Dan Harris, NBI

Key Performance

Indicators

Identifying Design, Operation, and Tenant Feedback for Building Energy Performance

Thanks

• Cathy Higgins et al.- NBI

• David Weightman - California Energy Commission PIER Contract

Manager

• CAMP Advisors

• Wes Sullens - Stop Waste.org

• Lia Webster et al.- PECI

• Integral Group, Ecotope, Northwrite

Evidence-Based Design

PIER Project

• Sensitivity Analysis

• First View and Remote Analysis

• 22 Site Visits

• CAMP Advisors

• System Level Analysis Projects

Key Performance Indicators

(KPI) Briefing Overview

Context of KPI Work

NBI’s KPI approach

KPIs – Oakland Office

Market and Program Intersections

CONTEXT

Different Players Affect Building

Performance

Design Operation

Tenants

Computers and Equipment Schedule Habits

Layout Integration Installation Components and Features

Staffing Controls

Maintenance Commissioning

Net Zero Buildings

Whole Building

Annual Indicators

DESIGNER

OPERATOR

TENANTS

One-Time/

Annual

Regular

Frequent

Codes are Moving to More Detail

in Monitoring

Whole Building

No Requirements

System Specific

Equipment

ASHRAE 90.1

IECC

IgCC

Title 24

To

pic

1

Shorthand metrics that reveal “how

things are doing” in complex systems or

organizations…or building energy use.

KPI Approach

“KPIs are most commonly defined in a

way that is understandable,

meaningful, and measurable.”…and

consistent!

Building Characteristics Metrics of Meter Data

KPI Approach Metrics and Characteristics

Aiding Comparisons

Metrics Comparisons Characteristics

EUI

Avg. kW/Ton

Average plug load

power density per

SF on weekdays

Lighting off hours

Ratio

Size

Shape

Use type

# of people on the

day shift

HVAC type

Ventilation Type

Data Center?

etc.

Model

“Like-type” Building or System

Historical Data

Proxy

KPI Approach Answer business questions!

– Designer: “What part of my design did not

save energy? Was is just the tenants?”

– Operator/Owner: “My building got a

portfolio manager score of 67. What

now?”

– Tenant: “Is my company’s office space

energy efficient?”

Specifications

KPI Building Levels

KPI Building Levels

0 0

I

0

I

0

I

II II

III

BUILDING LEVEL

‘All’ Buildings ‘Some’ Buildings New Construction and Deep RCx

Programmatic Requirements

EMIS and Additional Meters

KPIs

Detailed

Findings

KPI Audiences and Needs

NBI KPI Website

www.newbuildings.org/kpi Designer

Specifications

Code/Policy and Metering

Overview White Paper

Detailed PIER Reports

EIS and Metering

References and Links

Office Space Lighting KPIs

Office Space Plug Load

KPIs

Oakland Office Example

NBI Building Characteristics

Building Characteristics

Characteristic Oakland

Use-Type Office

Zip Code 94612

GSF 14,000

Conditioned % 100

Weekly Operating Hours

60

Number of Workers on the Day Shift

60

Number of Personal Computers

80

Portfolio Manager NBI Additional Characteristics

LEVEL 0 – Data and KPIs

Designer:

How did the building do?

zEPI

Designer/Operator:

My score was what? Where are the big

areas of concern?

–

KPI VALUE

LEVEL I – Data and KPI

Designer/Operator: What schedule did the building have?

11 hours

LEVEL I – EMIS Options

Re

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Firs

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SCIe

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SEN

SEI

Pu

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No

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SRS

Co

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Firs

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Classification

MEM

EIS

EAD

Type

Web-Based

Local

Remote

Free Offerings?

Weather Normalization

Other Normalization

Diagnostics

Real-Time Threshold Alerts

End Use Disaggregation

EnergyStar Integration

Event Tracking

Portfolio Assessment

Target Market

Commercial

Industrial

Residential/Multi-Family

LEVEL II – Data Requirements

LEVEL II - KPI

Designer or Operator: What schedule did the tenants have?

9 hours

Designer/Operator: Were the tenants “big” energy users?

“High” NBI Benchmark Data

Designer: Did Occupancy Change in the Year?

“Moderately Stable”

Designer: Were my plug load assumptions correct?

LEVEL III – Data Requirements

Designer: What system influenced the EUI and was it

schedule driven?

[HART et al 2004] Hart, R., Mangan, S., Price, W., Who Left the Lights on? Typical Load Profiles in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the 2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.

Designer/Operator: Does the lighting system respond to daylight?

Excellent

Tenant: How does my (our) usage and what impact are my

actions having?

Tenant Feedback Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7

Occupied Power Density 0.61 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.55 0.50

Peak Power Density 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.84 0.87 0.81 0.72

Off Hours Ratio 64% 64% 64% 65% 66% 69% 71%

Weekend Ratio 71% 71% 70% 71% 75% 74% 73%

kWh/SF/Yr 4.02 3.71 3.72 3.69 3.82 3.77 3.47

ASSESSMENT HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIAN

Level III Designer KPIs

KPI Oakland Vancouver

Whole Building Schedule 11 hrs./day 8 hrs./day

Tenant Schedule 9 hrs./day 7 hrs./day

Tenant Stability Moderately Stable Stable

Tenant Usage High Very Low

Design and Operations vs. Tenants Median Very High

Daylight Effectiveness Excellent Poor

Overall Lighting Performance Median Median

Plug Load Design Equivalence n/a n/a

Lighting Design Equivalence n/a n/a

HVAC and Net Electric Baseload 0.28 W/SF 0.08 W/SF

Operational Consistency Erratic Stable

KPI Technical Notes

• KPI approach has potential for expanding

and transferring knowledge

• Lots of coordination required

• Existing buildings will be tough:

– Level II: Tenant plug load system

• ‘Systems’ must likely change with building

types

Market Intersection Notes

• Owner and design guidance

– Specifications; Sensitivity Analysis

• Design and retrofit program requirements

• Leverage opportunities for knowledge:

– Additional building characteristics

– Standard KPIs of available metered data

• Water, CO2 important

Dan Harris, NBI

dan@newbuildings.org

Key Performance

Indicators

Thank you

www.newbuildings.org/kpi