key concept 3.1: britain’s victory over france in the imperial struggle for north america led to...
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Period 3: 1754-1800Chapters 4-6
British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.
Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.
Key Concept 3.2: In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.
Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.
Chapter 4 p.198-126The Empire in Transition
1754-1776
Despite a number of disagreements, by 1763 Anglo-American ties seemed stronger than ever. The colonies had prospered under British rule, had developed local institutions through which they seemed to govern themselves, and with the defeat of France, appeared ready to expand into the heart of the continent. No sooner was the war ended, however, than the British began to alter the pre-1763 system in an effort to make it more efficient and more responsive to control from London. The means chosen to do so, enforced regulations to end the illegal trade that had flourished under salutary neglect, plus taxation to pay for the colonial administration, were seen by the colonists as threats to the way of life they had come to accept as rightfully theirs. Rising in protest, the colonies faced a British government determined to assert its authority, and with neither side willing to give in, the cycle of action and reaction continued. Finally, spurred by a propaganda campaign that characterized the mother country as a tyrant determined to bring America to its knees, the colonies acted. The Intolerance Acts proved the final straw, and in September 1774, twelve British provinces met in a Continental Congress in hopes that a united front would cause London to reconsider and that conflict would be avoided. But it did not work. In the spring, fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord. Although independence was not yet declared, the American Revolution had begun.
French and India War 1754-63
Chapter Four Main Themes
The growing enmity between the British and French in North America, culminating in the Seven Years' War.
The consequences of the Seven Years' War in driving further wedges between England and the people of the colonies.
The policies taken by Parliament in the 1760's and 1770's that served to incite resistance and rebellion in British North America.
The varied responses to English policies made by colonial leaders, and the growing cooperation among the thirteen colonies.
The outbreak of military hostilities between England and the colonies in Lexington and Concord, and the start of America's War of Independence.
CHAPTER 4EMPIRE IN TRANSITION
1763-1776
ALBANY PLAN BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BOSTON MASSACRE LORD NORTH BOSTON TEA PARTY CHARLES TOWNSHEND PAXTON BOYSCOMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE CREOLES CURRENCY ACT DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY 1st CONTINENTAL CONGRESS GEORGE GRENVILLE IMPRESSMENT IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY MUTINY ACTPATRICK HENRY COERCIVE ACTS PROCLAMATION OF 1763 QUEBEC ACT SAMUEL ADAMS SONS OF LIBERTY STAMP ACT STAMP ACT CONGRESS SUGAR ACT TEA ACT TOWNSHEND DUTIES VIRGINIA RESOLVES WILLIAM PITT IMPERIAL AUTHORITY
Chapter 4 “Declarations” of a Stamp Act Congress
1. Does it appear that the members of the Stamp Act Congress are determined to demonstrate that they are not rebels but loyal British subjects? Why are why not cite the source for support of your answer.
2. According to the Congress, what basic constitutional rights do the colonists possess?
3. In what ways does the Congress emphasize pragmatic as well as philosophical arguments against British imperial reforms?
4. What principal rights did the colonists claim they were defending by opposing the Stamp Act?
Chapter 4 Norfolk Sons of Liberty Pronouncement 1766
1. How clearly, if at all, do the Sons of Liberty spell out the basic rights they believe they are defending?
2. Do these Sons of Liberty seems as concerned about not losing money as about defending basic British constitutional rights? Why or why not? Cite specific references the document.
3. To what extent do the Sons of Liberty seem to be concerned about creating an effective want to enforce the boycott? Do they create fair and effective means for enforcing the boycott? Explain.
Chapter 4 Short Answer Question
For this question, address all three parts
(A) Briefly explain the meaning of Political Cartoon A
(B) Briefly explain the meaning of Political Cartoon B
(C) Describe the change in the political attitude in the American colonies between the years 1754-and 1773. Provide on specific piece of historical evidence not used in Part A or B to support your answer.
Chapter 4 Short Answer Question
(A) Ben Franklin produced one of the first political cartoons in American history to convince the colonies hat in order to survive they must unite against common enemies. Franklin wanted the colonies to come together, under the control of the king of England, through the Albany Plan of Union.
(B). The Artist of this cartoon demonstrated that some Americans were beginning to believe that King George III was controlling America through draconian parliamentary decisions without the input or representation fro the colonists themselves-for example the passage of the Stamp Act 1765.
(C) The colonists began to change their attitude toward the British with the passage of restrictive laws and regulations such as the writs of assistance, which gave the English army the right to enter any American home and search for contraband. These searches were a violation of English principle that a “man’s home was his castle” and could not be entered unless there was a good purpose. As the years passed, there were more violations of the “Rights of Englishmen” enforced on the colonists, to the point that the people began to resent the king.
Chapter 4 Empire in TransitionDiscussion notes
Chapter 4 Empire in Transition
Discussion notes
Chapter 4 Empire in Transition
Discussion notes
C4 Analytical Journal
1. Explain the primary reasons for the differences between colonial Americans and the British government.2. Discuss The causes of the French and Indian War, and the reasons for the French defeat.4. Assess the effects of the war on the American colonists and on the status of the colonies within the British Empire.5. Discuss the options available to the British for dealing with the colonies in 1763, and the reasons for adopting the policies that they chose to implement.6. Explain the importance of the series of crises from the Sugar Act through the Coercive Acts, and how each crisis changed colonial attitudes toward the mother country.7. Discuss the change in American attitudes toward Parliament, the English constitution, and the king.
Chapter 5 p.126-156The American Revolution
1776-1789
Between 1775 and 1787, Americans struggled to win a war, make a peace, and create ideologically sound, stable governments on both the state and the national levels. By the end of the era, there was little doubt that they had accomplished the first two of their goals, but serious questions were being raised concerning the success of the last. Despite problems that would have stopped lesser men, George Washington and his army had been able to successfully keep the British at bay, winning when they could and losing as seldom as possible. Meanwhile, the Continental Congress, blessed with some remarkable diplomats, maintained a foreign policy the success of which can be seen in the Franco-American alliance of 1778 and the Treaty of Paris of 1783. But once the war ended, the government that the British threat had held together found that its member states' unwillingness to centralize power created more problems than it solved. Economic dislocation, exemplified by Daniel Shays and his followers, plagued the nation, as many thoughtful men searched for a way to transform Revolutionary rhetoric into reality and to restore order without sacrificing liberty.
Chapter Five Main Themes
The political strategies employed by the 2nd Continental Congress in declaring their independence from England and uniting the colonies in military endeavor.
The battle strategies and military contingencies that characterize the three distinct phases of the American War of Independence.
The attempt by Americans to apply revolutionary republican ideology to the building of the nation and to the remaking of society, and how this application affected such minority groups as African-Americans, Native-Americans, and women in the newly independent colonies.
The problems that remained after, or were created by, the American Revolution and that were faced by the weak national government under the Articles of Confederation.
CHAPTER 5THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
1776-1783
Loyalists/Tories TrentonPatriots Lord CornwallisGeorge Washington Treaty of Paris 1783Richard Henry Lee RepublicanismHessians Thomas PaineGeneral Howe John Adams Thomas Jefferson Articles of ConfederationGeorge III Franco-American Alliance 1778Common Sense Virginia’s Statute of Religious LibertyDeclaration of Independence Land Ordinance 1785Saratoga Northwest Ordinance 1787Yorktown Annapolis ConventionVirginia’s Statute of Religious Liberty Shays’s Rebellion
C5 Analytical Journal
1. Discuss the historical debate concerning the nature of the American Revolution and the reasons for disagreement.
2. Explain American war aims, the problems experienced by the Revolutionary governments in carrying on a protracted war, and the war’s accomplishments.
3. Outline the the goals and influence of the Declaration of Independence.
4. Assess the impact of the Revolution on women, African-Americans, and Native-Americans.
5. What types of governments created by the new states and the important features in their governments.
6. Analyze the contribution of the Enlightenment to the American Revolution and the modern notion of revolution.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Chapter 5The American Revolution
Discussion notes
Chapter 5The American Revolution
Discussion notes
Land Ordinance 1785Northwest Ordinance 1787
Chapter 6 p. 158-179The Constitution and the New Republic
1787-1800
The period between 1785 and 1800 was one of the most politically productive in American history. During these fifteen years, the nation, guided by some of the most talented men in its history, reorganized itself under a new framework of government and then struggled to define, for itself as well as for others, just what had been created. It was a period marked by the rise of a party that called itself Federalist, although the philosophy it espoused was, as its opponents were quick to point out, more "nationalist" in emphasis. Arguing that in order to prosper, the United States had best follow the economic and political example of Great Britain, these Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, injected foreign policy into domestic differences and set the stage for one of the earliest and most serious assaults by the government on individual civil liberties. Seeing their less elitist, pro-agriculture Republican opponents as supporters of the enemy in an undeclared war with France, the Federalists set out to suppress dissent and those who promoted it. The Federalist assault on liberties brought a swift response and so heightened tensions that many feared that the nation could not survive. It was against this background that a shift of power occurred. By end of the decade, the Federalists, who had been the moving force for so many years, were clearly losing ground to the Republicans. This meant that if wounds were to be healed and divisions mended, it would have to be done by the man many believed to be the personification of all that separated the two groups, Thomas Jefferson.
Chapter Six Main Themes
The origins of and debates surrounding the US Constitution, and how they were resolved.
The differing views of what the nation should become, and how these differences led to the rise of the Federalists, the Republicans, and America's "first party system.”
The ways in which the new United States tried to establish itself as a nation in the eyes of both foreign powers and its own people.
The rise and fall of the Federalist Party and the background of the "Revolution of 1800."
CHAPTER 6THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC
1787-1800
Virginia Plan James MadisonNew Jersey Plan Alexander HamiltonSeparation of Powers Thomas JeffersonChecks and Balances George WashingtonThe Great Compromise John Adams3/5’s Compromise Judiciary Act 1789Federalist Papers Report on Manufacturers 1791Federalists Bank of the United StatesAnti Federalists Hamiltonian SystemRatification Qusai War with France Bill of Rights Alien and Sedition ActsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions Whiskey Rebellion 1794Jay’s Treaty 1795 Judiciary Act 1801Proclamation of Neutrality 1794 Washington’s Farewell AddressDemocratic-`Republicans
C6 Analytical Journal1. Identify groups that advocated a stronger national government and how they were able to achieve their objective.2. Explain the origin and work of the Constitutional Convention and how the delegates were able to achieve a consensus.3. Discuss the historical debate concerning the motives of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.4. Explain Federalism and how the Constitution is designed to make it work.6. Assess the effectiveness of George Washington's solutions to the problems of the presidency and how Washington, as its first occupant, affected the office and the nation.7. Outline the financial program of Alexander Hamilton and its contribution to the success of the new government.8. Explain the ways in which the new nation coped with international problems.9. Discuss emergence of political parties, their political philosophies, and their influence in the election of 1800.
Each of questions above contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the events leading up the passage of the Constitution and the consequences of its passage. As you define these terms, demonstrate how each person, event, concept, or issue is important to a thorough understanding of the chapter.
Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic
1787-1800Discussion notes
Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic
1787-1800Discussion notes
Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic
1787-1800Discussion notes
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
I. New Social Fabrics A. Pro-democracy efforts gained
1) Expulsion of 80,000 Loyalists robbed the nation of leadership and a conservative balance to revolutionaries.
2) Slavery weakened a) Forbidden in many new state constitutions
b) Some northern states abolished slavery or provided for phased emancipation
B. Religious Change
1) Church of England ruined, replaced by Episcopal Church, separate from England. 2) Democratic spirit encouraged spread of frontier faiths (Methodism, Baptists). 3) Strong statement of separation of church and state written by Jefferson in Virginia in 1786.
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
II. Economic Stresses
A. Because economic democracy preceded political democracy, little retributive violence occurred following the war. Some Loyalist land was broken up into parcels for farming. B. Postwar economic problems resulted from severing ties with Britain
1) Commerce with Britain almost completely halted 2) Speculation and profiteering during the war had led to
inflation with Congress unable to control its effects 3) New class of profiteers emerged 4) Economic causes of war had led to distaste for taxes,
further weakening Congress' ability to take action.
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
III. Articles of Confederation
A. Created by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1777, but not approved by the states until 1781.
B. Congress was the dominant force (no executive or federal courts),
but it was hobbled by rules: 1) All bills required 2/3 vote for passage 2) Any amendment to the Articles required a unanimous vote 3) Each state had 1 vote. 4) No power to regulate commerce 5) No tax enforcement power (states paid taxes voluntarily).
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
C. Land Ordinance of 1785
1) Northwest territory land sold to pay off debt. 2) Land divided into townships six miles square (then into 36 sections of one square mile each). 3) One section reserved for a public school.
D. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
1) Territories established, which could eventually become states on an equal basis with the original 13. Needed a minimum of 60,000 inhabitants. 2) Slavery forbidden in Northwest.
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
IV. Foreign and Domestic Problems
A. The U.S. had difficulty commanding respect from allies or enemies
1) Britain refused to send an ambassador, to make a commercial treaty, or repeal the Navigation Laws. Trading posts along Canadian border source of trouble with Indians.
2) Spain seized lands granted to the U.S. by Britain and harassed trade on the Mississippi River.
3) France demanded repayment of loans made during the Revolution and restricted trade with the West Indies.
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
B. Domestic disputes arose over economic and political weakness
1) Some states refused to pay any taxes, while interest on the public debt grew and the nation's credit dwindled.
2) States began levying duties on each other's products and quarreling over boundaries.
3) Shays' Rebellion (1786) broke out in western Massachusetts with frustrated farmers losing their farms due to mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies.
Massachusetts authority put down the uprising with force (killing three)
Leaders throughout the nation worried about the potential of domestic unrest.
Chapter 6 Articles of Confederation
Discussion notes
V. The Call for Reform of the Articles
A. Annapolis Convention, called to deal with interstate commerce squabbling, instead requested a convention to meet in Philadelphia to deal with reforming the Articles.
B. 55 representatives from 12 states (Rhode Island boycotted) assembled in Philadelphia in May 1787 to "make a more perfect union."
Chapter 6 Miracle at Philadelphia 1787
Discussion notes
I. The Setting of the Philadelphia Convention
A) Early decision to re-write, rather than tinker with the Articles of Confederation
B) Open agreement secretly arrived at--Washington's plea
C) Intent of the Convention 1) Economic -Charles Beard--protected property rights
and make America safe from democracy.
2) Idealistic-make a perfect Union
3) Pragmatic-dealing with the question of sovereignty. Placing common interests over regional or personal concerns.
Chapter 6 Miracle at Philadelphia 1787
Discussion notes
II. The Participants A. 55 delegates from 12 states 1) Young (average age 42), professional (over half were
lawyers), men of economic substance 2) Many were Revolutionary War veterans 3) Absent: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, other Revolutionary War heroes.
B. Key Participants 1) Washington-president of the convention
2) Madison-researched every previous republic a) Large republic is not only possible, it's preferred
b) Popularly elected officials with sovereignty in the hands of the people, not the states
3) Franklin--81 years old. The steadying influence
Chapter 6 Miracle at Philadelphia 1787
Discussion notes
III. The Compromises A. Great Compromise (bicameral legislature representing both
people and states)
1) Virginia Plan or Large States Plan (Edmund Randolph) a) 2 house legislature with representation based on population for both
b) President and courts chosen by legislature
2) New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) a) Congress with each state having l vote b) Separate executive and judicial branches c) Increased powers of Congress
3) Great Compromise
a) Lower house membership dependent on population b) Upper house with two members from each state c) All revenue bills must begin in lower house
Chapter 6 Miracle at Philadelphia 1787
Discussion notes
B. Three-Fifths Compromise (60% of slaves counted for representation and taxation; no Congressional interference with slavery for 20 years)
1) Non-slavery states wanted slaves counted for taxation, but not representation and wanted an end to importation of slaves
2) Slave states wanted slaves counted for representation, but not taxation and no interference with slave trade by the federal government
C. Commerce Compromise (no tax on exports, simple majority
needed to pass commerce bills) 1) Cotton and tobacco producing states wanted restriction of taxes on exports and all commerce bills to be passed by a two-thirds vote of Congress
2) Northern industrial states wanted federal tariffs to keep up out cheaper European products and raise revenues for the government.
Chapter 6 Miracle at Philadelphia 1787
Discussion notes
IV. Ratification
A. Because of fear of opposition from states, only 9 of the 13 were needed for the Constitution to take effect
B. Because of opposition from state legislatures, conventions elected by the people were given authority to approve or reject Constitution.
C. Federalists vs. Anti federalists
1) Most Federalists were wealthy and well-educated and sought the creation of a more powerful central government
2) Most Anti federalists were farmers who were loyal primarily to their state governments
a) Feared taxation power of federal government
b) Republican government could not rule a large nation