence is significant in that structures affiliated with crime and punishment found in-situ

is uncommon in a wider European context.

Given that the excavation went below the level of any possible archaeological remains,

the site is no longer of any antiquarian interest. Since Fælledparken, as mentioned

above, through the centuries has not been subjected to agricultural activity or

development, the area may offer preservation that unusual for Denmark with all its

intensive farming and buildings. For this reason, archaeological watching briefs should be

conducted ahead of future construction work in Fælledparken.

33

Preservation conditions

Preservation conditions were average, structural preservation was poor, due to the many

truncating utility lines that crossed the site. It should be noted that this properly only

affects the outlying areas of Fælleden. Material preservation was average to excellent for

inorganic finds. Organic finds where almost nonexistent.

Finds material

Few finds could be associated with archaeological features and the mixed finds from the

layer of topsoil cannot be associated with a specific event, seen as deposits or other

features. However, they have significance for the interpretation of activities in the area

and have, as all archaeological finds from Copenhagen, relevance in relation to general

background knowledge regarding find types and their distribution in the Copenhagen

area.

34

References

Literature

Brunn, C., 1890. Kjøbenhavn del III, København. Thiele.

Wraxall, N. W., 1775. Cursory Remarks Made in a Tour through Some of the Northern Parts of Europe. T. Cadell, Edinburgh (?).

Diary of Peter Schønning: http://www.orlogsmuseet.dk/projekt_start.htm

Nielsen, Oluf. 1892. Kjøbenhavn under Kong Frederik den Fjerde (1699-1730) - bog IV. Kbh., G. E. C. Gad.

Diderot, D. et al. 1751-1765. L´encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.

Diderot: http://alembert.fr/index.php?option=com_content&id=9876627

Museum of Copenhagen strategy documents

Thomasson, J. 2011. Guidelines for Contextual Documentation. Definitions and typology for contexts, sub groups and groups, principles for contextual grouping of contexts. Københavns Museum.

Field Manual 2010. Københavns Museum

Finds Handbook 2010. Københavns Museum

Projekthåndbog 2009. Københavns Museum

Project Design 2009. Project design for archaeological investigations to be carried out on the Cityring Metro, stage 4 project in Copenhagen. Introductory report on the background knowledge, objectives, organisation and methodology. Københavns Museum.

Rammeavtal, Bilag 1 2009. Public Procurement nr 2009-070118 Københavns Bymuse-um. Arkæologi I forbindelse med Cityringen. Konservering og Naturvidenskap. Københavns Museum.

Report management 2010. Policy, Management and structure regarding reports at Museum of Copenhagen. Københavns Museum.

http://www.orlogsmuseet.dk/projekt_start.htm

http://alembert.fr/index.php?option=com_content&id=9876627

Appendices

ii

Finds report

In total, 2 418 finds were collected, that made a total weight of 42,5 kg (tab.1). The vast majority comes from the large demolition layer (S100030) that covered a large part of the site, and which was excavated within the Public Excavation Project. The finds date from prehistoric to modern time. Most of them, however, are from the 19th and the 20th century. It includes both local and regional Danish production, as well as various European and Far East import. All in all, the representation could be characterized as a standard southern Scandinavian mix of urban working class and bourgeois waste.

Material Number Weight (g)

Ceramic 578 5 868

Ceramic Building Material 99 3 414

Pipe clay 26 59

Concrete 1 4 300

Slate 3 59

Glass 359 1 992

Copper alloy 45 372

Iron 341 10 142

Lead 10 279

Silver 3 8

Slag 786 12 753

Tin 1 21

Undefined metal 32 239

Animal bone 127 2 783

Flint 2 14

Plastic 3 20

Shell 3 128

Textile 1 22

Sum 2 420 42 473

Table 1. Triangeln. Finds.

Ceramic

The registration of the ceramic finds material was conducted in a brief manner, dividing it only into specific types of wares. Consequently the material consists of 38 find units counting 578 sherds with a total weight of almost 6 kg (tab. 2). Chronologically it ranges from prehistoric to modern time, even though most of it comes from the 19th and 20th centuries.

The oldest ceramic find consists of a few prehistoric earthenware pot sherds (fig. 1), and they were found in the topsoil layer 2092. The sherds are small and worn and out of their original context, so it’s hard to say anything more specific about them. However, one of them seems to have a coarse surface slip that is a characteristic for the late Bronze Age and Early Pre Roman Iron age pottery in southern Scandinavia. Even though their original context has been destroyed, it is likely that they primarily have been deposited in this very area. Because of their fragile state they are not likely to have been moved around very much. Except for a few flint flakes (fig. 2) there were no other prehistoric finds or contexts

iii

found. This suggests that the sherds don’t represent a waste from a settlement site. One possible explanation to their presence could be that they represent a grave urn, and thus also a burial and a burial ground.

ID Name N W (g) Dating Stratigraphic object

(Context)

100230 Late redware 179 2498,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100231 Late greyware 8 87,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100232 Stoneware 11 177,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100233 Porcelain 92 421 Modern time 100030

100234 Bone/flint china etc 152 1002,5 Modern time 100030

100235 Faience 12 135,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100236 Basalt ware 1 4 Late post-medieval 100030

100247 Late redware, slip dec. 1 42,5 Late post-medieval 1145

100248 Late redware, leadglaze 5 23,5 Late post-medieval 1145

100249 Porcelain, musselmalet 4 7,5 Modern time 1145


100254 Late redware 6 41 Late post-medieval 2018


100257 Stoneware, saltglaze 1 33 Late post-medieval 2018


100266 Late redware 4 5 Late post-medieval 2061

100267 Porcelain 2 3,5 Modern time 2061


100269 Stoneware, Westerwald 1 8,5 Modern time 2061

100270 Stoneware, saltglaze 1 3,5 Late post-medieval 2061

100275 Prehistoric pottery 2 23 Late Bronze Age 2092


100277 Bone/flint china etc 3 5 Modern time 2092

100279 Bone/flint china etc 2 1 Late post-medieval 2223

100280 Porcelain, brush painted 1 1 Late post-medieval 2223

100282 Late redware, slip dec. 1 7,5 Late post-medieval 5016

100283 Bone/flint china etc 4 10 Late post-medieval 5016

100284 Royal Copenhagen, Musselmalet 1 9,5 Late post-medieval 5016


100287 Late greyware 1 7 Late post-medieval 5150

100288 Terracotta, red painted 1 96 Late post-medieval 5150


100290 Porcelain 3 13,5 Late post-medieval 5150

100291 Faience, chinese 1 6,5 Late post-medieval 5150

100295 Bone/flint china etc 2 3,5 Late post-medieval 5573

100296 Faience, brush painted 1 2 Late post-medieval 5573

100300 Late redware, slip 2 38 Modern time 5674


Sum

578 5 868

Table 2. Triangeln. Ceramic finds.

iv

Figure 1. Triangeln. Prehistoric pot sherds (FO 100275) from topsoil layer S2092.

Figure 2. Triangeln. Stone Age flint flakes (FO 100303, 100294).

v

Figure 3. Triangeln. 18

th and 19

th century faience (top right: FO 100291, middle right: FO 100296, all others:

a selection from FO 100235). Bottom right is a small sherd probably from a Kellinghusen pottery.

Only a few sherds are to be dated to the 18th century, namely some of the faience (fig. 3), late greyware (fig. 4) and late redware (fig. 5). The faience is probably of both Danish and European origin. One small sherd with orange and yellow brush painted decoration is likely to come from a pottery in the Holstein town Kellinghusen (fig. 3, bottom right), and it dates from the mid 19th century (Uldall 1961)

Most of the late greyware represents jydepotter, a blackish earthenware, that was produced in Jutland from the 16th to the 19th century, and was sold all over Denmark and to the neighbouring countries (fig. 4). The black colour is obtained by reducing the oxygen supply during firing. The surface is also burnished to give the impression of more precious metal vessels.

The redware represents a variety of pots, jars, dishes, bowls and pans etc. (fig. 5). Most of it belongs to the 19th or early 20th centuries, even though some items might be somewhat older, like a three legged cooking pot that probably dates from the 18th century (fig. 5, middle left). At the other end of the chronological scale is a “Bornholm faience” jar base (fig. 5, top left). Technically this ware isn’t faience, but yellowish earthenware with transparent lead glaze, influenced in style by the more renowned English Creamware, which was first produced in the second half of the 18th century. This type of ware was produced by several factories in northern Euroupe during the 19th and 20th centuries (e.g. Weimarck 1975, Hammer 1989). Furthermore, the material shows various examples of decoration, like slip decoration, sometimes with a marbelized pattern, and also brush painted and molded decoration. The redware has often a transparent lead glaze, but there are also examples of black, white, green and yellow glazes. Some items are unglazed,

vi

typically flower pots. One terracotta flower pot has a molded, neoclassic style rim and an overall reddish oil paint decoration, copying an antique Greek vessel (fig. 6).

Only a few stoneware sherds were found (fig. 7). They are all salt glazed, and some of them also has molded and blue, brush painted decoration, probably of German Westerwald origin.

A special kind of stoneware is the black basalt ware that was developed by Josia Wedgewood in Staffordshire, England by the second half of the 18th century. Wedge-wood’s inspiration was the Portland vase (British Museum, London) which is a 2000 years old Roman cameo glass vase. The black basalt ware became very popular and was by the 19th and 20th centuries widely copied by several European factories. Most often it has neoclassic style molded decoration. One small fragment found at the excavation probably represents a molded tea pot or the like (fig. 8).

Porcelain is quite common in the material. Some of it is local production like e.g. the Royal Copenhagen Musselmalet pattern (fig. 9 top left), and some is foreign, e.g. Chinese import (fig. 9, centre).

Except for the redware the most common type of ceramics is the industrial wares (bone china, ironstone china etc.). These wares are typically tableware, both local and foreign, and there are both undecorated as well as transfer painted items. A common pattern during the 19th and 20th centuries is the Willow pattern (fig. 10). It is inspired by Chinese porcelain patterns, and was first established in England in the second half of the 18th century. The pattern was used by several English and European factories, when the transfer painting technique was developed by the early 19th century. Romantic fables were invented based on the elements of the design. A common one follows below (collected from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern):

“Once there was a wealthy Mandarin, who had a beautiful daughter (Koong-se). She had fallen in love with her father's humble accounting assistant (Chang), angering her father (it was inappropriate for them to marry due to their difference in social class). He dismissed the young man and built a high fence around his house to keep the lovers apart. The Mandarin was planning for his daughter to marry a powerful Duke. The Duke arrived by boat to claim his bride, bearing a box of jewels as a gift. The wedding was to take place on the day the blossom fell from the willow tree.

On the eve of the daughter's wedding to the Duke, the young accountant, disguised as a servant, slipped into the palace unnoticed. As the lovers escaped with the jewels, the alarm was raised. They ran over a bridge, chased by the Mandarin, whip in hand. They eventually escaped on the Duke's ship to the safety of a secluded island, where they lived happily for years. But one day, the Duke learned of their refuge. Hungry for revenge, he sent soldiers, who captured the lovers and put them to death. The Gods, moved by their plight, transformed the lovers into a pair of doves (possibly a later addition to the tale, since the birds do not appear on the earliest willow pattern plates)”.

A fragment of a bowl with the Willow pattern was found during the excavation at Triangeln. It shows parts of the willow tree and one of the doves (fig. 11, top left).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern

vii

Figure 4. Triangeln. Late greyware, Jydepotter, 16

th to 19

th century (FO 100231).


th century, or slightly older, lead glazed late redware (selection from FO 100230).

viii


th century oil painted terracotta flower pot rim with molded decoration (FO 100288).


th century Danish and foreign stoneware (FO 100232).

ix

Figure 8. Triangeln. 18th or 19

th century, probably English black basalt ware (FO 100236).


th century Danish and foreign porcelain (selection from FO 100233).

x

Figure 10. Late 19th century Willow pattern plate by the Swedish factory Gustavsberg (Private collection).

Building material

Within The Public Excavation several fragments of ceramic building material were collected, i.e. bricks, roof tiles (also slate), wall tiles and stove tiles. There was also found a piece of building facade decoration, namely a concrete column base or the like (fig. 12). It probably dates from the late 19th or early 20th century.

Clay pipes

Several stems and bowls from clay pipes were found during the excavation. Most of them are undecorated stems, but there is also a few with decorations and makers marks (fig. 13).

One bowl has a markers mark on the foot showing a trumpet below a crown (fig. 14). This pipe is probably made by the workshop of either Pieter Thoen (1739–1776) or Willem Thoen (1776–1788) from the Dutch town Gouda (http://kleipijp.home.xs4all.nl/kleipijp/Trompet.pdf). One stem has the name “IOANES KNECHT” written on opposing sides of the stem. This pipe probably originates from the town Grossalmerode in Hesse, Germany, where pipe makers with the surname “Knecht” are recorded between 1729 and 1855 (http://www.knasterkopf.de/htm/he07.htm). Another bowl bears a makers mark with the letter “D”, and one stem has decoration and the town name “GOUDA” written round the stem. These fragments couldn’t be further identified.

http://kleipijp.home.xs4all.nl/kleipijp/Trompet.pdf

http://www.knasterkopf.de/htm/he07.htm

xi


th century foreign ceramic industrial ware (bone china etc., selection from FO

100289). Top left is a fragment of a bowl with the famous Willow pattern.

Figure 12. Triangeln. Concrete column base (FO 100229).

xii

Figure 12. Triangeln. Clay pipe fragments (FO 100238, bottom right FO100262).

Figure 13. Triangeln. Clay pipe from the Dutch town Gouda with crowned trumpet mark (FO 100238).

xiii

Glass

Most of the glass found represents either window glass or bottle glass (fig. 14), but there are also some small fragments of tableware and decorative objects, whereof a few molded glass and opaline glass items. The material doesn’t reveal enough characteristic for more precise datings within the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Figure 14. Triangeln. Late 19th or early 20

th century transparent glass bottle (FO 100304).

Other finds

The finds category Personal Items has only a few objects, namely two fragments of slate styli for waxed tablet writing and a mother-of-pearl button (fig. 15). They probably date from the 19th century, even though the possibility of an earlier date for the styli can’t be excluded. The most recent finds at the excavation are a plastic Playmobil® horse and piece of a synthetic textile skipping-rope of late 20th century date.

There was also found some oyster shells and 2,8 kg of animal bones (domestic animals and fish). The material is supposed to be of fairly recent date and it hasn’t been subjected to osteological analysis.

xiv

Figure 15. Triangeln. 19th century slate styli for waxed tablet writing and a mother-of-pearl button (from left to

right: FO 100260, 100278, 100242).

Finds Literature

Hammer, K. 1989. Gammal bruks- och prydnadskeramik från Öst-Småland – om Tillinge, Boda och Oskarshamns fajansfabriker 1858 – 1928 samt deras produkter och stämplar. Private publishing.

Uldall, K. 1961. Gammel Dansk Fajence. Fra fabrikker i Kongeriget og Hertugsdømmerne. Copenhagen.

Weimarck, A-C. 1975. Lergodset från Rönne. En studie i hantverkets förvandling. Lund

Internet

Clay pipes, Dutch

http://kleipijp.home.xs4all.nl/kleipijp/Trompet.pdf (december 2012)

Clay pipe, “IOHANES KNECHT”

http://www.knasterkopf.de/htm/he07.htm (december 2012)

Willow pattern

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern (december 2012)

http://kleipijp.home.xs4all.nl/kleipijp/Trompet.pdf

http://www.knasterkopf.de/htm/he07.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern

xv

Finds report - Iron By Mikkel B. Siebken

At KBM 3841 Trianglen the registered number of iron remains is 1132, whereof 786 pieces of slag. The majority of the iron remains are building materials and production waste. Only a few tools have been found.

Several of the findings collected were found by children during the public excavation at the site (7th-27

th of

May 2012). For this reason they will be treated as bulk finds.

Material Number Weight (g) Nails and bolts 233 2687,32 Nut, hexagonal 1 291 Iron rods, round 29 1100 Iron rods, flat 20 510 Iron tubes 7 960 Brackets 5 1000 Forged eye 1 80 Iron hook 1 232 Window hook 2 47,9 Foot for stove or furniture 1 138 Auger 1 6 Tool, wedge shaped? (pub. ex.) 1 173 Iron undefined 45 2899,3 Iron, production waste 1 6 Slag 786 12752,6

Total 1132 22883,1

Building material

Most of the iron artefacts are presumably from the second part of 18th-century until the second half of the

20th-century. This is supported by the fact that several of the coins found at the site dates from this period.

The majority of the dated coins are from the second half of the 19th century. The non-ferrous metal objects

dates from the same period.7 For this reason the majority of the iron artefacts from the site most likely date from the second half of the 19

th century.

Nails and bolts

Of the building materials nails, or fasteners, are the most typical artefact. The nails are mainly of the square type. There might be a few hand forged nails. Besides the normal type of nails a few horseshoe nails, bolts and a nut have been found.

Id Name Number Type Subclass

100105 Nails & bolts (Publ. excav.) 231 Nail Building Materials

100218 Iron nail 1 Nail Building Materials

100139 Nut, hexagonal (publ. excav.) 1 Building Materials

100299 Nail 1 Nail Building Materials

Total 234

7 For information on coins see: Finds report – Coins and Non-ferrous metals from KBM 3841 Trianglen (TRG).

xvi

Hinge and hook

Two eye hinges were found at the Public Excavation. FO 100142 was combined with a forged hook. Both hinges and the hook were covered in rust and the details were for this reason difficult to observe. This type of hinge is very common.

Two hooks for windows were found. They are both of cast iron and resemble types used even today in combination with old windows.


100133 Forged eye (publ. excav.) 1 Hinge Building Materials

100142 Iron hook, forged (publ. excav.)

1 Hook Building Materials

100144 Hook for window (publ. excav.)

2 Hook Building Materials

Total 4

Brackets

Five brackets have been found. Two of them are a typical corner brackets, one of them for a large window. Two are half strap hinges.8 The function of the rest of the brackets cannot be determined.


100127 Brackets (publ. excav.) 5 Building Materials

Total 5

Scrap metal and undefined objects.

The rest of the building material is either scrap metal from construction, such as round and flat rods, tubes or undefined iron objects.


100122 Iron rods, round (Publ. excav.)

29 Building Materials

100125 Iron rods, flat (Publ. excav.) 20 Building Materials

100129 Iron tubes (publ. excav.) 7 Building Materials

100131 Iron, undefined (publ. excav.) 36 Building Materials

Total 92

Household Materials

Another find from the household category is a cast iron foot. It is well preserved and shaped like a lion’s foot. It might have supported a stove, bathtub or some other type of metal furniture.

8 The two half strap hinges, were earlier believed to be brackets. For this reason they are not registered as hinges.

xvii


100191 Foot for stove or furniture, cast iron (publ. excav.)

1 Household Materials

I alt 3

Tools

Two tools have been found at the public excavation. A small handle for a gimlet (?) and a wedge shaped item.

Id Name Number Type Subclass 100135 Gimlet (publ. excav.) 1 Tools

100148 Tool, wedge shaped? (publ. excav.)

1 Tools

Total 2

Slag_metal

Id Name Number Subclass Type 100198 Slag 3 Slag_metal 100099 Slag (publ. excav.) 781 Slag_metal 100200 Slag 1 Slag_metal 100203 Iron, undefined 4 Slag_metal 100209 Iron, undefined 1 Slag_metal 100213 Iron, undefined 3 Slag_metal 100215 Iron, production waste 1 Slag_metal Waste 100217 Slag 1 Slag_metal Total 795

xviii

Metal finds discussion

100030 – Public Excavation FO-numbers: FO 100099, FO 100105, FO 100122, FO 100125, FO 100127, FO 100129, FO 100131, FO 100133,

FO 100135, FO 100139, FO 100142, FO 100144, FO 100148, FO 100191

Number of objects: 1111 Dating: 19th century – contemporary There are several different types of nails presented (FO 100105): Spikes, common nails, finishing nails, horseshoe nails (fig. 1) and staples (not on photo). They were all marked by decay and rust. The majority of nails found at Trianglen were wire nails made from steel wire and produced mechanically. This method of producing nails became common from the late 19

th century and continued until the present. Wire nails are in

general produced with either a round or square cross section though they might have special features for specific kinds of work. In the present archaeological material all the nails have square cross-section.

Figure 1. The different types of nails and bolts from the Public Excavation.

xix

One lager bolt and a nut (FO 100139) were found at the public excavation. Both the nut and the head of the bolt were hexagonal. In fig. 2 different types of bolt heads are shown. They are the types used by the end of the 19th century. Only the b-type has been found at Trianglen.

Figure 2. Varying types of bolt heads. The a- and b-types – square and hexagonal - are the most commonly used. Richardson 1891.

Figure 3. Hexagonal nut from Trianglen, FO 100139.

The bolt and nut from Trianglen were not found together. From the shape, they both resemble the parts for a cutter bolt – a standard bolt type to fasten parts together. The size suggests a rather specific purpose.

Two hinges were found at the Public Excavation. The hinges were different variations of an eye hinge. FO 100133 was the most typical - almost a circular forged eye. This type of hinge is made from an iron rod. The ends of the rod are tapered and the rod is bended to shape an eye of the desired size. The tapered ends are

xx

sometimes welded together but in this case this is not clear because of the rust. An eye hinge as FO 100133 is typically fastened to a wooden post or beam, and it might still be seen in older buildings.

Figur 4. Eye hinge FO10033.

The other hinge is a variation of an eye hinge, but it has a characteristic U-shape and is fitted with a hook. The hinge and hook is seen in fig. 5. It is clear that the blacksmith has tried to forge the hinge into a shape fit for the hook to move freely in the hinge. The tapered ends are clearly seen and in this case they are not welded together.

The hook is flat and shaped roughly in J-shape. The rather flat cross-section might be related to the use of the hook. Usually a hook has the largest width in the line of the pull or else it might break under tension. The hook from FO 100142 seems to be shaped in a different way. The reason might be that it is a hook for a gate or something similar.

xxi

Figure 5. The hinge fitted with a hook, FO 100142.

Of the five brackets found at the Public Excavation four could be clearly distinguished. One is a rather large corner bracket and resembles the modern type used in modern construction (fig. 6). The other corner bracket is from a large window, probably a part of a rather prominent facade. The bracket is L-shaped with an upper part riveted to the lower part. Fig. 7 shows two sets of typical Danish window corner brackets. The pair designated “A” is typical found in the 18th century. The other pair designated “B” is typical of the late 19th century or the beginning of the 20th century. The corner bracket resembling the one designated “B”. The B-type is often cut of sheet iron. Earlier in the 19th century, the L-shaped bracket was welded in the corner and the bracket was also welded to the hinge as seen on fig. 8 - B.

To finish the bracket, a number of nail holes were punched and the surface and sides were probably cleaned up with a file and steel brush. Corner brackets from the 19th and 20th century are typically without chiselled or filed decorative elements like the A-type from the 18th century.

Two parts of strap hinges have been found and can be seen to the left in fig. 6. They are both typical in shape and seem to be of the same “simple” design as the L-shaped corner bracket.

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Figure 6. Brackets FO 100127. Middle and top left: corner brackets. Left low: Unknown bracket? Right: remains of two strap hinge.

Figure 7. Corner brackets. A: 18th century. B: 19th century. Kulturarv.dk

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Figure 8. Corner brackets over time: A: 18th century. B: 19th century. C: 20th century. Kulturarv.dk

From the Public Excavation two hooks for windows (FO 100144) were found. They are probably made of caste iron and are almost identical in shape and size.

Figure 9. Hook for window. Only one is shown on photo. FO 100144.

One household item was found. It is a small cast iron foot (?) in the shape of a lions foot (FO 100191). It has probably been part of a table or bathtub or some other kind of furniture. The details in the casting are still visible and the foot was probably sand casted.

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Figure 10. Cast lion’s foot. FO 100144.

At the Public Excavation two fragments of what could have been tools were found. The first one is a small handle of iron. It is oval in shape and welted together. It might be from a small gimlet. It seems too thin to be a key handle. This type of tool was used to drill holes in wood to prevent splitting the wood. The gimlet is characterised by the screw shaped point.9

The purpose of the other wedge shaped object is uncertain (FO-100148). It might be a tool from a workshop.

Several fragments of scrap metal (FO 100122, FO 100125, FO 100127, FO 100129, FO 100131) was found at the Public Excavation. It consisted of round and flat iron rods of different sizes and several undefined smaller parts.

On slag from the Public Excavation, see the section above.

9 Riley 1905, s. 122.

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Figure 11. FO 100148.

1145, 5674 – The “Common horizon” FO-numbers: FO 100198, FO 100215, FO 100299

Number of objects: 4 Dating: Second half 19th century Only a single nail, iron waste products and slag have been found. The nail was covered in rust and small parts of wood were still preserved in the surface of the iron. The nail’s shape and the rather round head, might suggest that it is a wire nail. Information on the slag, see the section above. Other types of finds from this horizon points to a dating of the second half of the 19th century.10 2061 – Felt 2 (test pit) FO-numbers: FO 100200, FO100203

Number of objects: 5 Dating: Only undefined iron waste products and slag have been found. Information on the slag, see the section above. 2067 FO-numbers: FO 100209

Number of objects: 1 Dating: Only an undefined iron waste product was found. 2018 FO-numbers: FO 100213

Number of objects: 1 Dating:

10 Finds report – Coins and Non-ferrous metals from KBM 3841 Trianglen (TRG) p. 4.

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Only an undefined iron waste product was found. 5169 FO-numbers: FO 100217

Number of objects: 1 Dating: 1900-1950 Only slag was recovered from this context. The slag might be a sort of drain for a tree in Fælledparken. The layer of slag was found in connection to a hole with wooden boards on all four sides. This construction must from the time after the establishing of Fælledparken and older than the 1950 when the area was covered in construction debris. 5573 FO-numbers: FO 100218

Number of objects: 1 Dating: Only one nail has been found. The other finds from the layer is dated to the late post-medieval period or modern times. It is covered in a layer of rust. For this reason the shape and type of the nail is not clearly visible. The nail probably belongs to the late post-medieval period. A narrower dating of FO 100218 is not possible.

Literature

Richardson, M. T.: Practical Blacksmithing, vol. IV. New York, 1891.

Riley, J. W.: A Manual of Carpentry and Joinery. London, 1905.

Internet

On brackets: http://www.kulturarv.dk/information-om-bygningsbevaring/doere-og-vinduer/vinduesbeslag/ (accessed 17-12-2012)

http://www.kulturarv.dk/information-om-bygningsbevaring/doere-og-vinduer/vinduesbeslag/

xxvii

Finds report - Coins and Non-ferrous metals

Figure 1 Metal detecting on Copenhagen’s old pastures, The machine have scraped of the modern dump layer, revealing the soil layer that used to be the common pastures of Copenhagen. The photo is taken from the south west towards the road junction known as Trianglen. Københavns Museum, 2015.

From KBM 3841 Trianglen, there are a total of 93 non-ferrous metal finds distributed on 52 find numbers. The finds have a total weight of 921,1g. These have been registered in the IntraSIS database K2012:10. There are 93 objects in various types of non-iron metals or alloys, including lead, copper, gold, silver and bronze (Table 1). The finds include an extremely varied collection both in terms of materials and object types. Several of the objects are personal artefacts, which have been fastened to clothes while other more anonymous objects are related to construction. There are quite a few special artefacts, e.g. a silver spoon, a small gold ring, a lead toy soldier and a brass pulley. Although it was not possible to fully classify the function of several items, they will be incorporated where possible in the discussion. An intensive metal detector survey for non-ferrous materials across both the open trenches and of the spoil heaps resulted in the recovery of many of the objects described below. The metal detector was used as part of the recovery scheme within the last phase of the excavation in order to retrieve evidence of the area’s potential years of usage, and perhaps suggestions as to the types of activities conducted. Ferrous objects were avoided during the survey because a large, representative sample had already been collected during the Open Archaeological Excavation.

xxviii

Danefæ

All the coins will be submitted to the National Museum as treasure trove (Danefæ), since all soil found coins are treasure trove.

Material Number Weight (g)

Coins 15 65,1

Buttons 10 33,3

Cast waste 3 33,6

Lead seals 3 40,8

Lead 7 238,5

Objects of gold and silver 2 7,1

Copper alloys, other metals 52 502,7

Total 93 921,1

Table 1. Coins and non-ferrous metal finds from Trianglen.

Dating

The overall dating estimated for each context is stated in the section “Find Contexts”. The broad dating frame is from 1771 (coin find) to the second half of the 1900s. Most of the finds, including several dated coins, appear to be from the second half of the 1800s, with a few temporal pointers back and forward in time. There is a single artefact, a small silver spoon, with a Master’s Mark (FO 100156).

Coins

Ten coins of small denominations were minted in Denmark, Sweden and Russia. Materials are bronze, copper, aluminium, and zinc. Two small coins of Swedish origin are of silver.

Id Name Number Type Material

100080 2 skilling, Rigsbanktegn, 1815 1 Coin Copper

100081 2 øre, Chr IX 1874-1906 1 Coin Bronze

100083 1 øre, Sweden, 1879-1905 1 Coin Bronze


100101 1 skilling, Fred VII, 1856 1 Coin Bronze

100104 2 øre, Chr X, 1941 1 Coin Aluminium


100123 10 øre, Sweden, 1878 1 Coin Silver

100138 2 skilling, Rigsbanktegn, 1815 1 Coin Copper

100155 1 skilling, Chr VII, 1771 1 Coin Copper

100164 2 øre, Fred IX, 1971 1 Coin Zinc

100166 Unidentified coin, 28mm diam. 1 Coin Copper

100168 2 kopek, Russia, 1812 1 Coin Copper

100180 Unidentifed coin, 17-18mm 1 Coin Copper

100185 10 øre, Sweden, 1882 1 Coin Silver

Total

15

Buttons

Buttons occur as two main types: buttons with shank (flat or domed) and flat buttons with 4-hole sew through. Most are simple buttons and only one has a more elaborate decoration.

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100082 Button, shank, domed, decorated 1 Button Personal Items

100107 Button, shank, flat 1 Button Personal Items


100117 Button, shank, shallow dome 1 Button Personal Items

100157 Button, 4-hole sew through, zinc alloy? 1 Button Personal Items

100160 Button, shank, domed 1 Button Personal Items

100173 Button, shank, domed 1 Button Personal Items

100178 Button, 4-hole sew through, zinc? 1 Button Personal Items


100184 Button, 4-hole sew through 1 Button Personal Items

Total

10

Cast waste

While the identification of three pieces as cast waste is uncertain, it was found to be an appropriate term for two supposed bronze fragments and an unidentified metal fragment.


100112 Bronze? fragment 1 Cast waste Slag_metal

100162 Bronze? fragment 1 Cast waste Slag_metal

100190 Metal, uidentified, cast waste? 1 Cast waste Slag_metal

Total

3

Lead seals

There are three lead seals, of which one is of Dutch origin. Lead seals such as cloth seals and bale seals

were widely used in Europe between the 13th and 19th centuries as a means of identification and as a

component of regulation and quality control.


100108 Lead seal 1 Seal Seal



Total

3

Lead

Several pieces of sheet lead were found, of which some are of recent date. As an architectural metal, lead

was a popular roofing material for centuries, used for roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, and conductor

heads.


100089 Sheet lead 1 Waste Building Materials

100095 Flat lead figure 1 Toy Personal Item

100114 Lead fragment 1 Waste Slag_metal

100145 Lead cladding 1 Waste Building Materials

100169 Sheet lead w rivet holes 2 Waste Building Materials

100194 Lead sign w inscription, modern (ÅAU) 1 Waste

100196 Sheet lead/copper (ÅAU) 1 Waste Building Materials

Total

7

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Objects of gold and silver

Two quite unique finds of precious metals consist of a delicate, intertwined gold ring and a silver coffee

spoon. Such objects are rarely found in archaeological assemblages in Copenhagen.


100084 Allegiance ring? 1 Ring Personal Items

100156 Tea- or coffeespoon, 0.826 silver 1 Spoon Household Materials

Total

2

1.10 Various metal finds


100087 Metal, unidentified 1

Slag_metal

100092 Decorative stud, brass cast 1 Knob Household Materials

100113 Bottle caps (Public Excavation) 31

Slag_metal

100119 Wire (Public Excavation) 10 Wire Building Materials

100137 Pulley, brass, small 1

Slag_metal

100151 "Winding key", copper alloy 1

Household Materials

100170 Base of birdshot cartridge, brass 1

Personal Items

100171 Hydraulic brass socket 1

Slag_metal

100172 Copper alloy fragment 1

Slag_metal

100176 Brass bracket 1

Slag_metal

100177 Bracket w rivet holes 1

Slag_metal

100195 Copper fragment (ÅAU) 1 Fragment Slag_metal

Total

51

Find contexts

The “Commons horizon”

FO-numbers: FO 100080, FO 100081, FO 100083, FO 100084, FO 100087, FO 100089, FO 100092, FO 100095, FO 100101, FO 100107, FO 100108, FO 100112, FO 100114, FO 100115, FO 100116, FO 100117, FO 100120, FO 100123, FO 100137, FO 100145, FO 100182, FO 100184, FO 100185. Number of objects: 24 Dating: Second half of the 1800s Import/localities: Sweden A total of seven coins were found. These may have been lost during fairs or family excursions to the

Commons. The youngest coin is a Danish 2 skilling Rigsbank token of copper from 1815 (FO 100080).

Rigsbanktegn (Rigsbank token) were issued in Copenhagen under Frederik VI in values of 2, 3, 4 and 16

rigsbankskilling from 1813-1815. Tokens were issued in difficult economic times, and this was during the

national bankruptcy. Tokens were coin-like pieces not considered real coins, but credit coins, where the

metal value was not a factor. In this way they may be considered similar to banknotes. They were issued

either by the mint master or others on his behalf11.

A skilling coin was minted under King Frederik VII in 1856 (FO 100101).

The six remaining coins are 1, 2 and 10-øre coins dated within a relatively narrow time bracket from 1874 -

1906. Three of the coins are small Swedish Oscar III silver øre coins (FO 100083, FO 100123, FO 100185).

Two Danish 1 and 2-øre coins were minted under King Christian IX (FO 100081, FO 100115).

11 http://www.danskmoent.dk/galster/galshist.htm

http://www.danskmoent.dk/galster/galshist.htm

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Figure 1. Coins mainly from “The Commons horizon”.

Figure 2. Swedish silver and bronze øre coins issued by Oscar III. From the “The Commons Horizon”.

A gold ring was found that consists of three intertwined, thin hoops that fit together to form one complete ring

(FO 100084). It has a reeded or serrated decoration. Gimmal (latin: gemellus, twin) rings are traditionally

seen as a Christian symbol and represent the Holy Trinity (Trinity rings). Although they can be seen in many

different metals, the three rings are often produced in different tones of gold. Gimmal rings, popular in 16th

and 17th century England and Germany, were used as betrothal rings12, and intertwined rings were also

used as Russian wedding bands to represent holy matrimony.

12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmal_ring

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmal_ring

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Figure 3. The slightly damaged looped gold ring (FO 100084).

A semi-flat cast lead figure represents a cavalryman on a horse, possibly Napoleonic or Prussian. The figure

would originally have been mounted on a foot (FO 100095). The rider carries a sword at his left side but

misses his head, and the horse misses the lower part of its legs. The figure appears unpainted but the colour

may have worn off.

The first flat toys soldiers appears from 1730 in production series, when soldiers appeared to have gained a

central place in the repertoire of toys. They were made of tin-plate and tin, produced in engraved slate-

molds. German manufacturers later made half flat pieces that were more attractive and realistic. They were

of tin and contained a bigger proportion of lead. In particular the body of the half flat figures was slightly more

rounded with more out-standing detail. These pieces became popular in the second half of the 1800s, which

is also the most probable date for FO 100095.

Figure 4. Half-flat lead lead toy figure in the form of a mounted cavalryman (FO 100095).

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Two lead seals were found. A lead seal of the 'bulla' type dates to the 17-1800s (FO 100108). The bulla - a

disc with a tunnel from side to side through which a string is passed - became a popular form of seal during

the 18th century. It was found to be more versatile than the rivet-type seals hitherto used on cloth, as it could

be attached to a wider range of goods, including the bags, bales and sacks in which they were distributed.

The seal has been cast and impressed with dies. It probably originates from Leiden in Holland, and depicts

the crossed keys badge of that city. There is a saltire between the keys at the top, and a letter “K” to the right

of the keys. The reverse is blank. It is probably a cloth seal, as Leiden was an important centre of cloth

production13

. Lead seals such as cloth seals and bale seals were widely used in Europe between the 13th

and 19th centuries as a means of identification and as a component of regulation and quality control.

The other seal consists of two disc seals joined by a connecting strip (FO 100120). These were intended to

be folded around each side of a textile and stamped closed, in a manner similar to that in which coins were

stamped. No stamp could be identified on this seal.

Figure 5. Lead seal from Leiden of the “bulla-type” – from Trianglen (FO 100108).

Of the same material are two pieces of sheet lead or lead cladding (FO 100089 and FO 100145) as well as

an unidentified lead fragment (FO 100114).

Five buttons were found (FO 100107, FO 100116, FO 100117, FO 100182, FO 100184). Four are shank-

buttons and one button is a sew-through (FO 100184).There is a decorative cast brass fitting or stud in the

form of acanthus leaves or a palmette (FO 100092). The

raised letters “SO” can be seen inside a circle on the side

of the fitting. The diameter of the opening is 9,2mm and it

becomes narrower towards the top. The remaining (rusty)

part of an iron insert is visible.

Figure 6. Decorated brass fitting (FO 10092).

13 Cf. Mitchiner 1991.

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A small brass pulley was found during the metal detector survey. The wheel diameter is 18mm and width of

the wheel is 5,3mm (FO 100137). It is not possible to say anything specific about its use.

Figure 7. The encrusted brass pulley (FO 100137).

Also found was a piece of bronze cast waste (FO 100112) and an unidentified piece of metal (FO 100087). 2092 – Test pit FO-numbers: FO 100138, FO 100178 Number of objects: 2 Dating: 1815 - To this context belong two metal finds. One is a Danish 2 skilling Rigsbank token of copper from 1815 (FO

100138). Rigsbanktegn (Rigsbank token) were issued in Copenhagen under Frederik VI in values of 2, 3, 4

and 16 rigsbankskilling from 1813-1815. Tokens were issued in difficult economic times, and this was during

the national bankruptcy. Tokens were coin-like pieces that not considered as real coins, but credit coins,

where the metal value was not a factor. In this way they may be considered similar to banknotes. They were

issued either by the mint master or others on his behalf14.

The other find is a 4-hole sew through button, possibly of zinc (FO 100178).

Z5558 FO-numbers: FO 100155, FO 100190 Number of objects: 2 Dating: 1771 - As a stray find from this zone is a Danish 1 skilling copper coin from 1771 (FO 100555). The 1771 skilling is

the most common Danish skilling coin and it was issued in almost 55 million pieces in Copenhagen, Altona

and Kongsberg. Because of incrustations on the obverse side, it cannot be determined whether the coin is a

sub-variant I or II15.

14 http://www.danskmoent.dk/galster/galshist.htm

15 http://www.danskmoent.dk/chr/c7h37.htm


http://www.danskmoent.dk/chr/c7h37.htm

xxxv

A piece of copper-alloy (bronze) is possibly cast waste, but this identification is uncertain (FO 100190).

Z2000 FO-numbers: FO 100096, FO 100104, FO 100150, FO 100151, FO 100156, FO 100160, FO 100162, FO 100164, FO 100166, FO 100168, FO 100169, FO 100170, FO 100171, FO 100172, FO 100173, FO 100176, FO 100177 Number of objects: 17 Dating: Import/localities: Russia, Sweden

Unusual in a Danish archaeological context is a Russian 2 kopek from 1812 (FO 100168). Issued during the

reign of Alexander I, this coin might have been acquired as a souvenir during the Napoleonic Wars and

accidentally dropped during a visit to the Commons. A 2-øre from 1874-1906 was issued by Christian IX (FO

100096). There is also an unidentified coin of copper with a diameter of 28mm (FO 100166). The surfaces

are corroded such that it is not possible to identify text that can be discerned on one side of the coin. The

other side is also too corroded to be identified without conservation. The youngest coins from Trianglen are

represented by a 2-øre from 1941 (FO 100104) and a 2-øre from 1971 (FO 100164).

Figures 8 & 9. Left: 2-kopek from Trianglen (FO 100168). Right: Similar coin from private collection.

Figure 10. 2-ører from 1941 (FO 100104) and 1971 (FO 100164).

From the spoil heap was retrieved a small,

elongated coffee- or demitasse spoon (FO 100156).

The spoon is a single-piece construction and has a

thin, angular stem with an elongated bowl.

xxxvi

Unfortunately, the spoon is broken halfway up the stem.

Three intaglio-marks on the back of the spoon bowl indicate Maker’s Mark, City Mark, and silver value. The

"Three Tower Mark" was instituted in 1608 as the official city mark of Copenhagen. Other Danish cities (e.g.

Aalborg, Aarhus, Odense, Viborg) had their own marks until 1893 when the Copenhagen Three Towers

became the national mark for Denmark. This mark guarantees a silver purity minimum of 826/1000 (unless a

higher standard mark is indicated).

The Three Towers were always marked in conjunction with the initial mark of the Assay Master, it was he

who took final responsibility of guarantee. The use of both marks was discontinued by 1977. In 1893, a law

was enacted in Denmark that standardized a new system of silver marking. Required were: Maker's Mark,

Numerical Standard Mark, and Assay Mark (three towers). The minimum standard of silver purity was .826,

this was amended to .830 in 1936 and .925 became the other official standard, although it had been

commonly used before, especially on silver made for export. The use of the ”Three Tower Mark” and the

initial mark of the Assay Master were discontinued in 197716

.

The spoon carries a maker's mark of “L.G.”, and a search reveals that there were two active silversmiths in

Denmark with these initials, namely Laurits Theodor Grün - Copenhagen (active 1942 – 1972) and L.

Grønlund - Odense (active 1893 – 1937). The character of the spoon fits better with the earlier Grønlund

production and should therefore probably be dated to 1893-1937.

Figure 11. The silver spoon (FO 100156).

Figure 12. Close-up of the backside of the spoon showing Maker's Mark, Numerical Standard Mark, and Assay Mark (Copenhagen Three Towers).

16 http://www.925-1000.com/dm_Assay.html

http://www.925-1000.com/dm_Assay.html

xxxvii

A birdshot cartridge brass head is marked with a “T” at the base, which indicates that it contained shots of a

quite large diameter (FO 100170). It has two impact marks at the base. One may wonder about what the

cartridge head is doing in an urban context, as hunting was not permitted on the Commons.

A hydraulic brass fitting may have been part of a municipality regime of artificial watering of flowerbeds in the

outskirts of the Commons (FO 100171).

Figure 13 & 14. Birdshot cartridge (FO 100170) (left) and hydraulic brass fitting (FO 100171) (right).

Figure 15. Copper winding tool (FO 100151).

A small copper winding tool (FO 100151) resembles a winding key, but the end is attached to a broken-off

wire and it cannot be turned in a clockwise manner. Its function is uncertain but it appears to be for light use

as it is not a very sturdy object.

Also collected from this zone are two domed copper-alloy buttons with shanks (FO 100160, FO 100173), one

piece of bronze cast waste (FO 100162), a copper alloy fragment (FO 100172), a brass bracket (FO 100176)

and a bracket with rivet holes (FO 100177)

Finally, there is (cloth) seal consisting of two disc seals joined by a connecting strip (FO 100150). Although

the size varies, it is reminiscent of FO 100120. Also of lead is a fragment of sheet lead with rivet holes (FO

100169)

xxxviii

Figure 16. Various types of buttons from Trianglen.

Figure 17. Possibly case waste, non-ferrous.

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100030 – Open Archaeological Excavation (ÅAU) FO-numbers: FO 100082, FO 100113, FO 100119, FO, 100157, FO 100180, FO 100194 – FO 100196. Number of objects: 47 Dating: 1800s? - Contemporary A single coin was found, but unfortunately it cannot be identified without further conservation (FO 100180).

Two buttons were recovered. One is 4-hole sew through button (FO 100157), possibly of zinc, and the other

is a richly decorated domed shank button (FO 100082). The latter is decorated with a central white-coloured

square with inward-curved sides.

There are 30 generic crown cork bottle caps and one pull-off bottle cap (FO 100113). While the majority are

in an advanced stage of decay and covered in rust, recognizable brands include Faxe Kondi, Carlsberg

Pilsner, Albani Odense Classic, Tuborg Julebryg and Cult

Shaker Energydrink. Bottle caps are usually made from

tinplate, chromium plated sheet metal and tin-free steel.

There is a strip of lead with a technical designation in the

form of digits and letters (FO 100194), two pieces of lead

and copper fittings (FO 100195 and FO 100196) and an

older electrical wire (FO 100119) covered by a spiral

cable wire wrap.

Figure 18. Various lead and copper fittings. Three have holes for nails.

Figure 19. Contemporary crown cork bottle caps from Trianglen.

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Figure 20. Isolated copper wires.

Literature

Mitchiner, M. 1991. Jetons, Medalets and Tokens, Volume 2. The Low Countries and France. Seaby. 3.2. Internet Galster, G. Danske Mønter http://www.danskmoent.dk/galster/galshist.htm [accessed 20.11.2012] Gimmal ring http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmal_ring [accessed 5.12.2012] Christian 7. 1 skilling http://www.danskmoent.dk/chr/c7h37.htm [accessed 20.11.2012] Online encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks and Maker’s Marks http://www.925-1000.com/dm_Assay.html [accessed 20.11.2012]


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmal_ring

http://www.danskmoent.dk/chr/c7h37.htm

http://www.925-1000.com/dm_Assay.html

xli

List of Contexts

Id Name Subclass Basic Interpretation Suggested dating

20 Dobbelt trækors 1 Subgroup Structural timbers 1800

21 Støttende pæle Subgroup Structural timbers 1800

22 Stopklodser Subgroup Structural timbers 1800

23 Underliggende træstøtter Subgroup Structural timbers 1800

24 Træpløk Subgroup Structural timbers 1800

25 Hjul og stejle nord Group Structural timbers 1800

26 Hjul og stejle træ (syd) Group Structural timbers 1700

27 Uforstyrrede Fællede Group Pasture -10000-1800

28 Moderne Forstyrrelse Group Disturbance

29 Træpæle Group Stake hole Modern

30 Nedgravninger 8 stk Group Pit 1800-1900

31 Trækasse med slagge Group Cess 1800-1900

97 Vandrør der skærer anlæg Group Ditch

98 Moderne rør Group Ditch

99 Slaskgruppe for moderne Group Alluvial channel deposit

1000 trærodsforstyrrelse Deposit

1016 Vej belægning Deposit

1145 Fælledparken fragment 1 Deposit Topsoil 1690-1930

2018 Fælledparken fragment 2 Deposit Topsoil 1690-1930

2031 Nedgravning til fjernelse af bunker Cut

2044 Moderne nedgravning Cut Topsoil 1970

2061 Felt 2 Deposit Topsoil

2067 Bund af testhul 1 Deposit

2072 Træplanke Timber Structure Post

2076 Optrukken planke felt 2 Cut

2084 Lag i felt 3 Deposit

2092 Fælledlag Testhul 1 Deposit

2097 Fælledparken fragment 3 Deposit

2200 Støttende pæle Ø Timber Structure Beam

2223 Opfyld i trækonstruktion... Deposit Primary Construction Backfill

1750-1800

2256 Støttenden pæle vest Timber Structure Post 1780-1900

2292 Træplanke Ø-V Timber Structure

2299 Stopklods II Timber Structure

2303 Træpløk Timber Structure

2307 Undeliggende træstøtte II Timber Structure Wooden foundation 1800-1850

2311 Østlig Træplanke Ø-V Timber Structure

2322 stopklods I Timber Structure

2332 Østlig træplanke N-S Timber Structure

2349 Træplanke N-S Timber Structure

2353 Underliggende træstøtte I Timber Structure

5008 Nedgravning til Vandrør Disturbance Construction cut 1970+

5012 Moderne kabel. Disturbance

5016 Nedgravning til træ 1 Cut






5096 Træpæl Timber Structure




5150 Trækasse med slagge Timber Structure Wooden Well 1800-1900

5169 Slaggelag Deposit Foundation layer 1800-1900

5225 Moderne nedgravning Disturbance

5245 Skurvognsby Disturbance

5253 Nedgravning til rør Disturbance

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5277 Profil Billede Disturbance

5279 Stabel af autoværn Disturbance

5307 Nedgravning til rør Disturbance

5328 Trærod? Deposit

5335 Sandlag, bunker Deposit Fill

5380 Omrørt træplantering Deposit Fill

5410 Moderne nedgravning Disturbance

5429 ? Timber Structure

5442 Forstyrrelse Moderne Disturbance Structural cut 1970+

5453 Nedgravning til ældre kabel Cut

5457 Opfyld til moderne kabel Deposit

5461 Opfyld moderne kabel Deposit

5484 Kloak? Disturbance

5488 Nedgravning til kloark? Cut

5492 Nedgravning til træanlæg Cut

5525 Opfyld i v75 og nedgravning træanl.

Deposit


5573 Fyld med keramik Deposit

5577 Bundplanke til stjele træ Timber Structure

5581 Nedgravning til gasrør Cut

5593 Skråstiver til stejle Timber Structure

5597 Bundplanke til stejle Timber Structure

5602 Skråstiver til stejle Timber Structure

5606 Bundplanke til stejle Timber Structure

5610 Udgravet kvardrat Deposit

5614 Træ i flade Timber Structure

5626 Træ i flade Timber Structure

5630 3 sten Stone/Brick Structure

5644 Træplok fra gasrørsnedgravning Timber Structure

5648 Slettes Cut

5657 ? Cut

5662 Træstykke Timber Structure


5681 Træplanke der lå på marken Timber Structure

5696 ? Deposit

5701 Moderne opfyld Deposit

5715 Moderne opfyld Deposit

5722 Pæl moderne Timber Structure

5736 Gasledning Cut

100003 Opfyld bunker Deposit Demolition layer 1950

100030 ÅAU Deposit Demolition layer 1900

100038 Fælled III Deposit Topsoil

100219 Død naturgasledning Disturbance Disturbance

100220 Kloakledning Disturbance Disturbance

100221 Aktiv fjernvarme Disturbance Disturbance

100222 Telekabel Disturbance Disturbance

100223 Telekabel 2 Disturbance Disturbance

100224 Telekabel 3 Disturbance Disturbance

100225 Vandledning Disturbance Disturbance

100226 Vandledning 2 v75 død Disturbance Disturbance

100227 Kloakledning 2 Disturbance Disturbance

100228 Elkabel Disturbance Disturbance

xliii

List of Finds

ID Name Material N W (g) Dating Stratigraphic object

(Context)

100080 2 skilling, Rigsbanktegn, 1815 Copper alloy 1 2 Late post-medieval 1145

100081 2 øre, Chr IX 1874-1906 Copper alloy 1 4 Late post-medieval 2018

100082 Button, shank, domed, decorated Copper alloy 1 3,8 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100083 1 øre, Sweden, 1879-1905 Copper alloy 1 2 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100084 Allegiance ring? Gold 1 2,2

Metal Detector Survey

100087 Metal, unidentified Metal undef. 1 119

5542

100089 Sheet lead Lead 1 4,4


100092 Decorative stud, brass cast Copper alloy 1 7,4 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100095 Figure on horse Tin 1 20,8 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100096 2 øre, Chr IX 1874-1906 Copper alloy 1 4 Late post-medieval 5674

100099 Slag (Public Excavation) Slag 781 12480

100030

100101 1 skilling, Fred VII, 1856 Copper alloy 1 3,8 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100104 2 øre, Chr X, 1941, Aluminium Copper alloy 1 1,2 Modern time Metal Detector Survey

100105 Nails & bolts Public Excavation Iron 231 2660 Modern time 100030

100107 Button, shank, flat Copper alloy 1 5,2 Late post-medieval 5674

100108 Lead seal Lead 1 13,9


100112 Bronze? fragment Copper alloy 1 6,9


100113 Bottle caps (Public Excavation)

31 120

2000

100114 Lead fragment Lead 1 3,8


100115 1 øre, Chr IX 1874-1904 Copper alloy 1 2 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100116 Button, shank, flat Copper alloy 1 5,6 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100117 Button, shank, shallow dome Copper alloy 1 2 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100119 Wire (Public Excavation) Copper alloy 10 140 Modern time 100030

100120 Lead seal Lead 1 18,8


100122 Iron rods, round (Public Excavation)

Iron 29 1100 Modern time 100030

100123 10 øre, Sweden, 1878 Silver 1 1,45 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100125 Iron rods, flat (Public Excavation) Iron 20 510 Modern time 100030

100127 Brackets (public excavation) Iron 5 1000 Modern time 100030

100129 Iron tubes (public excavation) Iron 1 960 Modern time 100030

100131 Iron, undefined (public excavation) Iron 36 2760 Modern time 100030

100133 Forged eye (public excavation) Iron 1 80 Modern time 100030

100135 Auger (public excavation) Iron 1 6 Modern time 100030

100137 Pulley, brass, small Copper alloy 1 11,5 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100138 2 skilling, Rigsbanktegn, 1815 Copper alloy 1 2 Late post-medieval 2092

100139 Nut, hexagonal (public excavation) Iron 1 291 Modern time 100030

100142 Iron hook, forged (public excavation)

Iron 1 232 Modern time 100030

100144 Hook for window (public excavation)

Iron 2 47,5

100030

100145 Lead cladding Lead 1 19,9


100148 Hardie for anvil? (pub. ex.) Iron 1 173 Modern time 100030

100150 Lead seal Lead 1 8,1 Late Medieval 2000

100151 "Winding key", copper alloy Copper alloy 1 3,4 Late post-medieval 2000

100155 1 skilling, Chr VII, 1771 Copper alloy 1 11,7 Late post-medieval 5558

100156 Tea- or coffeespoon, 0.826 silver Silver 1 4,9 Late post-medieval 2000

100157 Button, 4-hole sew through, zinc alloy?

Copper alloy 1 1,3 Late post-medieval 100030

100160 Button, shank, domed Copper alloy 1 6,9 Late post-medieval 2000

100162 Bronze? fragment Copper alloy 1 10,6

2000

100164 2 øre, Fred IX, 1971 Copper alloy 1 3,2 Modern time 2000

100166 Unidentified coin, 28mm diam. Copper alloy 1 11,1 Late post-medieval 2000

100168 2 kopek, Russia, 1812 Copper alloy 1 13,4 Late post-medieval 2000

100169 Sheet lead w rivet holes Lead 2 51,9

2000

100170 Base of birdshot cartridge, brass Copper alloy 1 8,9 Late post-medieval 2000

100171 Hydraulic brass socket Copper alloy 1 43,4 Modern time 2000

xliv

100172 Copper alloy fragment Copper alloy 1 1,8

2000

100173 Button, shank, domed Copper alloy 1 2,9 Late post-medieval 2000

100176 Brass bracket Copper alloy 1 4 Late post-medieval 2000

100177 Bracket w rivet holes Copper alloy 1 17,2 Late post-medieval 2000

100178 Button, 4-hole sew through, zinc? Copper alloy 1 1,7 Late post-medieval 2092

100180 Unidentifed coin, 17-18mm Copper alloy 1 1,8 Late post-medieval 100030

100182 Button, shank, flat Copper alloy 1 2,1 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100184 Button, 4-hole sew through Copper alloy 1 1,8 Late post-medieval 2018

100185 10 øre, Sweden, 1882 Silver 1 1,45 Late post-medieval Metal Detector Survey

100190 Metal, unidentified, cast waste? Copper alloy 1 16,1

5558

100191 Foot for stove or furniture, cast iron

Iron 1 138 Late post-medieval 100030

100194 Lead sign w inscription, modern (ÅAU)

Lead 1 157 Modern time 100030

100195 Copper fragment (ÅAU) Copper alloy 1 5,3

100030

100196 Sheet lead/copper (ÅAU) Lead 1 1,5

100030

100198 Slag Slag 3 160

1145

100200 Slag Slag 1 3

2061

100203 Iron, undefined Iron 4 36

2061

100209 Iron, undefined Iron 1 1,3

2067

100213 Iron, undefined Iron 3 102

2018

100215 Iron, production waste Iron 1 6

1145

100217 Slag Slag 1 109,6

5169

100218 Iron nail Iron 1 27,32

5573

100229 Column base Undefined 1 4300 Modern time 100030

100230 Late redware Ceramic 179 2498,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100231 Late greyware Ceramic 8 87,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100232 Stoneware Ceramic 11 177,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100233 Porcelain Ceramic 92 421 Modern time 100030

100234 Bone china etc Ceramic 152 1002,5 Modern time 100030

100235 Faience Ceramic 12 135,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100236 Basalt ware Ceramic 1 4 Late post-medieval 100030

100237 Ceamic. building material CBM 99 3414 Late post-medieval 100030

100238 Clay pipes Pipeclay 21 46,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100239 Window glass Glass 113 258,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100240 Bottle glass etc Glass 217 1607 Late post-medieval 100030

100241 Oyster shells Shell undef. 2 126 Late post-medieval 100030

100242 Mother of pearl button Bone undef. 1 2 Modern time 100030

100243 Plastic pearls Plastic 2 1 Modern time 100030

100244 Playmobil horse Plastic 1 19,5 Modern time 100030

100245 Multicoloured rope Textile 1 21,5 Modern time 100030

100246 Animal bones Animal bone 110 2670 Late post-medieval 100030

100247 Late redware, slip dec. Ceramic 1 42,5 Late post-medieval 1145

100248 Late redware, leadglaze Ceramic 5 23,5 Late post-medieval 1145

100249 Porcelain, musselmalet Ceramic 4 7,5 Modern time 1145

100250 Bone china Ceramic 1 1,5 Modern time 1145

100251 Clay pipe Pipeclay 2 2 Late post-medieval 1145

100252 Glass sherds Glass 3 5 Modern time 1145


100254 Late redware Ceramic 6 41 Late post-medieval 2018

100256 Bone/flint china Ceramic 26 41,5 Modern time 2018

100257 Stoneware, saltglaze Ceramic 1 33 Late post-medieval 2018

100258 Glass bowl, blue Glass 2 11,5 Modern time 2018

100259 Bottle glass, brown Glass 1 0,5 Modern time 2018

100260 Slate stylus(?) Slate 1 2,5 Modern time 2018


100262 Clay pipe, IOHANES KNECHT Pipeclay 1 3 Late post-medieval 2061


100264 Blue glass Glass 1 1,5 Modern time 2067

xlv

100265 Animal bone, cows teeth Animal bone 1 3 Late post-medieval 2067

100266 Late redware Ceramic 4 5 Late post-medieval 2061

100267 Porcelain Ceramic 2 3,5 Modern time 2061


100269 Stoneware, Westerwald Ceramic 1 8,5 Modern time 2061

100270 Stoneware, saltglaze Ceramic 1 3,5 Late post-medieval 2061

100271 Clay pipe Pipeclay 1 2,5 Late post-medieval 2061

100272 Bottle glass Glass 13 47 Modern time 2061

100273 Window glass Glass 2 4,5 Modern time 2061


100275 Prehistoric pottery Ceramic 2 23 Late Bronze age 2092


100277 Bone/flint china Ceramic 3 5 Modern time 2092

100278 Slate stylus(?) Slate 1 2,5 Modern time 2092

100279 Bone/flint china Ceramic 2 1 Late post-medieval 2223

100280 Porcelain, brush painted Ceramic 1 1 Late post-medieval 2223

100281 Bottle glass Glass 1 5,5 Late post-medieval 2223

100282 Late redware, slip dec. Ceramic 1 7,5 Late post-medieval 5016

100283 Bone/flint china Ceramic 4 10 Late post-medieval 5016

100284 Royal Copenhagen, Musselmalet Ceramic 1 9,5 Late post-medieval 5016

100285 Clay pipe Pipeclay 1 5 Late post-medieval 5016


100287 Late greyware Ceramic 1 7 Late post-medieval 5150

100288 Terracotta, red painted Ceramic 1 96 Late post-medieval 5150


100290 Porcelain Ceramic 3 13,5 Late post-medieval 5150

100291 Faience, chinese Ceramic 1 6,5 Late post-medieval 5150

100292 Glass, opaline Glass 1 1 Modern time 5150

100293 Slate, roof tile Slate 1 54 Late post-medieval 5150

100294 Flint flake Flint 1 8 Stone age 5328

100295 Bone/flint china Ceramic 2 3,5 Late post-medieval 5573

100296 Faience, brush painted Ceramic 1 2 Late post-medieval 5573

100297 Bottle glass Glass 2 3,5 Modern time 5573

100299 Nail Iron 1 12 Modern time 5674

100300 Late redware, slip Ceramic 2 38 Modern time 5674


100302 Window glass Glass 2 1,5 Late post-medieval 5674

100303 Flint flake Flint 1 5,5 Stone age 5052

100304 Glass bottle Glass 1 45,5 Late post-medieval 100030

100327 Roof tiles CBM 24 835 Late post-medieval 100030

xlvi

List of photos

Id Name File Name Photographer

Date of Image

Remark Facin

g NR. Type of Motif

100004 116_1286 DSC_1286.JPG

ABH 31.05.2012

Workshot N 1 Overview

100005 116_1288 DSC_1288.JPG

ABH 31.05.12 Workshot N 2 Context

100006 116_1289 DSC_1289.JPG

ABH 31.05.2012

Workshot N/A 3 Context

100007 116_1293 DSC_1293.JPG

ABH 04.06.2012

Workshot W 4 Context

100008 116_1294 DSC_1294.JPG

JLM 04.06.2012

Workshot NW 5 Find

100009 116_1297 DSC_1297.JPG

ABH 06.06.2012

Workshot SE 6 Find

100010 116_1298 DSC_1298.JPG

ABH 06.06.2012

Workshot SE 7 Find

100011 116_1299 DSC_1299.JPG

ABH 06.06.2012


100012 116_1301 DSC_1301.JPG

ABH 06.06.2012


100013 116_1302 DSC_1302.JPG

ABH 06.06.2012

Workshot N 10 Work image

100014 116_1304 DSC_1304.JPG

ABH 07.06.2012

Workshot N 11 Overview

100017 116_1324 DSC_1324.jpg

ABH 08.06.2012

Workshot N 14 Find

100018 116_1354 DSC_1354.jpg

ABH 08.06.2012

Workshot E 15 Find

100021 116_1332 DSC_1332.jpg

ABH 08.06.2012

Workshot S 18 Find

100022 116_1334 DSC_1334.jpg

ABH 11.06.12 Workshot S 19 Context

100023 116_1335 DSC_1335.jpg

ABH 11.0.12 Workshot S 20 Context

100024 116_1337 DSC_1338.jpg

CHA 11.06.12 Workshot E 21 Find

100025 116_1338 DSC_1338.jpg

CHA 11.06.2012

Workshot E 22 Find

100026 116_1340 DSC_1340.jpg

ABH 11.06.2012

Workshot E 23 Find

100027 116_1349 DSC_1349.jpg

ABH 11.06.2012

Workshot E 24 Context

100028 116_1350 DSC_1350.jpg

ABH 11.06.2012

Workshot E 25 Context

100031 117_1836 Cam117_1836.jpg

JLM 16.10.12 Workshot N/A 26 Context

100032 117_1838 Cam117_1838.jpg

JLM 16.10.12 Workshot E 27 Context

100033 117_1837 Cam117_1837.jpg

MBS 16.10.12. Workshot N/A 28 Work image

100034 117_1840 Cam117_1840.jpg

JLM 16.10.12 Workshot W 29 Context

100035 117_1850 Cam117_1850.jpg


100036 117_1854 Cam117_1854.jpg


100059 116_1836 DSC_1836.jpg

JLM 17.10.12 Workshot N 32 Context

100060 116_1838 DSC_1838.jpg

MBS 17.10.12 Workshot E 33 Context

100061 116_1848 DSC_1848.jpg

JLM 17.10.12 ST5138 W 34 Context

100062 116_1850 DSC_1850.jpg

JLM 17-10-12 ST5138 W 35 Context

xlvii

100063 116_1854 DSC_1854.jpg

JLM 17-10-12 slagge N/A 36 Find

100064 116_1855 DSC_1855.jpg

JLM 17-10-12 SD5178 S 37 Context

100065 116_1859 DSC_1859.jpg

MBS 17-10-12 SD5176 N/A 38 Context

100066 116_1862 DSC_1862.jpg

JLM 17-10-12 Proil SM5277 W 39 Overview

100067 116_1865 DSC_1865.jpg

JLM 19-10-12 SD5328 W 40 Context

100068 116_1867 DSC_1867.jpg

JLM 22-10-12 SD5380 NW 41 Overview

100069 116_1870 DSC_1870.jpg

MBS 22-10-12 SD5335 E 42 Overview

100070 116_1872 DSC_1872.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 ZT5433, SM5442 S 43 Overview

100071 116_1874 DSC_1874.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 5453 N/A 44 Context

100072 116_1883 DSC_1883.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 5453 (Detail) N/A 45 Context

100073 116_1889 DSC_1889.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 SC 5492 SW 46 Context

100074 116_1891 DSC_1891.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 SC 5492 SW 47 Overview

100075 116_1897 DSC_1897.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 SC 5492 SW 48 Overview

100085 116_1908 DSC_1908.jpg

CRO 24-10-12 SD 5542 SW 49 Overview

100086 116_1909 DSC_1909.jpg

CRO 24-10-12 SD 5542 SW 50 Overview

100088 116_1912 DSC_1912.jpg

CRO 24-1012 SD 5542 NW 51 Overview

100090 116_1919 DSC_1919.jpg

MBS 24-1012 ST 5593 W 52 Context

100091 116_1921 DSC_1921.jpg

CRO 24-10-12 ST 5593 W 53 Context

100093 116_1923 DSC_1923.jpg

MBS 25-1012 ST 5577 N 54 Context

100097 116_1927 DSC_1927.jpg

MBS 25-10-12 ST 577, ST 5597 W 55 Context

100098 116_1937 DSC_1937.jpg

MBS 25-10-12 ST 5602, ST

5606 W 56 Context

100100 116_1940 DSC_1940.jpg

NHA 26-10-12 ZT 5558 S 57 Context

100103 116_1944 DSC_1944.jpg

NHA 26-10-12 ST 5593, ST

5597, ST 5602, ST 5606

N 58 Overview

100106 116_1946 DSC_1946.jpg

NHA 26-10-12 ZT 5558 W 59 Overview

100109 116_1947 DSC_1947.jpg

JLM 30-10-12 ZT 5726 E 60 Overview

100111 116_1948 DSC_1948.jpg

SDW 31-10-12 Claus Rohden Olesen forsker

SE 61 Work image

100140 116_1839 DSC_1839.jpg

MBS 16-10-12 SC 5052 E 62 Work image

100147 116_1840 DSC_1840.jpg

JLM 16-10-12 ST 5096, ST

5104 W 63 Context

100149 116_1842 DSC_1842.jpg

MBS 16-10-12 Udgravning af

trækonstruktion E 64 Work image

100152 116_1847 DSC_1847.jpg

JLM 17-1012 ST 5138, SD

5169 W 65 Context

100153 116_1852 DSC_1852.jpg

JLM 17-10-12 ST 5138, SD

5169 W 66 Context

100154 116_1861 DSC_1861.jpg

JLM 18-10-12 SM 5277 W 67 Overview

100158 116_1863 DSC_1863.j JLM 19-10-12 SD 5328 W 68 Context

xlviii

pg

100159 116_1864 DSC_1864.jpg

JLM 19-10-12 SD 5328 W 69 Context

100161 116_1865 DSC_1865.jpg

JLM 19-10-12 SD 5328 W 70 Context

100163 116_1868 DSC_1868.jpg

MBS 22-10-12 Grøft? NW 71 Overview

100165 116_1871 DSC_1871.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 Eksempel på

håbløs fotoestetik N 72 Work image

100167 116_1872 DSC_1872.jpg

MBS 23-10-12 ZT 5433, SM

5442 S 73 Overview

100174 116_1873 DSC_1873.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 ZT 5467, 5453,

5457 N/A 74 Overview

100175 116_1876 DSC_1876.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 ZT, 5453, 5457 N/A 75 Context

100179 116_1880 DSC_1880.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 ZT 5467, 5453,

5457 N/A 76 Context

100181 116_1888 DSC_1888.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 SC 5492 W 77 Overview

100183 116_1892 DSC_1892.jpg


100186 116_1896 DSC_1896.jpg


100188 116_1898 DSC_1898.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 5581 E 80 Overview

100189 116_1901 DSC_1901.jpg

JLM 23-10-12 5581 E 81 Overview

100201 116_1914 DSC_1914.jpg

CRO 24-10-12 SD 5542 N/A 82 Overview

100204 116_1917 DSC_1917.jpg

MBS 24-10-12 SC 5492 W 83 Context

100205 116_1926 DSC_1926.jpg

MBS 25-10-12 ST 5577 N 84 Context

100207 116_1930 DSC_1930.jpg

MBS 25-10-12 SC 5577 W 85 Context

100208 116_1933 DSC_1933.jpg

MBS 25-10-12 ST 5601, ST

5606 W 86 Context

100210 116_1941 DSC_1841.jpg

NHA 26-10-12 ZT 5558 S 87 Overview

100211 116_1945 DSC_1945.jpg

NHA 16-10-12 Trækonstruktion

syd E 88 Overview

100305 C116_1965

C116_1965.JPG

CHA 28-11-12 Find N/A 89 Find

100306 C116_1966

C116_1966.JPG


100307 C116_1967

C116_1967.JPG


100308 C116_1968

C116_1968.JPG


100309 C116_1969

C116_1969.JPG


100310 C116_1970

C116_1970.JPG


100311 C116_1971

C116_1971.JPG


100312 C116_1972

C116_1972.JPG


100313 C116_1973

C116_1973.JPG


100314 C116_1974

C116_1974.JPG


100315 C116_1975

C116_1975.JPG


100316 C116_1976

C116_1976.JPG


100317 C116_197 C116_1977. CHA 28-11-12 Find N/A 101 Find

xlix

7 JPG

100318 C116_1978

C116_1978.JPG


100319 C116_1979

C116_1979.JPG


100320 C116_1980

C116_1980.JPG


100321 C116_1981

C116_1981.JPG


100322 C116_1982

C116_1982.JPG


100323 C116_1983

C116_1983.JPG


100324 C116_1984

C116_1984.JPG


100325 C116_1985

C116_1985.JPG


100326 C116_1986

C116_1986.JPG


l

Dendro report

kbm 3841, indre Østerbro kvarter, simeon-sankt johannes ... · the city walls of copenhagen. it...

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