kenneth swartz, regional director americas · 2018. 7. 25. · vertol 76 vz-2 hiller x-18 ltv-...

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© Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0

Kenneth Swartz, Regional Director – Americas

The Vertical Flight Society

www.vtol.org | [email protected] Kitty Hawk Cora

Released March 2018 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0

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Founded as “The American Helicopter Society, Inc.” 75 years ago in Connecticut on Feb. 25, 1943 – “For the purpose of collecting, compiling and disseminating

information concerning the helicopter”

– Sikorsky Aircraft received its order for the first American helicopters on January 5, 1943 (28 XR-4 helicopters)

The first and longest-serving helicopter non-profit – Founding members Igor Sikorsky, Arthur Young, Frank Piasecki,

Stanley Hiller, Reggie Brie, A.A. Griffiths, etc.

– Included engineers, pilots, operators and presidents from industry, academia and government in Allied countries

Now 6,000 individual and 95 corporate members

Advancing vertical flight worldwide

Sikorsky XR-4 helicopter

Courtesy of Sikorsky Aircraft Corp.

First Annual AHS Awards Banquet

Oct. 7, 1944 Born with the American Helicopter Industry

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The international professional society for those working to advance vertical flight

– Founded in 1943 as the American Helicopter Society

– Everything from VTOL MAVs/UAS to helicopters and eVTOL to STOVL (everything vertical except rockets)

Expands knowledge about vertical flight technology and promotes its application around the world

Advances safety and acceptability

Advocates for vertical flight R&D funding

Helps educate and support today’s and tomorrow’s vertical flight engineers and leaders VFF Scholarship Winners at AHS Forum 71, May 2015

CFD of Joby S4, Aug 2015

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World’s only scientific journal dedicated to vertical flight technology

– Peer reviewed, published quarterly, print & online

– Covers all disciplines of rotorcraft design, research, development, operations, standards

Jan. 1956, Vol. 1, No. 1

– Papers by up-starts Sikorsky, Piasecki, Bell, Kaman, McDonnell, Kellett, Hiller, …

– Govt: NACA, US Marines, Coast Guard, …

– Air services (LA air taxi, NY air taxi, Petroleum, “Non-scheduled”, mountain operations …)

– Civil airworthiness standards

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Annual Forum attracts 1,300 engineers, scientists and leaders from industry, academia and governments

VTOL aircraft CEOs/VPs/engineers, military leaders, researchers, etc

~250 technical papers

~50 panelists

~65 exhibitors

Grand Awards Banquet

eVTOL short course & industry tour

Micro Air Vehicle Student Challenge

Forum 74 is May 14-17, 2018 @ Phoenix, AZ

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Acoustics

Advanced Vertical Flight

Aerodynamics

Aircraft Design

Avionics & Systems

Crash Safety

Crew Stations & Human Factors

Dynamics

Handling Qualities

Health & Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS)

History

Manufacturing Technology

Modeling & Simulation

Operations

Product Systems Technology

Propulsion

Safety

Structures & Materials

System Engineering Tools & Processes

Test & Evaluation

Unmanned VTOL Aircraft

Plus: Integrating Technical Teams for

Electric VTOL, Wind Energy, and other

Technical Experts Working to Help Shape the Future

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AHS has a proud history of advocacy and support

– Helped in establishment of NASA-Army joint office, VLRCOEs, NRTC, RITA/VLC

– Worked with NASA and DOD to save the NFAC wind tunnel

Provided major support to transformative initiatives

– Joint Strike Fighter/F-35B STOVL

– V-22 Osprey tiltrotor

Providing major foundational support to new transformative initiatives

– Future Vertical Lift (FVL)/Joint Multi-Role (JMR)

– Electric and hybrid-electric VTOL (eVTOL)

AHS Works to Advance Vertical Flight!

NFAC 40 ft x 80 ft wind tunnel

Courtesy of NASA

Future Vertical Lift (FVL)

Sikorsky-Boeing Defiant and Bell Valor

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2008-2017

2018-2027

Forecast as of 23 Feb 18

$215.4B

$202.2B • Bell Boeing V-22

Decreases by $10B

Mi-38

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2008-2017

2018-2027

Forecast as of 23 Feb 18

$79.8B

$84.5B • Airbus Up $5.5B

• Leonardo Up $3.5B

• Bell Doubles Sales Value

• Russian Helicopters Down 30%

• Sikorsky Down 50%

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Military Research & Development

– Engines

– Systems

– Airframes

Research Organizations (NASA, etc.)

– Aerodynamics and Modeling

– Structures - Composite Airframes

– Propulsion - Alternate Fuel Engines

Company-Funded Innovation and R&D

– Airliners, helicopters, tilt rotors, compound helicopters

– Light aircraft Innovation - Burt Rutan, Cirrus, Diamond

– New Aircraft classes – Regional Jets, single-engine turboprops, singleengine jets

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V/STOL Considerations

Balance

– Thrust and cg

Control

– Yaw, pitch, roll

– Hover, transition, cruise

Propulsion System

– Volume, development cost/time, thrust matching

Human Factors

– Pilot workload, orientation, noise

Environmental

– Hot gas re-ingestion, footprint

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VTOL Propulsion Systems

Time to Reinvent the Wheel

The 20th Century proved that

vertical flight was possible

with combustion engines and

drive systems

ASTOVL/JAST/JSF proved

that the engine location could

be decoupled from the center

of gravity

Mechanical complexity

led to high failure rate

and fatal accidents for a

“Wheel of Misfortune”

www.vtol.org/wheel

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24 MAY 63V

Curtiss-Wright X-100

Short SC.1

EWR VJ 101 C

Dornier Do 31

Lockheed XV-4BVFW VAK 191 B

McDonnell XV-1

Vanguard 2C Omniplane

Lockheed AH-56

Combined Power

Plant for Hover

Augmented Power

Plant for Hover

Separate Power

Plant for Hover

Same Propulsion

System for

Hover and Forward

Flight

Doak 16 VZ-4

Bell XV-3

Bell X-22A

Vertol 76 VZ-2

Hiller X-18 LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142

Transcendental 1G

Canadair CL-84

Bell XV-15

Bell 65 ATV

Robertson VTOL

Ryan VZ-3

Bell X-14

Hawker P.1127 Kestrel

Yakovlev Yak-36BAe / Boeing Harrier

Lockheed XFV-1

Convair XFY-1

Ryan X-13

SNECMA C450 Coléoptère

V

MAR 54

TH

V

T

3 MAY 77

24 JUL 77

TH

V

DEC 54

20 JUL 55

25 FEB 58

6 JUL 54

V

V

V V

TH

AUG 55

25 OCT 56

MAR 60

APR 60

20 NOV 63

18 DEC 58TH

V

TH 25 JUN 64

25 AUG 65

8 AUG 66

MAR 66

H

TH

T

JUN 67

23 JUL 68

All flights tethered

29 DEC 64

29 MAY 81

VH

VNord 500 Cadet

VTH

7 JAN 58

13 APR 57 15 JUL 58

V

T

H 24 NOV 59

8 JAN 1957

Tethered Flight

H V

TH

11 JAN 6529 SEP 64

MAY 65

1959 Tethered Flights

17 FEB 57

21 JAN 59

V DEC 65

VFairchild 224 VZ-5

HFEB 60

1966

13 JUN 90

21 SEP 67

Helicopter

Mode

1978

Tethered Trials

H

24 MAY 58

19 NOV 60

V T

1957 V T

H

21 SEP 61

9 JAN 63

7 JUL 61

VTH AUG 66

V

5 MAY 59

16 SEP 63TH

19 NOV 54

1955

V

H

H T

VT

H

AUG 54

1 AUG 54V

2 NOV 54

10 DEC 55

28 MAY 56

2 APR 57

11 APR 57

V

6 APR 60

18 MAR 63T

H 1 MAR 63

VDassault Mirage Balzac V

18 OCT 62

8 SEP 6527 JAN 64

H24 JUL 6512 FEB 65

25 OCT 58

2 OCT 63V

T

V28 NOV 66

MAR 66

Dassault Mirage III-VH T

VT

H

10 APR 63 20 SEP 63

31 AUG 63

14 SEP 64

H

T

V

H

V

T

22 NOV 67

16 DEC 6710 FEB 67

14 MAR 69 TH

V10 SEP 71

26 OCT 72

V

VTH 11 FEB 54

6 NOV 57VH

10 APR 58

Fairey RotodyneYakovlev Yak-38

V T26 SEP 71 20 MAR 72

15 JAN 71H

Yakovlev Yak-14129 DEC 89

8 NOV 63

17 MAY 61

TLockheed XV-4A

7 JUL 62HV10 JUN 64

H 25 MAY 64 NOV 64

5 DEC 59

Tethered Flight Rockwell XFV-12AT

JUN 64

APR 65 GE-Ryan XV-5AOCT 66

1964

1960

Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl

FEB 62

Helicopter Mode

Piasecki 16H-1

VTH

VTHVTH

12 MAR 69

5 OCT 91

Bell Boeing V-22TH

V 19 MAR 89

14 SEP 89

H 9 MAR 87

Curtiss-Wright X-19

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19851950 1990 1995 2000

V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000

Boeing X-32

Lockheed X-35

Bell Boeing V-22

Bell BA609

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Rotating blades function like rotors in

vertical flight, like propellers in forward

flight

Blades have cyclic pitch control for hover

Power plants remain stationary

Power shaft pivots from vertical to

horizontal

Same Propulsion System for Hover and Forward Flight

2. Bell XV-3

1. Transcendental Model 1G

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Uses propellers instead of rotors


– Has collective but no cyclic pitch control

– Has short, rigid blades

– Has a high degree of twist

3. Curtiss-Wright X-100

4. Curtiss-Wright X-19

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Ducts can increase propeller thrust by as

much as 50% due to Bernoulli Effect

Ducts provide additional lift during forward

flight

Propeller pitch and deflector vanes in

downwash control aircraft in hover and

transition


5. Doak 16 VZ-4

6. Bell X-22A

7. Nord 500 Cadet

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Tilting entire wing – Increased aerodynamic flow over lifting and

control surfaces during transition

– Minimizes lift loss due to downwash in hover

Additional method of control during hover is required – Tail jet

– Tail rotor

• Ailerons change from roll control in forward flight to yaw

control in hover

• During hover control is difficult in wind gusts due to “barn

door effect” of wing in the vertical position


8. Vertol 76 VZ-2

10. LTV-Hiller-Ryan

XC-142

11. Canadair

CL-84 Dynavert

9. Hiller X-18

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Tilt Rotor

Aircraft tilts rotor for transition from vertical to horizontal flight

Like Tilt Wing, the engines tilt together with the rotors


Tilt Jet • Like Tilt Rotor but jet-powered

• The entire propulsion system rotates from vertical

for hover to horizontal for conventional flight

12. Bell XV-15 13. Bell Boeing

V-22 Osprey

14. Bell 65 Air Test Vehicle (ATV)

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The propeller slipstream is deflected 90° downward with trailing flaps which form a “bucket”

The deflected propeller thrust is used for lift


15. Robertson VTOL

16. Ryan 92 VZ-3 Vertiplane 17. Fairchild 224 VZ-5 Fledgling

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The jet engine exhaust is vectored to create a vertical or horizontal motion

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19. Hawker P.1127 Kestrel

P.1127 powered by one 11,000 lb thrust Bristol

Pegasus 2 engine

Bifurcated jetpipe and vectoring front and rear

nozzles

Control power was low which combined with

suck down resulted in high pilot work load

Hot gas ingestion problem was overcome with a

low forward speed in takeoff and landing

A tripartite program involving the UK, US and

Germany funded nine improved Kestrels with a

15,500 lb Pegasus 5 engine

The P.1127 and Kestrel paved the way for the

Harrier

Flight Milestones 19 November 1960 - First vertical flight

7 July 1962 - First conventional flight

12 September 1962 - First double transition

1962 - Tripartite program initiated

Vectored Thrust

19 November 1960 - First vertical flight

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21. BAE / Boeing Harrier

Follow-on to the Hawker Kestrel

Operated by the USMC, UK RAF and RN,

Spain, Italy, India and Thailand

UK RAF version powered by 19,000 lb

Pegasus Mk 101

USMC AV-8A powered by the 21,500 lb

Pegasus 11

AV-8B Harrier II has a more powerful engine

(23,800 lb), a larger composite supercritical

wing and optimized Lift Improvement Devices

(LIDs)

The Harrier II has double the payload and

range when making short takeoffs

Only V/STOL aircraft in service

Flight Milestones 1966 - First flight of pre-production Harrier

1969 - GR.1 enters service with RAF

1969 - USMC purchases 12 AV-8As

1974 - McDonnell initiates AV-8B Harrier II

1978 - First flight of the Sea Harrier

1979 - First flight of YAV-8B

2003 - First Flight of GR.9

2006 - Sea Harrier retired Vectored Thrust

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40. Vanguard Omniplane

Powered by one 265 hp Lycoming O-540-A1A six

cylinder piston engine (later a 860 hp Lycoming YT53-

L-1)

One 6 ft diameter three-bladed propeller was mounted

in each wing for vertical flight

One 5 ft diameter propeller in the tail provided forward

thrust

Covers above the rotors and louvers below sealed the

wing for lift

Pitch and yaw was controlled by elevator and rudder

surfaces behind the rear propeller

Roll was controlled in hover by differential blade pitch

Aircraft damaged and program ended

Flight Milestones August 1959 - Ground testing of 2C

1962 - Omniplane is modified with larger

engine and a third lift propeller in nose,

redesigned 2D

1962 - Omniplane 2D completes hover tests

1962 - 2D version damaged and development

discontinued

Fan

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42. Lockheed Martin X-35

Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lockheed Martin

concept demonstrator

Powered by a derivative of the P&W F119

engine

For vertical flight the P&W drives a shaft

which turns an Allison lift fan ahead of the

c.g.

Rear lift force and yaw control is provided by

a swiveling exhaust nozzle similar to the

Yak-141

Roll control is provided by two roll nozzles

using ducted fan bypass air

An 86% scale model powered by a P&W

F100 was tested for nearly 200 hrs including

in Ames wind tunnel

Flight Milestones 1993 - ASTOVL contract awarded

1995-1996 - Large scale model is tested

1996 - Selection as JSF demonstrator

2000 - First flight of X-35A

2001 - JSF source selection and selection of F-35

Fan

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AW139 AW189 AW169

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Reference: Vertiflite, May-Jun 2013

Leonardo photo

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V-22 only new U.S. military rotorcraft design fielded in past 30 years

All other deployed designs are 30-50 years old

– UH-1 Huey first flight 1956; Chinook 1961; Black Hawk 1975; Apache 1976

– Many 1960s airframes are still flying!

– CH-53K only new design in acquisition process

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Performance shortfalls – Speed, range, payload, endurance, altitude

Unexploited autonomy/collaboration – Significantly increased mission

effectiveness remains untapped

Unacceptable survivability & situational awareness shortfalls – Safety and threat losses, no common picture

Costly sustainment – Supportability, maintainability, reliability and availability

17 years of conflict and DoD studies reveal

significant VTOL mission capability gaps

www.vtol.org/FVL

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Future Vertical Lift (FVL) Concepts for Capability Set 3

AVX Aircraft

CCH

Karem Aircraft

KVL-3 Mustang

Bell Helicopter

V-280 Valor

Sikorsky-Boeing

SB>1 Defiant

www.vtol.org/FVL

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Sikorsky-Boeing SB>1 Defiant™ (2018)

Sikorsky S-97 Raider™ (2015)

5,500 lb (2.5 t)

11,000 lb (5 t)

30,000 lb (13.6 t) class

Sikorsky X2 Technology™

Demonstrator (2008)

Bell Helicopter V-280 Valor (2017)

30,000 lb (13.6 t) class

Leonardo (with Bell) AW609 (2003)

Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey (1989)

16,800 lb (7.6 t)

52,600 lb (23.8 t)

AH

S g

rap

hic

www.vtol.org/FVL

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Transformative Vertical Flight Workshops – Building community & developing industry roadmap

– https://nari.arc.nasa.gov/wghome

Since 2014, annual series with NASA, etc. 1. Aug 2014, Arlington, Virginia

2. Aug 2015, NASA Ames, California

3. Sep 2016, Hartford, Connecticut

4. Jun 2017, Denver, Colorado

5. Jan 2018, San Francisco, California

6. Jan 2019, Phoenix, Arizona

7. Jan 2020, Mountain View, California

Presentations, videos and links at http://www.vtol.org/transformative

Significant funding in electric VTOL >$1B+ – >100 companies developing electric and

hybrid/electric VTOL aircraft

Uber Elevate – Unveiled at 4th Workshop in Sep 2016

– White Paper in Oct 2016 / Summit in April 2017

Developing an “Ecosystem” – Partnerships with cities, real estate companies,

aircraft OEMs, EV charger manufacturers & cities

– Connecting innovators, investors, regulators, technical experts, standards organizations

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Disruptive Technologies and Approaches …

Military Developments Distributed Electric VTOL Advanced Civil Technologies Urban Air Taxis

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Unconventional

Configurations

Civil and Military

Tiltrotors

Civil and Military

Compound Helicopters

Winged eVTOL

Flight Testing

… Enable a Transformation in Vertical Flight

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Appropriate Quotes

“To invent an airplane is

nothing. To build one is

something. To fly is

everything.”

Otto Lilienthal

“If you want to end up

with a small fortune in

aerospace, you need to

start out with a large one!”

Anonymous

Is the Electric VTOL

revolution going to

revolutionize society …

or will it flame out as have

so many ideas before it?

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Advancements in electric motors

+ Advancements in batteries

+ Advancements in computer modeling, simulation and AI

+ Advancements in composites

+ Low cost manufacturing

+ Change in FAR Part 23

+ Tech innovations

+ Tech investments > $1B

= Enabling new configurations and new innovations

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Eliminate complex rotors!

– Cyclic, collective, swashplate

– Transmissions, gearboxes, shafting, hydraulics, etc.

Distributed Electric Propulsion

– Replace single complex system with multiple simple thrusters

Get on a wing for efficiency

– Higher speed, longer range

Environment

– Noise, noise, noise!

– “Tailpipe” emissions

Not this!

Cars were not buggies with mechanical horses

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e-volo

Electric VTOL

Volocopter VC1

(Oct. 2011)

NASA Puffin

Single-Seat Electric

VTOL Study (2010)

Solution F

Electric VTOL flight

By Pascal Chretien

(Aug. 2011)

AgustaWestland

Project Zero

Unmanned

(July 2011)

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Opener Blackfly V2 –

March 2018

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Terrafugia Transition Aerombil

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eVTOL is Revolution in aerospace technology

– Electrification of Aviation – gliders, trainers, VTOL, Regional, Mainline

– Cost reduction, “Green” technology

– Highly integrated designs

Key drivers

– Advances in electric motors, batteries, controllers, autonomy, situational awareness and artificial intelligence

– Leverage technologies from non-aviation sectors

Key Motivations

– Silent, agile, safe, autonomous, “on-demand” urban VTOL

– Short term: trade performance for new mission / market (batteries not there yet)

– Long term: gain performance through enabling technologies

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e-volo Volocopter VC200

(2013 tethered, 2016 manned)

NASA GL-10 Greased Lightning

(2014 tethered, 2015 transition)

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Graphics courtesy of Aurora Flight Sciences

Manassas, Virginia, USA

Full Scale XV-24A

5.9 t, hybrid electric

Subscale Vehicle Demonstrator (SVD)

150 kg, all electric, 20% scale

• 18 + 6 electric fans

• 3x 1 MW Generators

• 1 RR Liberty engine

– 6k shp (4.5 MW)

• 300 kt (555 km/h)

• First Flight 2018

www.eVTOL.news

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Photos courtesy of Volocopter GmbH

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Graphics courtesy of Lilium Aviation

Garching, Germany

2-seat “Eagle” LiliumJet prototype

New 5-seat

LiliumJet concept

• 36 electric fans

– 24 on wings

– 12 on canards

• 160 kt (300 km/h)

• “Eagle” first flight April 2017

2-seat “Eagle” LiliumJet prototype

640 kg, all electric

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Graphics courtesy of EHang

1 Passenger

8 Propellers

4 Arms

Unveiled at CES 2016

2 Passengers

16 Propellers

8 Arms

Unveiled Feb. 2018

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FAR Part 103 introduced in 1982 established limits on size (254 lb or 115 kg) and performance (a maximum speed 55 mph or 88 km/h), and also established that the people flying them needed no pilot’s certificate or medical qualification.

Part 103 says ultralights must weight less than a 254 lb. empty weight, “excluding floats and safety devices which are intended for deployment in a potentially catastrophic situation.”

Ultralights with conventional engines can carry up to 5 US gallons (19 litres) or 30 lb. of fuel without a weight penalty.

However, the weight of the battery is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel.

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Electric Ultralight (Part 103 <254 lb)

Prototype Production

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Kenneth I Swartz - April 13, 2017

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Flyer 2017 versus 2018

FAR 103 Ultalight (254 lb Max)

Flyer Prototype

External Rider

Protective netting

8 Rotors facing downwards

32 inch rotor diameter

Cylindrical electric motors

Batteries under seat

Floats under rider

Attitude & Altitude Hold

3 minute endurance

Flyer Production Version

Internal Pilot

Protective composite cockpit

10 rotors facing upwards

47 inch rotor diameter

Flat electric motors

Batteries in floats

Floats outboard of rider

Attitude & Position hold (GPS)

20 minute endurance

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Proof of Concept in 2011 in Canada; Moved to California in 2014

Eight propellers

Two Fixed Wings

Flight attitude changes in forward flight

Enclosed Cockpit

Amphibious Hull

10 x BlackFly V2 test aircraft

Extensive autonomous flights

Vertical takeoff or 45 degrees or other angles - automated

Empty Weight 313 lb. (including integral floats) (Mosquito XE is 314 lb.)

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Kitty Hawk Flyer says …

What sets Flyer apart from any other aircraft (ultralight and certified) is that that a non-pilot can learn to fly it after about 2 hours of training.

That’s a transformational change in the world of aviation as we’ve known it, and "an exciting first step to sharing the freedom of flight.”

Our near term public priority is to invite small groups of all sorts of people —- customers, partners, influencers, media, members of the community — to experience Flyer at our Lake Las Vegas training facility. Commercial and country partners are currently in discussions to operate fleets of Flyers to bring people to remote environments, natural landmarks, as well as offer rides in amusement parks and entertainment zones.

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In the Ultralight Source Book published by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), the authors note that, “any aircraft that does not comply with each element of the Part 103 definition … is not considered an ultralight; it would be considered an aircraft. As an aircraft, it must have an N number and airworthiness certificate and be flown by a person who has an FAA pilot certificate.”

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Uber Elevate – Unveiled at AHS Workshop in Sep 2016

– White Paper in Oct 2016

– 1st Summit in April 2017

Developing an “Ecosystem” – Partnerships with cities, real estate

companies, aircraft manufacturers, EV charger manufacturers and cities

– Connecting innovators, investors, regulators, technical experts, media

Smaller aircraft, but higher barriers – Technical, regulatory, environmental,

economic, infrastructural and cultural

Started www.eVTOL.news website – 75 aircraft concepts detailed

– Many missions beyond Uber’s Elevate

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NASA – a safe and efficient system for vehicles, pilots or not, to move passengers and cargo within a city

What is the market for an electric or hybrid electric VTOL aircraft?

– Urban Air Mobility • Recognize growing urban passenger demand and road congestion (value of time, connectivity)

• Infrastructure Limitations – lack of investment in roads, surface transportation

• Urban Origin and & Destination Megadata

– Uber Passenger O&D Data, Cell Phone O&D Data & Google Map & Waze

• High volume production & high demand utilizations (Uber 1,000 vehicles at DFW)

• Revenue potential

New Value Proposition • Short haul eVTOL flights to avoid congestion and save time

• Create Ecosystem – includes battery technology, ground infrastructure (skyports), charging technology, air corridors (ATC), autonomy, sense and avoid, APP’s

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© Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 Embraer Karem Aircraft

Pipistrel

Aurora Flight Sciences

Bell

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Graphics courtesy of Aurora

Manassas, Virginia, USA

• 8 VTOL electric props

• 1 pusher electric prop

• 97 kt (180 km/h)

• First Flight 2018

Full Scale eVTOL concept

800 kg, all electric

¼-scale demonstrator

12.5 kg, all electric

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– New eVTOL aircraft providing new urban air mobility services

– Silicon Valley investing in eVTOL platforms & sector development (Tesla, SpaceX)

– Silicon Valley seeks to be a major developers & operator of eVTOL aircraft • Uber Elevate – expand urban mobility options to include urban air mobility

• Larry Page provided approx. $250M to Zee Aero / Kitty Hawk eVTOL programs

• Joby Aviation – flight testing new eVTOL vehicle in secret for past two years

• SkyKar/Opener BlackFly – first flight October 2011 in Canada; Moves to Silicon Valley 2014

– Disrupting Traditional OEMs – driving internal disruption of leading OEMs • Airbus, Embraer, Bell, Boeing, P&WC, Safran, Rolls Royce

– Promise of Significant reduction in operating and maintenance costs and noise • Expand urban market penetration – new Vertiports

• Significant reduction in trip and seat mile costs

• Facilitate new market applications

– Significant Airspace Integration, Development and Certification Challenges

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Joby S4

4-Seat all-electric

6-propeller tiltrotor

Ultra-quiet

200 mph

Robinson R44

4-Seat piston

Single-main rotor

135 mph

“The pilot managed a vertical takeoff, 15 minutes of flight in a 15-mile loop,

and a safe landing. Powered by electric motors and sophisticated control

software, the taxi performs like a cross between a drone and a small plane,

able to zip straight up on takeoff and then fly at twice the speed of a

helicopter while making about as much noise as a swarm of

superbees.”

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Original 2-seat Joby S2

12 lift/cruise propellers + 4 cruise propellers

All electric

Current 4-seat Joby S4

6 lift/cruise propellers

All electric

Graphics courtesy of Joby Aviation

Santa Cruz, California, USA

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Autonomous tandem electric tiltwing

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Autonomous Lift+Cruise DEP

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60% prototype fan duct inlets

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San Francisco, Jan. 16-19, 2018

– www.vtol.org/TVF-2018

Watershed event with technologists from

– Traditional: NASA, Army, OEMs, suppliers, etc.

– eVTOL: Joby, Zee, Carter, Terrafugia, Aurora, etc.

– New tech: Uber, Amazon, Honda, Toyota, Intel, etc.

– Big OEMs: Embraer, Boeing, Airbus, etc.

Technical community has embraced the future of vertical flight

AHS provides the forum for understanding and collaboration

AHS Recognized as a Leader in Electric VTOL

Uber eVTOL Reference Model 001

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BATTERY STATE OF ART

Specific power vs specific Energy

Li S is an emerging frontier

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Disk loading, lb/ft2

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Weig

ht,

lb

WGTO

WPAY

Fuel Stack WPAY

Hybrid WPAY

Battery WPAY

Turboshaft WPAY

Proven Technology VTOL

2 min hover, 15 min cruise

• Hover Power = 500 kW

• Cruise velocity = 150 mph

• Cruise L/D = 8

• Tilting props

• Sea level conditions

• “Proven Technology”: • 5.4 w% H2 tank

• 500 W/kg FS

• 153 Wh/kg battery

Gross Take off

Weight

Payload

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Flight Global, Feb. 19, 2018

• “OPINION: Are air taxis on a ride to nowhere?”

AHS TVF5 Participant Survey

• Did the Conference and/or Workshop change your

mind?

• Will eVTOL be operational in 5-10 years?

21.6

37.3

1.9

21.6

17.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

No, no No, yes Yes, no Yes, yes other

% respondents

59% say will happen in 5-10 years 84% say won’t happen

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www.goflyprize.com

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The GoFly Prize is a two-year, $2,000,000 USD

competition to develop

safe, quiet, ultra-compact, near-VTOL

personal flying devices

capable of flying twenty miles (32 km)

while carrying a single person.

2886 registered “innovators”

716 teams

164 Phase 1 proposals

Max dimension: 8.5 ft (2.6 m)

Max noise: 85 dBA @ 50 ft (15 m)

Max speed: >30 kt (56 km/h)

90

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www.goflyprize.com

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45 vectored thrust aircraft

– An eVTOL aircraft that uses any of its thrusters for lift and cruise

12 lift + cruise configuration

– Completely independent thrusters used for cruise as for lift

24 wingless multicopter aircraft

– No thruster for cruise – only for lift.

23 Hover Bikes/Personal Flying Devices.

– Pilot sits on a saddle or is standing, or something similar. All are multi-copter-type wingless configurations.

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1. A³ Vahana

2. aeroG Aviation aG-4

3. AirisOne

4. AirspaceX MOBi

5. Aurora Flight Sciences

LightningStrike (defunct)

6. Autonomous Flight Y6S

7. Bartini Flying Car

8. Bell Air Taxi

9. Carter Aviation

CarterCopter

10.DeLorean Aerospace DR-

7

11.Digi Robotics DroFire

12.Digi Robotics Droxi

13.Dufour aEro2

14.EVA X01

15.HopFlyt Venturi

16.JAXA Hornisse 2B

17.Jetoptera J2000

18.Joby Aviation S2 (defunct)

19.Joby Aviation S4

20.Karem Butterfly

21.KARI PAV

22.Lilium Jet

23.Moller Skycar M400

24.Neoptera eOpter

25.Opener BlackFly

26.Piasecki eVTOL

27.Pipistrel (unnamed)

28.PteroDynamics

Transwing

29.Rolls-Royce EVTOL

30.Sabrewing Draco-2

31.Sikorsky VERT

32.SKYLYS Aircraft AO

33.Starling Jet

34.Supervolant Pegasus

35.Terrafugia TF-2 Lift +

Push

36.Terrafugia TF-2 Tiltrotor

37.Terrafugia TF-X

38.Transcend Air Vy 400

39.VerdeGo Aero PAT200

40.Vertiia

41.Vickers WAVE eVTOL

42.Vimana (unnamed)

43.VTOL Aviation

Abhiyaan

44.XTI Aircraft Trifan 600

45.Zenith Altitude EOPA

46. Trifan 600

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Lift + Cruise

1. AeroMobil 5.0

2. Aergility ATLIS

3. Aurora Flight Sciences

eVTOL

4. EAC Whisper

5. Embraer (unnamed)

6. Flexcraft (unnamed)

7. HoverSurf Formula

8. Kitty Hawk Cora

9. Napoleon Aero VTOL

10.Ray Research VTOL

Aircraft

11.Urban Aeronautics

CityHawk

12.Zee Aero Z-P2

Electric Helicopters

1. Sikorsky Firefly (SH300)

2. Solution F

3. Tier One Modified

Robinson R44

4. Volta (Microcopter MC1)

1. Wingless

2. Airbus Helicopters

CityAirbus

3. Alauda Airspeeder

4. Astro AA360

(“Passenger Drone”)

5. Avianovations Hepard

6. Boeing Cargo Aerial

Vehicle

7. Cartivator SkyDrive

8. chAIR Multicopter

9. Dekatone (unnamed)

10.EHang 184

11.EHang 216

12.Jetpack Aviation

(unnamed)

13.Kármán XK-1

14.Kenyan Passenger

Drone

15.Kitty Hawk Flyer

16.PAV-UL Ultralight

17.PAVX

18.Up Next

19.Skypod Aerospace

Skypod

20.Sky-Hopper

21.Swarm Multicopter

22.Volocopter 2X

23.Volocopter VC200

24.VRCO NeoXCraft

25.Workhorse SureFly

94

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Electric VTOL Categories Hover Bikes/Personal Flying Devices

1. Aeroxo ERA Aviabike*

2. Bay Zoltán Flike

3. Davinci ZeroG

4. Flyt Aerospace

FlytCycle

5. Georgia

TechHummingBuzz*

6. Gravity X

7. Hero Flyer

8. HoverSurf Drone Taxi

R-1

9. HoverSurf Scorpion

10.Kalashnikov

(unnamed)

11.Kitty Hawk Flyer

(defunct prototype)

12.Leap Vantage*

13.Malloy Aeronautics

Hoverbike

14.NASA Puffin

15.Neva Aerospace

AirQuadOne

16.Penn State University

Blue Sparrow*

17.Ray Research Dart

Flyer

18.Scoop Pegasus 1*

19.Silverwing S1*

20. teTra teTra 3*

21.Texas A&M University

Harmony*

22.Trek Aerospace FlyKart

2*

23.University of Kansas

Mamba*

* GoFly Phase I winner

95

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Postwar Helicopter Boom

Bell Aircraft bought 500 Franklin engines in 1946 for the “boom”

Bell finally sold its 500th Bell 47 after the US Army ordered the Bell 47 to serve in the Korean War in 1950 – took 5 years

Other Bell programs sustained the Bell 47 production until military orders

American Helicopter Society – 1953

The civil helicopter had its greatest success when it did the impossible

– Offshore Oil Rig Crew Transport

– Topographic and mineral survey in Northern Canada

– Powerline construction over mountain ranges

– Benefit measured in labour and project cost and time savings

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Helicopter Airline Boom – 1947-1975 – 1986-2018

Thousands of people a month were commuting by helicopter in the early 1960s Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and San Francisco

– Extensive heliport infrastructure and subsidized by mail contracts & subsidies

– Chicago Airways folded after subsidies cancelled

– LA Airways became a fixed-wing DHC-6 Twin Otter STOL operator

– SFO Airways sold its S-61L/Ns to North Sea for a Profit

– New York Airways subsidized by airlines; folded after NYC and Newark crashes

Most successful when geographic obstacles, e.g. water, mountains

Helijet Airways in BC most successful helicopter airline today

– 59 mile overwater route with right clientele, right heliports and environment

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Urban Air Mobility – STOL Ports

Short Take Off & Landing

de Havilland Canada invested

several decades in the

development of Urban STOL

ports

– Aircraft optimized for STOL ops

and quiet airport operations

London City Airport a Success

But business case eclipsed by

airline deregulation and major

push for low unit costs

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Urban Operations

Regulatory environment – single vs. twin engine requirements

Urban customers – Mostly EMS, ENG and law enforcement

Heliport/Vertiport Development is Critical

– New York City – 3 heliports, 4th closed, restrictions on sightseeing ops • Corporate commuting & On-demand

– Baltimore – Marina business created downtown heliport

– Chicago – new heliport opened couple years ago

– British Columbia – Heliports in Vancouver, Victoria, Nanaimo & Whistler

– Sao Paulo & Mexico City • Extensive corporate rooftop heliport use

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Significant funds being invested in electric VTOL (>$1B)

– 100+ companies investing heavily in electric and hybrid/electric VTOL aircraft

– The explosive interest in drones is being repeated with manned eVTOL

– Natural synergies between eVTOL and eCTOL — they can help make each other more successful

– For more info, see www.eVTOL.news

The Vertical Flight Society

– Find out more at www.vtol.org

– 75th Annual Forum is May 13-16, 2019 in Philadelphia

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eVTOL News: – Vertiflite magazine

– www.facebook.com/electricVTOL

– www.twitter.com/electricVTOL

– www.eVTOL.news

Uber Elevate white paper and Summit – www.uber.com/elevate or www.vtol.org/uber

Transformative VTOL – www.vtol.org/TVF

Roadmap — Four Working Groups – Private Intra-city (Short range ~ 5 – 50 miles)

– Commercial Intra-city (Short range ~ 5 – 50 miles)

– Commercial Inter-city (Longer range ~ 50 – 150 miles)

– Public Services (Medical, fire, disaster, enforcement)

Subscribe to eVTOL.news

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Electric VTOL News

– www.eVTOL.news

– www.facebook.com/electricVTOL

– www.twitter.com/electricVTOL

– www.youtube.com/HeloSociety

Also

– Email newsletter

– eVTOL News videos

– eVTOL video proceedings

– Analytical report (Jan. 2018)

kenneth swartz, regional director americas · 2018. 7. 25. · vertol 76 vz-2 hiller x-18 ltv-...

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