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Wind Turbine NoiseRegulationPerspectives in New England

July 2010

Kenneth Kaliski, P.E., INCE Bd. Cert.New England Wind Energy Education ProjectWebinar #2


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Typical noise impact study process

Identify preliminary turbine locationsand sound power of turbine

Monitor background sound levels in

representative areas (protocol-depending)

Conduct sound propagation modeling

Compare results to standards orguidelines

Refine turbine locations and remodel

Prepare report

Present testimony


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Determine sound power level of the turbine

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8090

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2 0 3 1

. 5 5 0 8 0 1 2 5

2 0 0

3 1 5

5 0 0

8 0 0

1 2 5 0

2 0 0 0

3 1 5 0

5 0 0 0

8 0 0 0

1/3 Octave Band Center Frequ ency

A - w

e i g h t e d S o u n

d P o w e r

L e v e

l ( d B A )

Weighted sound power

Unweighted sound power

Sound power of

various turbines

Sound power byfrequency

92949698

100102104106108110112

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

S o u n

d P o w e r

L e v e

l ( d B A )

Turbine Output (kW)


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Background sound monitoring

Identify sensitive receivers homes, places of worship, schools, wilderness areas, campgrounds, etc.

Set up sound level monitoringShorter time frame if background levels are not critical to the standard

Longer time frame for relative standardsSeasonal, if important


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Propagation modeling

ISO 9613

Sound power

Spreading Loss

Atmospheric attenuation

Barriers

Ground attenuation

Has significant impact onmodel results

Meteorology


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Wind direction and speed effects

Sound generallypropagates worse

(i.e. lower levels atreceivers)

UpwindUnder anunstableatmosphere,like sunny days

With lower windspeeds andflatter verticalwind speed

gradients


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What is being modeled

Modeling is typically done to estimate the maximumlevel, but we can also estimate sound levels underother conditions

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0

200

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15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 H o u r s

P e r

Y e a r a

t S p e c

i f i e d L e v e

l

Sound Level (dBA)


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What has been regulated

Total level

Usually expressed in units of A-weighted decibelsLevel by frequency

Full or 1/3 octave bandsTonality

Pure tone penalties and limitationsImpulsiveness

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Components of good regulations

Detail noise limits and parameters

Include application requirements

Detail components of pre-construction noisestudies, including

Details of background sound monitoring

Acceptable models and parametersSpatial limits of monitoring and modelingModeled receivers

Address post-constructions issues

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Components of good regulations

Sound level limits

AbsoluteRelative

HybridLow frequency sound

Limit noise-induced vibration (ANSI S12.2)Tonality (ANSI S12.9 Part 4)

Time-averaging

1-second, 10-minute, 1-hour, nighttime, daytimeTime above

Percent of any hour, day, or month10


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Additional components of regulations

Exemptions and exceptions

Construction noiseMaintenance

EmergenciesWaivers

Complaint response procedurePost-construction monitoring

Participation guidelines

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Examples of regulatory approaches

New Zealand

Specific to wind turbine soundMonitoring and modeling protocols

Hybrid standard (greater of an absolute andrelative level) with no maximumUses regression to determine wind speed/SPLcorrelationPenalties for tonality and impulsiveness

Details compliance protocol

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Examples of regulatory approaches

Oregon 340-035-0035 statewide noise rules

Existing regulation modified to address windturbines

Existing regulations consisted of hybrid standardgreater of a relative and absolute level, with amaximum

Existing regulations included tonal penalties andprovided optional standard for octave bands

Wind turbine portion of standard established ruleson participation and identified options forevaluating existing levels.

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New England States Wind Turbine Noise Regs

Maine

Statewide Site Law not specific to wind turbinesAbsolute limits with lower quiet area limitsMeasurement proceduresPenalties for

TonalityShort duration repetitive soundsIncludes submission requirements

ExemptionsVariancesWaivers

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Connecticut

Statewide noise regulations not specific to windturbines

Absolute standard (except in high noise areas)Penalties for

Impulse noiseTonesInfrasound and ultrasound

Measurement proceduresExclusions and exemptionsVariancesViolations and Enforcement provisions

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Massachusetts

Wind farm precedentsVaried approaches to setting standards

Massachusetts Dept. of Air Quality Control PolicyRelative standard at property line and home

No pure tones allowedNo consistent approach on whether an how itapplies to wind turbines

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New Hampshire

No statewide noise regulationsSite Evaluation Committee PrecedentAbsolute limitPost-construction monitoring required

VermontNo statewide noise regulationsPublic Service Board Section 248 precedentsAbsolute limit measured inside and outside homeNo pure tones allowed

Post-construction monitoring required17


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Mitigation

Re-siting project turbines

Increase setbacks Reduce turbulence

Identify quieter turbines or componentsAutomatic controls to slow tipspeeds/reduce noise under specificconditions

Improve noise insulation on target

homesIncrease the number of projectparticipants

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Kenneth Kaliski, P.E., INCE Bd. Cert.

Resource Systems Group, Inc.

55 Railroad RowWhite River Junction, VT 05001

[email protected]

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Different modeling parameters yield different results

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4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00

S o u n

d P

r e s s u r e L e v e

l ( d B A )

Time of DayMonitored Level Model Parameters 1 Model Parmeters 2 Model Parameters 3

kenneth kaliski slides, 7/13/10

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