Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable AquacultureEcosystem Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture

ECASAECASAwww.ecasa.org.uk/

ECASA Planning MeetingIFREMER Paris

6th-8th April 2005

J.G. FerreiraA. SequeiraA. Newton

www.ecowin.org/ecasa/

http://www.imar.ptIMAR – Portugal

TopicsTopics

30+2

(Loch CreranScotland)

Slides

1

11

5

1

OverviewOverview

Role of IMARRole of IMAR

IMAR IMAR –– Research modelsResearch models

IMAR IMAR -- Screening models and couplingScreening models and coupling

SynthesisSynthesis

12

ECASA ECASA -- OverviewOverviewGeneral ObjectivesGeneral Objectives

ECASAECASA is an interdisciplinary project which has the following is an interdisciplinary project which has the following objectives:objectives:

1.1. To identify quantitative and qualitative indicators of the To identify quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effects of aquaculture on th environment and viceeffects of aquaculture on th environment and vice--versa, and versa, and to acess their applicability;to acess their applicability;

2.2. To develop operational tools, including models, to establish To develop operational tools, including models, to establish and describe the relationship between environmental and describe the relationship between environmental conditions and aquaculture activities over a range of conditions and aquaculture activities over a range of ecosystems and aquaculture production systems; ecosystems and aquaculture production systems;

3.3. To develop effective environmental impact assessment and To develop effective environmental impact assessment and site selection methods for coastal area management.site selection methods for coastal area management.

ECASAECASARole of IMARRole of IMAR

♦ Data handling and database development;

♦ Geographic information systems;

♦ Biogeochemical modelling at the ecosystem scale, supported by appropriate field and laboratory studies;

♦ Application of screening models, testing and validation.

♦ Contributor in WP3, Principal contributor in WP4 and WP5

IMARIMARWorkpackages Workpackages

and Topicsand Topics

Work-package

Topic (Person-months) WPleader

WP3 Identification of driving forces of Identification of driving forces of ecosystem changes ( 3)ecosystem changes ( 3)

UOC

WP4 Development of indicators and models Development of indicators and models (12)(12)

NUE

WP5 Testing and validation for EIA and site Testing and validation for EIA and site selection, in cooperation with other selection, in cooperation with other partners (17) partners (17)

Haifa

WP6 Dissemination (1)Dissemination (1) Akvaplan

3% WP6

9% WP3

36% WP4

52% WP5

Workpackage 3 Workpackage 3 -- DescriptionDescriptionReview the existing published information on water quality of Review the existing published information on water quality of marine coastal areas;marine coastal areas;

Compile information from existing sources and models to Compile information from existing sources and models to address the relative importance of different sources of pressureaddress the relative importance of different sources of pressurein a series of typical coastal environments;in a series of typical coastal environments;

Identify the concerned areas in a scoping workshop and target Identify the concerned areas in a scoping workshop and target a subsequent effort on major importance issues;a subsequent effort on major importance issues;

Gather additional data to document interactions using timeGather additional data to document interactions using time--series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques.series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques.

ECASAECASAWP3 deliverablesWP3 deliverables

Number Deliverable name Month due

D6 Report on the scoping meeting on Report on the scoping meeting on pressures and interactions and the pressures and interactions and the methodology to be usedmethodology to be used

6

D11 Results of analyses for interactions and Results of analyses for interactions and associated costs to specific usersassociated costs to specific users

12

Workpackage 4 Workpackage 4 -- DescriptionDescriptionIdentification of the most appropriate indicators (taken from Identification of the most appropriate indicators (taken from WP2 e WP3) and models for testing with the available data;WP2 e WP3) and models for testing with the available data;Allocation of testing tasks to the most appropriate partners or Allocation of testing tasks to the most appropriate partners or groups of partners;groups of partners;Testing of indicators and models against preTesting of indicators and models against pre--agreed criteria of agreed criteria of scientific robustness and practical utility; this will include scientific robustness and practical utility; this will include comparisons of models with similar aims and scales;comparisons of models with similar aims and scales;Development of a consensus on which set of indicators and Development of a consensus on which set of indicators and models should be proposed for field validation in WP5; this willmodels should be proposed for field validation in WP5; this willinclude new and hyrid models developed from those tested in include new and hyrid models developed from those tested in step 3;step 3;A reA re--iteration of the testing procedure using newly collected iteration of the testing procedure using newly collected data from WP5;data from WP5;Publication of a full report on the sets of best indicators and Publication of a full report on the sets of best indicators and best models.best models.

ECASAECASAWP4 deliverablesWP4 deliverables

Number Deliverable name Month due

D18 ““ToolpackToolpack” report ” report Merits of the chosen indicator set Merits of the chosen indicator set including best methodologies for including best methodologies for collection, analysis and interpretation;collection, analysis and interpretation;Recommended set of models, included Recommended set of models, included criteria for choice of models depending criteria for choice of models depending on spatial scale and farm size;on spatial scale and farm size;Guidance on the use of models to Guidance on the use of models to estimate site and water body assimilative estimate site and water body assimilative capacity and sustainable production, and capacity and sustainable production, and on the reliability of model predictions.on the reliability of model predictions.

36

Workpackage 5 Workpackage 5 -- DescriptionDescription

Brief intense field investigations will be undertaken by Brief intense field investigations will be undertaken by most of the partners to allow testing of selected tools most of the partners to allow testing of selected tools and indicators at selected sites: and indicators at selected sites:

Adriatic;Adriatic;Eastern Mediterranean;Eastern Mediterranean;Western Mediterranean;Western Mediterranean;Atlantic coast of mainland Europe;Atlantic coast of mainland Europe;West coast of Scotland.West coast of Scotland.

Covering a wide range of aquaculture types, including Covering a wide range of aquaculture types, including shellfish extensive bottom cultures and high density shellfish extensive bottom cultures and high density mussel culture rafts;mussel culture rafts;Results of these studies will be utilized in WP4 to test Results of these studies will be utilized in WP4 to test the predictive models and to evaluate the choice of the predictive models and to evaluate the choice of indicators and tools.indicators and tools.

ECASAECASAWP5 deliverablesWP5 deliverables

Number Deliverable name Month due

D8 Selection and description of study sites Selection and description of study sites with existing background informationwith existing background information

15

D9 Handbook of protocols for field studiesHandbook of protocols for field studies 15

D15 Report on results of field studiesReport on results of field studies 27

Workpackage 6 Workpackage 6 -- DescriptionDescription

Strong interaction with WP1 to ensure effective Strong interaction with WP1 to ensure effective external relations;external relations;Development of the internal website as a key Development of the internal website as a key information medium for the participants;information medium for the participants;Organise and participate in national stakeholder Organise and participate in national stakeholder meetings to ensure: meetings to ensure:

Maximum uptake by the user community;Maximum uptake by the user community;That appropriate bodies including regulators and producer That appropriate bodies including regulators and producer representative organisation have the opportunity to influence threpresentative organisation have the opportunity to influence the e research trajectory;research trajectory;The outputs of these meetings will be disseminated both internalThe outputs of these meetings will be disseminated both internally ly (discussed at Steering Group and WP levels) and externally.(discussed at Steering Group and WP levels) and externally.

Organisation of an international meeting (near the end Organisation of an international meeting (near the end of the project).of the project).

ECASAECASAWP6 deliverablesWP6 deliverables

Number Deliverable name Month due

D2 Commissioned, functional Public Commissioned, functional Public WebsiteWebsite

4

D3 Commissioned, functional Partner Commissioned, functional Partner WebsiteWebsite

4

D4, D13, D17 Publication of Newsletters 1, 2 and 3Publication of Newsletters 1, 2 and 3

D16 OrganisationOrganisation of International Meetingof International Meeting 30

ECASA workplanECASA workplanApproachApproach

1. A description of water circulation and stratification-mixing dynamics adequate for upscaling detailed hydrodynamics to larger-scale, integrated ecosystem models: For Ria Formosa, this will be done with MOHID (follow-up from the EU OAERRE project), for Loch Creran with Delft3D (with WL|Delft in the EU KEYZONES project);

2. Explicit resolution between phytoplankton and organic detritus as separate food sources, and their variation in time and space, both due to production and exchange;

3. Detailed modelling of the key physiological processes at the individual level for the target organisms, enabling simulation of environmental impact (with PML and others in ECASA, SPEAR, KEYZONES and SMILE projects);

4. Integration of biogeochemistry, population dynamics and cultivation practice, allowing a focus on target cohorts, which is essential for management;

5. Application of screening models for aquaculture and eutrophication assessment, using a data-driven approach for standard conditions and a combination with research models for scenario analysis

Polyculture in Chinese bays Polyculture in Chinese bays -- March 2005March 2005

Sanggou Bay polyculture - Kelp and scallop

4.5m

Nets: 3m

Longline. In somecases the ratio ofkelp ropes:scallops is1:1, others 1:2, others 2:1

kelp 3m

Kelp yield - 5kg dw per “double” ropeinside the bay, 10kg outside the bay.333-375 g dw/ m2. All harvested.Data calculated for inside the bay.

Kelp rope- 2.5m, 30-35 plantsX 2 for “double” rope

• 8-10 layers per Chinese lantern, 30 scallops per layer, 120 nets per culture Mu, i.e. 120 culture nets/1600-1800 m2, 240-300/ net:16-22.5 scallops/ m2.• Scallop nets are 2-3m long. 6 longlines per culture Mu, 30 longlines per block, then 8m channel for navigation.

EcoWin 2000 EcoWin 2000 –– Sanggou Bay modelSanggou Bay modelCulture practice Culture practice –– first approach (May 2001)first approach (May 2001)

Scallop seedingDay 180-211

Scallop harvestDay 181-211

Oyster seedingDay 303-365

Oyster harvestDay 304-365

Source: Culture practice data from FIO, YSFRI and SMCI (pers. com., May 2000)

Seed weight: 0.05 DW (1.7g TFW, Gazeau, 2000)Harvestable weight: > 65 g TFW (Tentative value)

Sanggou Bay cultivation areas 1993/94Sanggou Bay cultivation areas 1993/94GIS determinationGIS determination

Scallop

Kelp

Scallop & Kelp

Aquaculture areas:Aquaculture areas:OystersOysters 391 ha391 haScallopScallop 3400 ha3400 haKelpKelp 4400 ha4400 ha

MangroveDegraded mangroveDwarf mangrove

Maputo BayMaputo BayMangrove habitat classificationMangrove habitat classification

Boe

r 200

2. W

etla

nds

Eco

logy

and

M

anag

emen

t, V

ol. 1

0

Rem

ote

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Detail for Inhaca Island

Pau

la, J

. et a

l, 19

98.

J. P

lank

. Res

. Vol

20

Rem

ote

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ing

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Ria Formosa land usesRia Formosa land uses

Drainage basin land uses

0 10 km

Dense vegetation

Open vegetationAgriculture

Tree cultures

GreenhousesExposed soil

UrbanSandSaltmarshWaterClouds

Hydrodynamic couplingHydrodynamic coupling approachapproachEcoWin 2000 EcoWin 2000 -- Ria Formosa ecological modelRia Formosa ecological model

Box definitionBox definition

Vol

ume

(106

m3 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 6 12 18 24 30

hours

050010001500200025003000

Box 1

Box 2

Box 3

Box 4

Box 5

Box 6

Box 7

Box 8

Box 90

20

40

60

80

100

0 6 12 18 24 30

Hours

050010001500200025003000

Box 1

Box 2

Box 3

Box 4

Box 5

Box 6

Box 7

Box 8

Box 9

(mm)Tidal heightWater volume variation Water volume variation

in E2kin E2kTimestep (days)

Box 9 water fluxes (from MOHID)

-900-600-300

0300600900

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Wat

erfll

ow(m

3s-1

) in from box 8out to box 8ocean inocean out

Water exchange boxWater exchange box--box and boxbox and box--oceanocean

Simulated with water flux results from the MOHID hydrodynamic model (cells: 350x400).

Object interactionsObject interactionsEffluent inputs and topEffluent inputs and top--down controldown control

Effects of land inputs and grazing pressure on phytoplankton in the Ria Formosa. Results from EcoWin2000, with nine boxes

OAERRE project, 2003

Tett, P., Gilpin, L., Svendsen, H., Erlandsson, C.P., Larsson, U., Kratzer, S., Fouilland, E., Janzen, C., Lee, J., Grenz, C., Newton, A., Ferreira, J.G., Fernandes, T., Scory, S., 2003. Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 1635-1671

No land inputs, no bivalves

Julian day

µg c

hl a

L-1

Land inputs and bivalves

Julian day

µg c

hl a

L-1

Dissolved oxygen in the Ria FormosaDissolved oxygen in the Ria FormosaChannels and intertidal areasChannels and intertidal areas

D.O in the channels D.O in the tide pools

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 More0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

FrequencyCumulative %

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 More0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

FrequencyCumulative %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 More

Dissolved Oxygen (mg l-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cum

ulat

ive

%

FrequencyCumulative %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 More

Dissolved Oxygen (mg l-1)

Freq

uenc

y

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

FrequencyCumulative %

O2

(mg

L-1 )

Julian day

No effluent loads (only ocean inputs)

2X standard model (580 ton N y-1)

Growth of Ulva sp. in the Ria FormosaGrowth of Ulva sp. in the Ria FormosaPercentile 90Percentile 90 valuesvalues for different DIN loadsfor different DIN loads

Results from EcoWin2000Results from EcoWin2000Box 1 Box 1 –– Ancão area (Western Ria Formosa)Ancão area (Western Ria Formosa)

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60150

200

250

300

350

400To

tal b

iom

ass

m-2

(g D

W)

DW (16-20g) m-2

No effluents

X 0.5

X 1 (standard model)

X 2

X 10

DW (>0-20g) m-2C

lass 5 biomass (16-20g) m

-2(g DW

)

DW592%

DW20%

DIN (µmol L-1)

EcoWin 2000 EcoWin 2000 –– Sanggou Bay modelSanggou Bay modelChinese scallop individual growth under different conditionsChinese scallop individual growth under different conditions

Single individual, all alone in the bay...

Single individual, standard model 93-94

Single individual,10X seeding rate,Model 93-94

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30seeding pressure (X standard seeding)

ug C

hl(a

) L-1Comparison between Comparison between

standard modelstandard modeland scenarioand scenario

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Phytoplankton mass balance

-60000

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

NPP Mortality Shellfishuptake

Boundaryexchanges

mgC

m-2

y-1

x0.5 x1 x2 x5 x10 x15 x20 x25 x30

Phytoplankton concentration

in the bay

Nunes, J.P, Ferreira, J.G., Gazeau, F., Lencart-Silva, J., Zhang, X.L, Zhu M.Y. & Fang J.G., 2003. A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays. Aquaculture, 219/1-4, 257-277.

Key aspects of the NEEA approach (OEC)Key aspects of the NEEA approach (OEC)

External Nutrient Inputs

External Nutrient Inputs

Primary Symptoms Secondary Symptoms

Harmful Algae

Nuisance BloomsToxic Blooms

Loss of SAV

SAV Spatial CoverageSAV Spatial

Coverage Trends

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Low DissolvedOxygen

AnoxiaHypoxia

Biological Stress

Increased Organic Decomposition

Extreme Chl-a ConcentrationsProblematic Seaweed Growth

Decreased Light Availability

Extreme Chl-a ConcentrationsProblematic Epiphytic GrowthProblematic Seaweed Growth

Algal Dominance Changes

Diatoms to FlagellatesBenthic Dominance

to Pelagic Dominance

Overall level of expression matrixOverall level of expression matrixOverall level of expression of eutrophic conditions

MODERATEPrimary symptoms high but problems with more

serious secondarysymptoms still not being

expressed

MODERATE HIGHPrimary symptoms high

and substantial secondary symptoms

becoming more expressed, indicating

potentially serious problems

levels indicate serious

MODERATELevel of expression of eutrophic conditions is

substantial

conditionsin causing the conditions

LOWLevel of expression of eutrophic conditions is

minimal

Low secondary symptoms

Moderate secondary symptoms

High secondary symptoms

0 0.3 0.6 1

Low

prim

ary

sym

ptom

sM

oder

ate

prim

ary

sym

ptom

sH

igh

prim

ary

sym

ptom

s

0.3

0.6

1

MODERATEPrimary symptoms high but problems with more

serious secondarysymptoms still not being

expressed

MODERATE HIGHPrimary symptoms high

and substantial secondary symptoms

becoming more expressed, indicating

potentially serious problems

levels indicate serious

HIGHHigh primary and

secondary symptom

eutrophication problems

HIGHHigh primary and

secondary symptom

eutrophication problems

MODERATELevel of expression of eutrophic conditions is

substantial

HIGHSubstantial levels of eutrophic conditions

occurring with secondary symptoms indicating

serious problems

HIGHSubstantial levels of eutrophic conditions

symptoms indicating serious problems

MODERATE HIGHHigh secondary

symptoms indicate serious problems, but low primary indicates other factors may also be involved in causing

MODERATE HIGHHigh secondary

symptoms indicate serious problems, but low primary indicates other factors may also be involved in causing

conditionsin causing the conditions

LOWLevel of expression of eutrophic conditions is

minimal

Low secondary symptoms

Moderate secondary symptoms

High secondary symptoms

0 0.3 0.6 1

Low

prim

ary

sym

ptom

sM

oder

ate

prim

ary

sym

ptom

sH

igh

prim

ary

sym

ptom

s

0.3

0.6

1

factors may be involved factors may be involved

MODERATE LOWModerate secondary symptoms indicate

substantial eutrophic conditions, but low

primary indicates other

MODERATE LOWModerate secondary symptoms indicate

substantial eutrophic conditions, but low

primary indicates other

MODERATE LOWPrimary symptoms

beginning to indicate possible problems but still very few

secondary symptoms expressed

MODERATE LOWPrimary symptoms

beginning to indicate possible problems but still very few

secondary symptoms expressed

Bricker, S.B., J.G. Ferreira, T. Simas, 2003. An Integrated MethBricker, S.B., J.G. Ferreira, T. Simas, 2003. An Integrated Methodology for Assessment of Estuarine odology for Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status. Ecological Modelling, 169(1), 39Trophic Status. Ecological Modelling, 169(1), 39--60. 60.

ASSETSASSETSRia FormosaRia Formosawww.eutro.orgwww.eutro.org

Combination of research and screening modelsCombination of research and screening modelsusing EcoWin2000 and ASSETSusing EcoWin2000 and ASSETS

Divide the system into the zones defined by the research ecological model boxes

Use of statistical criteria for some of the descriptors of state, such as chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen

A - Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for each box based on adatabase;

B - Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for each box based on the results of the research model for relevant parameters;

C – Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for different researchmodel pressure scenarios;

Determine the pressure metric in ASSETS for A, B and C

Calculate an overall ASSETS index based on

PSR for different management scenarios

A.M.Nobre, J.G.Ferreira, A.Newton, T.Simas, J.D.Icely, R.Neves, 2005. Management of coastaleutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models. Journal of Marine Systems, In Press.

Ria FormosaRia Formosa ––ASSETSASSETS validation & model scenariosvalidation & model scenarios

Model green

scenario

Index

Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC)

ASSETS OEC: 4

Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC)

ASSETS OEC: 4

Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC)

ASSETS OEC:

Methods

PSM

SSM

PSM

SSM

PSM

SSM

Parameters Value Level of expressionChlorophyll a 0.25Epiphytes 0.50 0.57Macroalgae 0.96 Moderate

Dissolved Oxygen 0Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25Vegetation LowNuisance and Toxic 0Blooms

Chlorophyll a 0.25Epiphytes 0.50 0.58Macroalgae 1.00 Moderate

Dissolved Oxygen 0Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25Vegetation LowNuisance and Toxic 0Blooms

Chlorophyll a 0.25Epiphytes 0.50 0.42Macroalgae 0.50 Moderate

Dissolved Oxygen 0Submerged Aquatic 0.25 0.25Vegetation LowNuisance and Toxic 0Blooms

Field data

Research model

Index

MODERATELOW

MODERATELOW

MODERATELOW

28% lower

4(5)

Final Final commentscomments

A detailed research model already exists for the Ria Formosa, coA detailed research model already exists for the Ria Formosa, combining mbining hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and population dynamics for targehydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and population dynamics for target speciest speciesThe model was calibrated with data from the historical data set The model was calibrated with data from the historical data set and validated with the and validated with the EU OAERRE project dataEU OAERRE project dataThe research model was used to examine the response of differentThe research model was used to examine the response of different primary producers primary producers (phytoplankton and seaweeds) to changes in top(phytoplankton and seaweeds) to changes in top--down control and human influence down control and human influence (nutrient pressure)(nutrient pressure)Improvements to the physiological modelling are currently being Improvements to the physiological modelling are currently being made in ECASA, made in ECASA, SPEAR, KEYZONES and SMILESPEAR, KEYZONES and SMILEThe EcoWin2000 model has been used to provide a link between resThe EcoWin2000 model has been used to provide a link between research and earch and screening models, in combination with ASSETSscreening models, in combination with ASSETSIMAR is working on Loch Creran in KEYZONES, and very much looks IMAR is working on Loch Creran in KEYZONES, and very much looks forward to forward to leveraging that work in cooperation with DML, NUE, PML and otherleveraging that work in cooperation with DML, NUE, PML and otherss

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