Period 3AP US History

1754-1800

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.”

Big ideas:

How did Native Americans’ relationship with the colonists change after the 7 Years War?

What led to Britain ending salutary neglect? Why and how did colonists resist this?

What were the US’ foreign policy goals post-independence?

3.1 – Roman Numeral I

“‘Throughout the second half of the 18th century, various American Indian

groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans,

other tribes, and the new United States government.” –

The French and Indian War, brought

to you by the 7 Years’ War

Conflict - English colonial expansion –Ohio River

Valley

Larger Conflict – 7 Years’ War - French & Indian War

Britain & colonists vs. French and Natives

Iroquois allied with the British

How French/Indian War Began

Britain and France, 3 recent wars, long tensions

British grant 200K acres of land in Ohio country

France built forts in this area

Militia sent in (G. Washington)

Washington forced to surrender

4th consecutive French/British War

French and Indian War

1754

Treaty of Paris

French and Indian War

Early French victories; colonists lose confidence

Wm. Pitt: new British leader

Surprise attack - Quebec – British Victory -1759

Treaty of Paris -1763 – French leave continent

Native Life – drastically changed after

war

French removed from N. America – lost trade

partner

British colonists expanded onto native land

Pontiac’s Rebellion ->Enactment of

Proclamation Line of 1763

During Revolutionary War, some natives sided w/

British:

Iroquois divided:

Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, Onondagas - British –

Chief Joseph Brant (Mohawk)

Oneida & Tuscarora - Americans

Treaty of Fort Stanwix – 1784 – Iroquois cede most

of their land

Key Concept 3.1, I Cont. (Indians had to

constantly adjust)

Northwest Ordinance - 1787 Articles of Confederation gov’t

Established process for carving Northwest Territory and

forming new states

Got Eastern States to drop land claims; would shape

Western Expansion

White Settlers moving west caused problems

for Native Americans – HUGE TREND

Battles with Native Americans

Early 1790s - fighting in Ohio territory west of Appalachians

Chief Little Turtle (Miami) –St. Clair’s Defeat - 1791

Mad Anthony Wayne defeats Indians under Blue Jacket

(Shawnee) – Battle of Fallen Timbers Aug. 1794

Indians soon give up most of Ohio, US PUSHES WEST

Ohio and Fallen Timbers

Treaty of Greenville

After war (1795), natives ceded land -

Treaty of Greenville – Another Huge Trend

In return, natives rec’d acknowledgement

of claim to certain territory

3.1, II – The colonists got mad

because they felt Britain was

being mean to them

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle

for North America led to new conflicts among the British government,

the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century,

new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived

and real constraints on their economic activities and political

rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with

Britain.

Problems with Native

Americans Natives fear growing number of settlers

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Proclamation of 1763: unenforceable

Disunited Colonies Colonists upset

crackdown on smuggling

British could search any ship/building

Britain’s debt problem; huge army stationed in

colonies; Colonists feel threatened

Britain and Debt George Grenville: financial expert/British PM

Sugar Act -1764

prosecutors can try smuggling cases in vice-admiralty court

instead of colonial court

Colonial courts had favored accused

Pay for the War!

**the following acts were British attempts to get

the colonies to help pay for the French and

Indian War

Stamp Act - 1765

Purchase stamp for various paper products

direct tax

Sons of Liberty boycotts and protests

Stamp Act overturned

Declaratory Act – British gov’t – right to make

law- 1766

Quartering Act - 1765

Colonists - ordered to house soldiers

Townshend Acts - 1767 Indirect tax - glass, lead, paint, paper

3 penny tax on tea

Colonists boycott, protest, substitute goods

4000 British troops stationed in Boston

Boston Massacre –March 5,

1770

Fight over jobs - Colonists vs Soldiers

Colonists killed; public turn against British

Most of Townshend Act Taxes repealed

Boston Tea Party – Dec. 16

1773 Colonists destroy tea - protest of Tea

Act – attempt to give the British East

India Co. monopoly on tea trade

Intolerable Acts - 1774

Shut down Boston Harbor after Colonists refused to pay for actions of Boston

Tea Party

Military governor for Massachusetts, martial law

3.1, II – The colonists got mad

and united because they saw

Britain’s policies as being unfair

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle

for North America led to new conflicts among the British government,

the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century,

new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived

and real constraints on their economic activities and political

rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with

Britain.

3.1, II – The colonists got mad

because they saw Britain’s

policies as being unfair

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle

for North America led to new conflicts among the British government,

the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century,

new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived

and real constraints on their economic activities and political

rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with

Britain.

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

John Dickinson – a founding father

12 letters – 1767-68 – reaction against Townshend Acts

Saw Britain’s taxing of colonies as illegal

Sentiment Against Townshend Acts grew in ALL 13 colonies

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Circular = meant to be widely distributed

Samuel Adams – 1768 – passed by MA assembly

Argues taxation w/out representation = unconstitutional

Townshend Acts – violate natural rights

Argued for continuance of self-government

Caused MA assembly to be dissolved; popular action

Pennsylvania Farmer and MA Circular

Letter

Both led to growing colonial unity (identity), based on common ideas,

beliefs, and culture

Opposed to Great Britain’s reaches for power

3.1, II – The colonists got mad

and united because they saw

Britain’s policies as being unfair

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle

for North America led to new conflicts among the British government,

the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century,

new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived

and real constraints on their economic activities and political

rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with

Britain.

Trend - Tightening of Control

Britain tightened control over colonies

Start - Stamp Act Congress (1765) – colonial

response to Stamp Act, tarred and feathered tax

collectors; boycotts Stamp Act repealed

Britain kept trying new things, agitation rose

Committees of Correspondence (1770s) – spread

ifno and propaganda about British policy

Voices of Protest - Trends

Elites - protested taxation

Grassroots movements, mobs,

writers

General Arguments of Pro-

Independence

Arguments for independence:

Rejected “virtual representation” –idea that Parliament acted on behalf of all British subjects

Rights of individuals:

Taxation, writs of assistance, admiralty courts

Enlightenment ideas (Locke):

Consent of the governed - Locke

“Life, liberty, and property”

3.1, II – The colonists got mad

and united because they saw

Britain’s policies as being unfair

Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle

for North America led to new conflicts among the British government,

the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the

creation of a new nation, the United States.”

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century,

new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived

and real constraints on their economic activities and political

rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with

Britain.

First Continental Congress

September 1774 – Philadelphia – 56 delegates – committees of

correspondence come together – after intolerable acts

Show of unity – declaration of colonial rights

Association – complete boycott of British goods

Lexington and Concord

British march to find stockpiled weapons

Lexington – 4/19/1775 – 8 colonists killed

Concord – empty arsenal – thousands of colonists attack

– British retreat to Boston

Reasons for Victory

How did colonists win?

Knew land, military and political leadership (Washington, Franklin)

commitment to cause, foreign aid – most notably the French, after

Saratoga

Britain – over-extended, indebted, less will to fight, French looking

to stab them in the back, problems in other parts of empire

Second Continental Congress

May 1775

John Adams’ proposal:

each colony set up own government; Continental Congress should

declare colonies INDEPENDENT

Militiamen outside Boston = Continental Army – Washington should be

their leader!

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17, 1775 – Breed’s Hill (Bunker = wrong)

British attacked, won; Battle still showed colonial

resolve and will, British weaknesses

British lost 1000 men, colonists -450

Deadliest battle of war

Olive Branch Petition

July 8, 1775 – Continental congress sent petition to King

George III, asked for return to peace

King to colonies: DROP DEAD

Common Sense – Thomas Paine

Common Sense – pamphlet by Tom Paine

Attacked King George III and his policies

Argued for independence!

Sold 500,000 copies – basically every literate colonist read

it or heard about it

Americans begin choosing sides

Loyalists – loyal to King

Patriots – loyal to homeland – wanted independence

Declaration of Independence

Identify three truths and five lies (as to what was part of the final draft of

the Declaration of Independence, and what wasn’t)

Identify the two most important historical themes that apply to this

document set

Declaring Independence

July 4, 1776 – Philadelphia –Independence declared

A war for independence would still need to be fought

Declaration – logistics and ideas

Thomas Jefferson – wrote declaration of independence – signed by

delegates from all 13 colonies

Anti-slavery sections deleted – pressure of SC, GA

John Locke’s natural rights – major influence

Foundational document of United States

Summer 1776 – New York

British retreat from Boston, move war to Middle States

32,000 British soldiers invade New York

General William Howe

Admiral Richard Howe

G. Washington – assembled 23,000 soldiers -

Summer 1776 New York (con’t.)

August 27, 1776 - Washington’s army retreats

west from New York

Late fall – less than 8000 soldiers left with

Washington

Washington’s army – retreated across New Jersey

into Pennsylvania by late Fall

Winter 1776-77

Washington needed a victory to prevent men from quitting

Camped out in Pennsylvania – near Delaware River

Battle of Trenton

Christmas Eve, 1776 – Washington crosses Delaware River

Americans ambush Hessian (German mercenary) soldiers on

X-mas morning

900 Hessian prisoners, 6 cannons

Battle of Princeton January 3, 1777

March from Trenton to Princeton – another American victory

Washington then marched to winter camp, Morristown, NJ

Fight for Philadelphia

General Howe (British) made move to take

Philadelphia (capital) – Spring 1777

Howe, captured capital - Aug. 1777, G. Washington

failed to defend city, Continental Congress fled

Washington – failed to dislodge British –

Brandywine and Germantown

Road to Saratoga

Summer 1777

General Burgoyne (British) – “Gentleman Johnny”

Strategy –divide and conquer = meet up with General Howe – never actually

happened

Victory at Saratoga American General Horatio Gates captures General

Burgoyne – American victory

French had been secretly supplying Americans since early

1776

Effects

French gain more confidence in Americans, sign

cooperation agreement by February 1778

British strategy changes – avoid inland areas now

Valley Forge

Winter camp in Pennsylvania – 1777-1778

Wretched conditions

2500 soldiers died – starvation, disease, exposure

long wait for French aid