key concepts ch. 23 human land use types and uses of us public lands forests and forest...
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Key Concepts Ch. 23
Human land use
Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation
Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration
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Land Use in the World
Fig. 23-2p. 595
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Land Use in the United States
Fig. 23-3 p. 595Fig. 23-3 p. 595
Rangeland and pasture 29%
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Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System
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US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4p. 596
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Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Takings and property rights
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Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification
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Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation
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Forest Structure
Fig. 23-9 p. 601
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Types of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forestsSecond-growth forestsTree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609
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Forest Management
Even-aged managementIndustrial forestryUneven-aged managementImproved diversitySustainable productionMultiple-use
Rotation cycle
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Management Strategies
Fig. 23-11 p. 601
Fig. 23-12 p. 602
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Logging Roads
Increased erosion and runoffHabitat fragmentationPathways for exotic speciesAccessibility to humans
Fig. 23-13 p. 602
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Harvesting Trees
Selective cutting
High-grading
Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Clearcutting
Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603
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Sustainable Forestry
Longer rotations
Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown(See Solutions p. 598)
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Pathogens
Fungal Diseases
Insect Pests
Bark beetles
Gypsy moth
Chestnut blight
Dutch elm disease
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Fire
Surface fires Crown fires
Fig. 23-17 p. 607
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Forest Resources and Management in the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Water purification servicesRecreation 3% of timber harvestSustainable yield and multiple useSubstitutes for tree products
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Tropical Deforestation
Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity
Cultural extinction
Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
Clearing for cash crop plantations
Commercial logging
Fuelwood
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Degradation of Tropical Forests
Fig. 23-22p. 615
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Reducing Tropical Deforestation
Identification of critical ecosystems
Reducing poverty and population growth
Sustainable tropical agriculture
Encourage protection of large tracts
Debt-for-nature swaps
Less destructive harvesting methods
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The Fuelwood Crisis
Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants Burning wood more efficiently Switching to other fuels
Fig. 23-25 p. 618
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Managing and Sustaining National Parks
Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity
Invasion by exotic species Popularity a major problem Traffic jams and air pollution Visitor impact (noise) Natural regulation Better pay for park staff
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Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include some moderate disturbance
Sustain natural ecological processes
Protect most important areas
Buffer zones
Gap analysis
Wilderness areas
See Solutions p. 625
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Ecological Restoration
Ecological restoration
Restoration ecology
Rehabilitation
Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystems
Natural restoration
See Individuals Matter p. 630
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Key Concepts Ch. 24
Economic and ecological importance
Effects of human activities
Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity
Protecting and sustaining fisheries
Protecting and restoring wetlands
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The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Deep ocean floor
Food items
Many chemicals
Medicines and drugs
Fig. 24-2 p. 636
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Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
Species loss and endangerment
Marine habitat loss and degradation
Freshwater habitat loss and degradation
Overfishing
Nonnative species
Pollution and global warming
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Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity
Protect endangered and threatened species
Establish protected areas
Integrated coastal management
Regulating and preventing ocean pollution
Sustainable management of marine fisheries
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Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries
Fishery regulationsEconomic approachesBycatch reductionProtected areasNonnative speciesConsumer informationAquaculture
See Spotlight p. 650
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands
Regulations
Mitigation banking
Land use planning
Wetlands restoration
Control of invasive species
See Individuals Matter p. 652
Fig. 24-12 p. 653
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes
Pollution
Invasive species
Water levels
Cultural eutrophication
Fig. 24-13 p. 655
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Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers
Pollution
Disruption of water flow
Loss of biodiversity
Fig. 24-14 p. 656
Invasive species