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LOC KHEE 0 E LE C T R OHI CS COMPANY I N C AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION

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REF 641-744 Job Order 75-215 NAS 9-12200

NASA CRi

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE S-193 SKYLAB EXPERIMENT USING PRELIMINARYDTEVLAIO

(NASA-CR-150989) THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE N76-32623 S-193 SKYLAB EXPERIMENT USING PRELIMINARY DATA EVALUATION (Lockheed Electronics Co)shy76 p HC $500- -CSCL 05B Unclas

G343 05312By

Kumar Krishen

Approved

Fff Exploratory I vestigations Section

Distribution

JSCL F Childs K J Demel N M Hatcher W E Hensley A W Patteson

LECO N Brandt D J Pounds W A Rosenkranz R E Tokerud J 0 File

n HAS STCTechnical Library (2)

MI1B4R F (3)

Aug 1974Issued March 1975

LEC-4250

A S U BSI DI A RY 0 F LO0C K HE ED A IR CR A FT CO0R POR A TIO N

CONTENTS

Section Page

10 INTRODUCTION -

20 SUMMARY OF S-193 OPERATIONAL MODES 2-1

21 RADIOMETERSCATTEROMETER 2-1

211 Intrack Noncontiguous (ITNC) Mode 2-1

212 Crosstrack Noncontiguous

(CTNC) Mode 2-5

213 Intrack Contiguous (ITC) 2 7Mode

21-4 Crosstrack Contiguous-(CTC Mode 210

22 ALTIMETER2-13

221- Mode I Pulse Shape 2-13

222 Mode LI - Cross Section 2155

223 Mode III TimeCorrelation 2-15

224 Mode IV - Frequency Correlashytion 2-16

225 Mode V - Pulse Compression 2-16

2-16226 Mode VI - Nadir Align

30 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS 3-1

3- DATA AND RESULTS FOR FUTURE SENSOR DESIGN 5 3-1

311 Recommendations for Future RadiometetAltimeterScattrom-shyeter Design 3-2

ii

3-3

Section Page

312 Data Handling and Proshycessing

313 Antenna Gimbals and

Pointing 3-5

314 Radiometer Integration Times 3-6

315 RadiometerScatterometer Math Models 3-7

I

316 Polarization Isolation shy

317 Antenna Feed Design 53-9

318 Results from Comparison of

S-193 and S-194 53-9

319 Ground Reflectivity Models 3-10

3110 Altimeter Design Results I0

32 COMBINED RADIOMETER AND SCATTEROMETER OPERATION 3-12

33 APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE SENSORS TO REMOTELY SENSING EARTH RESOURCES PHENOMENA 3-21

331 RadiometerScatterometer 3-21

3311 Measurement of ocean surface windwavefields 3-21

3312 Measurement of soil moisture type and texture 3-25

3313 Identification of target types and surface parameters 3-30

332 Altimeter 3-34

iii

7

Section Page

3321 Shape of the geodetic profile and feasibility ofmeasuring sea bottom topography 3-34

3322 Pointing angle determination 3-40

34 DATA ACQUISITION AND MISSION REQUIRE-MENTS FOR FUTURE SPACECRAFT MICROWAVE SENSORS 3-42

40 CONCLUSION 4-1

50 REFERENCES 5-1

iv

TABLES

Table

I

II

NOMINAL RADIOMI3TJRSCATTEROMETER MODES

NOMINAL S-193 ALTIMETER MODES

-

Page

2-2

2-14

v

Figures

Fi gdre Page

1 Intrack noncontiguous scan mode (ITNC) 2-3

2 Cross-track noncontiguous mode 2 6

3 Intrack contiguous mode - 2-8

4 Cross-track contiguous mode 2-12

S Backscattering crosssection as a function of time for Hurricane Ava pass with 4660 roll angle 3-13

6 Radiometric antenna temperatures f6r Hurricane Avapass 3-14

7 Approximate location of the 13 data points (1through 13)from northto south 3-15

8 Field of view and ground track for Great Salt Lake Desert 3-17

9 Comparison ofbackscattering cross sections Great Salt Lake Desert and vicinity 3-18

10 Radiometer antenna temperature as a function of angle of incidence Great Salt Lake Desert 3-20shy

11 Preliminary sketch of the Hurrican Ava wind field (Univ of Kansas) 3-22

12 Vertically polarizedradar wind response at 50 incidence angle (flniv of Kansas) 3-24

13 Composite rainfall history - pass 5 day 1S6 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas) 3726

14 The S-193 radiometric temperature as a function of soil moisture for the June 5 1973 EREP pass (Univ of Kansas) -28

15 Emissivity - pass 5 day 156 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas) 3-29

vi

Figure Page

16 Emissivity as a function of soil moisture content determined from Skylab S-193 data (21-cmwavelength) (Univ of Kansas) 3t31

17 Differentialbaqkscattering coefficient pass 5 day 156 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas)

-

3-32-

18 The S-193 backscattering~coefficient as a function of soil moisture (Univ of Kansas) 3-33

19 Comparison of altimeter altitude residuals (from S-band and C-band determined orbit) with the Marsh-Vincent geoid in the vicinity of Wallops Island Virginia (NASAWI) 3-35

20 Ground tracks for passes 4and 9 of-Skylab Mission SL-2 (NASAWi)

-3-36

21 Ground track for the Puerto Rican Trench area data shown in figures 11 through 14 (NASAWi)

3-3(

22 Comparison of Puerto Rican Trench area data from passes 4 and6 Skylab Mission SL-2- on corrected time scale (NASAWI) -37

23 Comparison-of altimeter altitude residuals from S-band determined orbit) with the Marsh-Vincent geoid and the corresponding undersea topography (in the vicinity of the Blake Escarpment) (NASAWI) 3-39

24 Comparison of measured and theoretical (neglecting tracking loop jitter) mean return wavefQrms-Eor a 10-ns transmitfed pulse width (pass 9 mode V DAS-3) (NASAWI) 3-41

Vii

S193 ItADIOMIITEISCATTIJROMTURALTIMIITER

10 INTRODUCTION

Certain allzweather night and day synoptic high

resolution ocean observations can bestbe provided by

spaceborne microwave systems Microwaye sensors are

attractive for the probing of geological phenomena since

penetration through foliage is possible in addition to

some surface penetration The--Skylab S1193 Radiometer

ScatterometerAltimeter experiment was manis first attempt

to gather data using earth-oriented spaceborne active

microwave-systems For the first time nearly simultaneous

radiometric brightness temperature and radar backscatter

da-ta were acquiredlover land and ocean scenes using a

spaceborne microwave sensor

The S-193 receiver was designed to measure powers from

-11010 - watts to 1010 watts while surviving in an environshy

ment with peak transmitted powers of 2000 watts This

represents an advancement in the microwave remote sensing

technology

The full potential of S-193 program has not been

realized since theanalysis of the data is continuing The

1-1

experience gained from this program And limited analysis of

the data have been ised to make noteworthy contributions to the

planning of the GEOS-C and SEASAT-A programs The definition

of sensor specifications mission requirementsdata handling

and ground truth coordination for these two NASA programs

was directly influenced by the performance of the S-193

sensor

Recently -NASA organized an Active Microwave Workshop

to outline-applications and systems for future aerospace

programs The progress in the S-193 data analysis and-the

results of the aircraft microwave remote sensing programs

were reviewedby the workshop participants As a result

of this the oceans panel recommended design and development

of higher precision scatterometer altimeter and radiometer

for future remote sensingprograms

During the last portion of the Skylab-3 mission the

antenna gimbal malfunctioned The recommended fix from

detailed analysis was to disable the pitch gimbal electrically

and-pin the antenna in the pitch axis A procedure was

developed and an astronaut completed the fix in space

The completion of this task has demonstrated that complex

electronic systems can be repaired in space thus extending

1-2

their opbrating life Techniques for the repair ol

electronic systems in space can be efficiently employed

in the Space Shuttle Program where the electronic systems

are expected to operate over extended periods

S-193 system gathered data in intrack and crosstrack-

modes over land and ocean surfaces In addition data was

also gathered looking at deep space for sensor performance

evaluation and revision to thepreflight calibrations

While Skylab-Z was in progress the first Pacific hurricane

of the season named Avawas forming One objective of S-193

program was toobserve hurricanes and regions of high ocean

surface wind velocity With the participation of mission

control personnel and the Skylab astronauts a pass was

scheduled over Ava for June 6 1974 The Skylab-2 problems

precluded operating the S-193 sensor in the desired Z-local

vertical configuration However the flexibijlit of the

sensor modes and data gathered in crosstrack contiguous

mode were utilized A comprehensive remote sensing study

of hurricane Ava was accomplished by the joint efforts of

NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrati6n

(NOAA) These measurements were unusually broad in scope

encompassing aircraft satellite and Skylab obsexvatifons

1-3

with a number of microwave sensors This-wds a firsf in

the remote sensing studyof a potential hurricane

A unique feature of the Skylab S-193 program was the

evaluation of the sensor inflight performance This aspect

of theprogram was highlighted by the deployment and operation

of ground-based microwave receivers The antenna pattern

and scan performance scatterometer transmitted power

pulse rate and duration were measured by an array of groundshy

based receivers The primary purpose of this study by the

University of Kansas was to measure changes in antenna

performance which might have resulted from the launch and

the space environments For the evaluation of the altimeter

transmittei and receiver performance thd NASAWallops Space

Center receiver station was employed The altimeter pulse

shape duration spacing and amplitude were recorded In

addition data was gathered over targets with known physical

electtical andscattering characteristics such as smooth

water surfaces deep space Great Salt Lake Desert and

White Sands N M The results of the S-193 sensor performance

evaluation have been used in revising the data processingto

reflect the actual inflight performance of the sensor More

important a methodology has been developed for the inflight

evaluation of future spaceborne Microwave sensors

1-4

The progress made in the development of microwave

technology toward more sophisticated future spaceborne

earth-oriented microwave sensors the investigations-of

earth phenomena and the procedures for future missions

resulting from the S-193 program should be taken with

caution This progress should only represent a significant

step toward the ultimate goal of using operationally the

spacebornemicrowave sensors for sensing earth resources

phenomena Future microwave programs demand developnient

of high precision side-looking imaging radars in addition

to scatterometers altimeters and radiometers Multiple

frequency multiple polarizati6n and better antenna design

features are envisaged for future sensors

1-5

20 SUMMARY OF S-193 OPERATIONAL MODES

21 RADIOMETBRSCATTEROMETER

The radiometer and scatterometer can operate in various

scanning and polarization modes jointly and separately [I] A

summary of these modes is given in table 1 and briefly

expiained in the following sections

211 Intrack Noncontiguous (ITNGJ Mode

This mode is used for a joint radiometer and scatterometer

operation In this mode only the pitch angle is varied A

resolution cell on the ground (figure 1) is seen by the

radiometer and scatterometer at approximately the following

pitch angles 0 degrees 156 degrees 294 degrees 401

degrees and 48 degrees

In the sequence mode (polarization switch position 5)

during each dwell at a given pitch angle- all the following

measurements are taken

Scatterometer data with W HH VH and HV polarizashy

tions

Radiometer and noise data with V and H polarizations

Radiometer reference voltages and R2R1

2-1

TABLEI NOMINAL RADIOMETERSCATTEROMETER MODES

Operation Scanning mode choice Polarization choice Pitch angles

Radiometerscatterometer 1 Intrack 1 Scatterdmeter VV HH VH 0 iS6 294

Noncontiguous mode (ITNC) and HV 401 and 48 degrees Radiometer V and H

7 One polarization combinashy

tion (VV or Hi or HV or

VH) for scatterometer

and V or H for radiometer

Radibmeterscatterometer 1 Cross tiAck Same as for ITNC Same as for ITNC

Contiguous (CTNC) 1eft

right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right

Radiometerscatterometer 1 Intrack - 1 Onepolarization combinaz Same as for ITNC

Contiguous (ITC) mode tion for scatteronietdr (VV or HH or VH or liV)

for scatterometer and

V or H for radiometer

Radiometerscatterometer 1 Cross track contiguous 1 VV or HH for scatterom plusmnll to -110

-(TC)leftright eter and V or H for radiometer

Scatterometer only 1 CTC 1 V and H radiometer data +11 to -1i6

Scatterometer ofily 1 CTC 1 Scatterometer data for +110 to -110

VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS

Figure 1 - Intrack noncontiguous scan mode (ITNC)

2-3

There is a choice of other polarization settings VV

(switch position 1) VH (switch position 2) HV (switch

position 3) and HH (switch position 4) for this mode

The complete Scan cycle time in this mode is 1525

seconds The roll angle is always zero

Inreviewing the S-193 radiometerscatterometer Skylabshy

acquired data it was determined that some scan angle posishy

tions in this ihode were different from the nominal prelaunch

values The angles 0 degrees 156 degrees and 294 degrees

are not markedly different However the 401-degree and

48-degree angles~show noteworthy change In particular the

last angle (the nominal value before launch was 48 degrees)

remains fbr most part within 46 to 47 degrees The

401-degree angle is for most data within lS degrees of

the design specification

During Skylab-3 the antenna gimbals malfunctioned

The ITNC mode has not been in operation after this happenedshy

No data has been gathered in this mode during the Skylab-4

mission

Z-4

212 Crosstrack Noncontiguous (CTNG) Mode

In this mode the rol- angle is varied identically to

the intrack noncontiguous mode and the pitch angle remains

zero The motion ofthe field of view (FOV) is shown in

figure 2 where it can be seen that individual cells are

viewed from only one antenna position Because of the motion

of the antenna in the pitch direction the cells lie on a

curved arc There are three forms of this mode left

scan right scan and leftright scan as shown in the figure

The outermost cell is viewed at approximately 52 degrees

(corresponding to 48-degree gimbal angle) and the innermost

cell at approximately 0 degrees at all times

The total scan time for a complete cycle is 1525

seconds Only combined radiometerscatterometer data can

be gathered in the CTNC mode In the sequence mode

(polarization-switchsetting 5)data for all polarization

combinations is gathered automatically for radiometer and

s-catterometer systems

The -polarization setting can be changed to gather data

for VV (switch position 1) VH (switch position 2) LIV

(switch position 3) and f1l (switch position 4) individually

2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT

Figure 2 -Cross-track noncontiguous mode

2-6

The S-193 data for the CTNC mode shows that the antenna

scan angles are approximately the same for 0-degree 156shy

degree and 294-degree angles The 401-degree pitch angle

reaches only 375 degrees for the Skylab-acquired data The

right scan extendsup to approximately 43 degrees instead

of the nominal prelaunch value of 48 degrees and the left

scan extends up to 46 degrees instead of 48 degrees Some

oscillation in the antenna pitch angle is also noticeable

at each dwell angle Skylab-4 mission antenna scan motion

was also variable

213 Intrack Contiguous (ITC) Mode

The pattern is similar to the intrack noncontiguous

mode (figure 3) except that the antenna is scanned much

faster and there is no dwell at any antenna pitch angle

The entire inflight path is eventually scanned at all

incidence angles with this process

The scan cycle time is chosen so that at the vehicle

velocity the resolution cell at incidence angle 48 degrees

overlaps the previous cell by approximately 25 percent the

401-degree cell overlaps its predecessor by less than

20 percent etc down to the 0-degree incidence angle

2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13

Figurte 3 -Intrack contiguous mode

2-8

case where gapping rather than overlap occurs Trh complete

cycle for one scan takes about 40 seconds

The radiometer data is taken during slew periods between

two pitch angles corresponding to scatterometer data angles

In this mode during a given pass only one transmitted

polarization can be chosen Data corresponding to the vershy

tical or horizontal polarization is received in additioh to

data similar to the received polarization for the radiometer

As the vehicle progresses on successive scans the entire

path is viewed at 48 degrees and less except for gapping at

lowest angles

In the ITC mode the starting angle was about 43 degrees

(it should have been 48 degrees) during the Skylab-2 and 3

missions Since the Doppler filters are centered around

48 degrees the scatterometer data recorded for 43 degrees

is highly attenuated Corrections for the Doppler filter

attenuation have been implemented into the NASAComputations

and Analysis Division S-193 processing program Other-angles

arc also slightly off The difference increases with

increasing pitch angle However no correction to the scatshy

-terometer data is needed at the angles other than the highest

angle (43 degrees)

2-9

During the Skylab-3 mission a ma11Eunc tion occur rud ill

the antenna gimbals The pitch gimbal has been disabled as

a fix Consequently no data has been gathered in the ITC

mode after the malfunction

214 Crosstrack Contiguous (CTC) Mode

This mode contains three submodes

Radiometerscatterometer In this submode the

(RADSCAT) astronaut can select one

inphase polarization pair

vertical transmitvertical

receive (WV) or horizontal

transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy

Radiometer (RAD) In this submode data

corresponding to vertical

and horizontal polarizashy

tion will be gathered

Scatterometer (SCAT) Inthis submode data for

VV and HH polarization

combinations will be

gathered

2-10

This mode provides a side-to-side linear scan coveriing

plusmn11375 degrees and a turnaround to repeat As can be seen

in figure 4 this is a mapping mode To compensate for the

satellite forward velocity which could cause skewing of the

pattern perpendicular to the flightpath the pitch gimbal

is scanned backwards slightly as the roll angle oscillatesshy

between its limits Measurements are made for every 1896

degrees of beam center motion ranging from -11 75 degrees

to +11375 degrees inroll The total time of one cycle

is 424 seconds The pitch offset angles for this mode can

be chosen as incidence angles of 0 degrees 156 degrees

294 degrees or 401 degrees

A study of Skylab-acquired data in the CTC moderevealed

that the scan extends only up to a total of about 206 degrees

instead of227S degrees The repeatability of the timing

sequence also differs from that indicated by thisfigure

Because of antenna malfunction during the Skylab-5 mission

the pitch gimbal was fixed Consequently the scans on the

ground are not parallel for the-Skylab-4 (SL-4) mission

The roll angles are also different in SL-4 data

EPRODUIBILjITY Or THE

2-11 QR1I0AL PAGE IS POOR

FL IGHIT 1) 1diC(TION

8 NM]J

-I I I I I I I I I I

I I I i i I

---- MUASUREMENT INTERVALS

-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h

Figure 4 -Cross-track contiguous mode

2-12

22 ALiT lMiri

Thealtiieter may also be operated in several modes

(table 2) Within each mode the altimeter is automatically

sequenceamp through several submodes to provide internal

calibrations and engineering information for use in the

design of future short-pulse radar systems operating at

Earth satellite altitudes The pulse repetition frequency

is 250 pulses per second in all modes Briefly the Purpose

and operation of each mode is as follows[1J

221 Mode I - Pulse Shape

The purpose of this niodeis to-measure the return pulse

shape with the antenna pointing at nadir and off nadir

Individual return pulses are square-law sampled and recorded

for different sets of system parameters In this mode the

pulse width is 100 ns Sample-and-hold gate spacing is

25 ns- and IF filter bandwidth is 10 MHzand 100 MHz The

antenna is pointedat nadir and at a pitch angle of 043 degrees

off nadir The total running time of the data acquisition

submodes (DASs) is 179 s

2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section

IlII Time correlation

IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment

tABLE 2 - NOMINAL 5-193 ALTIMETER MODES

Antenna pointing angles Pulse width

Nadir 100 ns 0430 off nadir

040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14

Sample and hold gate spacing

25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA

Total data acquisition time

179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s

222 Mode 11 - Cross Section

The purpose of this mode is to measure the radar backscatter coefficient (a ) with the antenna pointing at

-0

nadir and off nadir The off-nadir antenna angles are 04

13 265 756 and 156 degrees Pulse widthis 100 ns

and IF filter bandwidth is 10 MHz Sample-and-hold gate

spacing is 25 ns The AGC voltage is the primary recorded

function in this mode because a is determined from this

voltage measurement A two-point calibration of the AGC

loop is included in this mode to providb a correction to

the calculated a0 The t6tal running time for the DASs is

174 s

223 Mode III - Time Correlation

-The purpose of this mode is to measure the range-gated

correlation between pairs of pulses with variable time

spacing The pulses are transmitted at a rate of 250 pulse

pairs per second Individual returnpairs are square-law

sampled and recorded-for different sets of system parameters

The antenna is pointed toward nadir throughout this mode

Pulse width is 10 and 100 ns and IF filter bandwidth is

100 MHz and 10 MHz Sample-and-hold gate spacing is 25 and

10 ns The total running time for the DASs is 1477 s

2-15

224 Mode IV - Frequency Correlation

This mode was deleted during the development of the

altimeter

225 Mode V - Pulse Compression

The purpose of this mode is to make measurements for

use in comparing the ocean return signal characteristics

for a 100-ns and a 10-ns uncoded pulse with the return

signal characteristics for a coded 130-ns transmitted pulse

compressed to 10 ns within the receiver Sample-and-hold

gate spacing is 25 ns for the 100-ns pulse and 10 ns for the

10-ns and 130-ns pulses The total running time for this

mode is 1747 s

226 Mode VI - Nadir Align

The purpose of this mode is to accomplish nadir alignshy

ment of the S-193 antenna Alignment with the subsatellite

point is automatically sought in this mode It is implemented

by using the AGC control voltage from the altimeter The

antenna is automatically moved in pitch and roll to the

position where AGC control voltage is a maximum This

antenna position is then redesignated as the nadir position

2-16 t-f iv

-The transmitte d pulse width is 100 us and IF CiIL6 r 1) II shy

width is 10 MHz There are no sample-and-hold gates in this

mode The running time for nadir alignment is typically

200 s

2-17

30 liXPI WIiNT 0WlIdIlVlS AND l

The analysis of S-193 data is presently continuing The

data is being processed using more accurate calibrations

determined from the analysis of S-193 acquirld data Limited

analysis of the Skylab S-193 data hgs demonstrated partial

fulfilment of the experiment objectives A brief summary of

the potential experiment objectives and corresponding results

will be presented The experimentalresults are given

following each objective

31 DATAAND RESULTS FOR FUTURE SENSOR DESIGN

One fundamental rationale for the design of the S-193

was to gather data to be used fpir the design of future

satellite radar (altimeter scatterometer and side-looking

radar) and radiometer systems Toward this several scanning

polarization and pulse modes were incorporated in the S-193

design Specific results from the data analysis are given in

the following section

3-1

311 Recommendation for Future RadiometerAltimeter

Scatterometer Design

Recommendations for future radiometeraltimeter

scatterometer design based on S-193 data analysisto date are

as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees

350 degrees Kelvin (K)

50 decibels (dB)

45 dB

plusmn1 degrees K minimum plusmn04 degrees K desied

plusmn05 dB minimum plusmn02 dB desired

plusmn10 centimeters

plusmn10 degrees minimum plusmn05 degrees desired (Actual performance at low performance at low temperatures is acceptable)

plusmn02 dB desired plusmn05 dB minimum


3-2

Signal-to- noise (SN) ratio

Scatterometer 25 dB minimum

Altimeters 25 dB minimum

Polarization isolation

Radinometer 20 dB minimum

Scatterometer 25 dB minimum (HH andVV only) 40 dB desited (VH and HV)

Antenna foot-print resolution

Radiometer Over water 4miles or less scatterometer Over land 3 miles or less

Altimeter 2 miles or less

Antenna scan performance

Over water- CTNC ITNC and a conical scan

Over land CTC (pitch offsets 0 degrees 15 degrees 30 degrees)ITC

Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H

Scatterometer VVHH VH and HV

312 Data Handling and Processing

Experience~with S-193 indicates that it is of primary

importance to begin consideration of data handling-at the time

of the specification and instrument design

3-3

Close cooperation between design engineers scientists

and computer programmers throughout the design development

construction and testing of the instrument will minimize

problems encountered after scientificdata collection begins

The data processing algorithms should be developed before

system testing begins and used in conjunction with raw system

test data to finalize the algorithm and evaluate the systems

perfotmance

The nature of microwave sensors particularly passive

sensors is such that multipass (generally two-pass) data

processing is necessary to obtain best results since noise

sources are required to calibrate radiometets the calibrashy

tion and baseline data is by its very fnature noisy To provide

the test calibration the noisy calibration data should be

integrated for S to 25 times the lengthof the measurement

time To provide single calibration times this long would

be wasteful of observation time therefore a number of

short calibrations centered about the-observation time should

be averaged together in some manner This could be done

either by a look ahead capability in the data processing

system which requires keeping large volumes of data in core

storage or more efficiently by using a two-pass data

processing system After-early efforts to maintain

3-4 RRU I Oor AE -p(oRPA_ W S

single-pass processingof S-193 radiometervdaia produced

marginal to unsatisfactory results a quasi two-pass

system has evolved [2 ]

313 Antenna Gimbals and Pointing

Two antenna gimbal failures were recorded - one in

pitch during SL-3 and one in roll during SL-4 These

failures imply that a more reliable antenna scanning mechanism

should be designed for an operational sensor At the beginshy

ning of the Skylab-mission the astronauts installed a device

on S-193 designed by General Electric to restore as much of

S-193s scanhing capability as possibe Operation of the

roll gimbal-was restqred but the operation of the pitch gimbal

was disabled This allowed normal operation of the crosstrack

modes to be restored and permitted nearly normal operation

The accuracy ofa number of experiments including the

Antenna Pattern Experiment by the University of Kansas was

limited by the-pointing accuracy of S-193 [$ ] At least two

factors were involved

The attitude of Skylab was not known to have sufficient

accuracy to pinpoint the center of the antenna field-of-view

on the ground

3-5

s Thp angular readouts of roll and pitch were not

adequate for determining fieldrof-view to the required accuracy

In future microwave programs more attention should be

given to the determination of accurate pointing for radiometer

and scattefometet systems

314 Radiometer Integration Times

The four different integration times used by the radioshy

meter had different effective gains This made averaging the

calibrations and baselines taken at the different angles

in noncontiguous modes difficult The fact that the data

processing had no look ahead capability combined with the

instruments data taking before theaccompanying calibration

and baseline data make data processing in the noncontiguous

modes difficult Some error is undoubtedly introduced by

the attempt tonormalize and average the calibrations and

baselines taken at differentantenna angles and through

different integrators However thig error appears to be

significantly less than the noise that would be introduced

by using only thes-ingle appropriate calibration

Consequently a singleradiometer integration time is

recommended for future systems Otherwise each integration

time must be thoroughly characterized

3-6

315 RadiometerScatterometer Math Models

During S-193 sensor performance evaluation efforts a

method of modeling the S-193 radiometer and scatterometer

electronics hardware was developed by Lockheed Electronics

Company personnel for NASAJohnson Space Centert 41 This model

has been programmed on a time-showing computer system and

was used to improve the S-193 radiometer data reduction

equations This modeling technique can be easily applied to

existing noncoherent microwave systems for improved accuracy

in data reduction and to proposed systems for optimizing

specification design and predicting sensor performance

316 Polarization Isolation

To meet the constraints of a shroud envelope the focal

length to diameter ratio of the S-193 antenna was reduced

This factor plus limitations in the antenna feed and

microwave switching network resulted in low isolation

between the vertical and horizontal anteina polarization

ports Based on present estimates of cross coupling from

the University of Kansas the ratio of power received in

desired polarization to power received in the undesired

polarization for the radiometer was only approximately

10 to 13 dB

3-7

An attempt -to make a irst order correct ion (or tilis

mixing of energy from two polarizations is perf[ormed in

production data processing Exact correction is more

difficult

For the scatterometer the condition is more complex

Small errors are generated in the vertical transmit vertical

receive(VV) and horizontal transmit horizontal receive (HH)

modes However in the cross polarized modes vertical

transmit horizontal receive (VH) and horizontal transmit

vertical receive(HV-) the situation is extremely difficult

Crossed polarized return signals are generally 10 to 15

d9 below the level of like polarized return signals Since

the antenna provided only about 20 dB of isolation on

transmission or reception between polarizations extraneousshy

like polarized return signals only 5 to 10 dB below the

power of the desired cross polarized signals are introduced

into the data An undesired signal (5 dBlower in power)

added to a desired signal of the same frequency can cause

errors as large as-+19 to -35 decibels depending upon the

phase relationships between the two The stochastic nature

of the return signals may contribute to increasing this error

Consequently a large uncertaintymust be assigned to the

cross polarized scatterometer data

3-8

317 Antenna Feed Design -

Photographic evidence indicated that the antenna cap

was present during SL-4 rendezvous but absent during SL-4

undocking Data analysis indicates that the cap was absent

during all SL-4 data taken

It should be noted that the quartz on which the cap

was mounted had two built-in necks which would have weakened

it structurally It may have been cracked by stresses induced

during the launch or gimbal failure during SL-3

Therefore it appears that a strong mechanical design

in the feed structure is indicated for future sensors

318 Results from Comparison of S-193 and S-194

Passive microwave systems on one frequency can be

successfully operated in the vicinity of active microwave

systems provided careful attention is paid to the design

and placementof each

A radiation cooled reference load for radiometers can

be used in space instead of a hot load to improve instrument

calibration

3-9

319 Ground Reflectivity Models

Data for a catalog of backscatter and radiometric

brtghteness temperatureswas acquired by S-193 Construction

of a catalog is now-in progress at the University of Kansas

From this catalog ground reflectivity models to be used

for the design of-future earth-orieited side-looking radar

systems can be developed

3110 Altimeter Design Results

From the pulse-to-pulse correlat-ion experiments the

feasibility of determining the direction of the nadir offset

angle was established The 250 pulses per second were

found to give essentially uncorrelated return pulses

The altimeter pulse compression mode employed a

13-bit Barker gode technique to compress a coded 130-ns

transmit pulse to 107ns within the receiver This mode

did not function properly on Skylab-2 and 3 missions In

spite of pioblems the Skylab-4 data analysis shows an 8 to 9-dB

increas6 in the signal-to-noise ratio due to the-pulse [ 5]

compression

-- i0LltY OF THE5-10A

Sufficientdata has been gathered td provide pti se

width power and bandwidth parameters for future desigfi

Data analysis is continuing at this-time

The nadir align mode performed as was expected from

the design It provided alignment to plusmn05 degrees With

the help of this mode more accurate range setting was

possible

3-i1

32 COMBINED RADIOMETER AND SCATTEROMETER OPERATION

This operation will expiore the advantage offered by

measuring nearly simultaneously the radiometric brightness

temperature and radar backscatter over Earths surface in

providing added remote sensing capability as opposed to using

only one type of system In addition utilizing radiometer

to correct scatterometeT-acquired backscatter data for

atmospheric effects will be studied

One example of the complementary role of the active

and passive measurements is afforded by examining the response

of S-193 scatterometer and radiometer to hurricaneAva shown

in fi-gures 5 and 6[6 7] This data is for the highest pitch

angle averaging 466 degrees in the Cross Track Noncontiguous

RadiometerScatterometer mode The approximate areas for

the scatterometer data are shown in figure 7 The hurricane

Ava composite photograph was prepared by NOAA During this

pass Skylab was in solar inertial mode The scatterometer

backscattering cross section drop after GMT 185817

(figure 5) is due to the attenuation by the system 0-degree

Doppler filter The dashed line marked 1 dB bandwidth point

corresponds to a Doppler filter attenuation of I dB

3-12

0

S-193 SCATTEROMETER EREP AVA PASS

Average roll angle - 466 - Average angle of incidence - 5070

X X VV -

1 to 15 data points windspeed

SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937

GMT IN HiOURSMINUTESSECONDS

Fig 5 - Backscattering cross section as a function of time for Hurricane Ava pass with 4660 roll angle

3-13

260 S-193 RADIOMETER EREP AVA PASS 260

0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10

X-X = Vertical polarization

--- = Horizontal polarization

Average angle of incidence = 5070

240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857

GMT in hoursminutesseconds

185937 190017 80

Fig 6 - Radiometric antenna temperatures for Hurricane Ava pass

HURRICANE AVA JUNE 6 1973 NOAA 2 COMPOSITE

TRACK 49

W

LAo

Fig 7 - Approximate location of the 13 data points (1 through 13)from north to south

Figure 6 shows that the radiomctric antenna temperatures

do not increase significantly for surface windspeeds up to

about 30 knots For this range of windspeeds the backshy

scattering cross section (horizontal-transmit horizontalshy

receive) increases significantly (figure 5) For 30 to SO

knots the scatterometer backscattering cross section shows

markedly decreased dependence on the other hand the

radiometric antenna temperature rises significantly

Summarizing the scatterometer-measured backscatter depends

strongly on ocean windspeeds up to 30 knots For higher

windspeeds the radiometric antenna temperatures show

markedly increased sensitivity to the winds compared to

the scatterometer The increase in the radiometric antenna

temperature for higher windspeeds is due to foam Thus a

larger range of ocean surface winds can be monitored by a

combination of radiometer and scatterometer as compared

with a single system In addition scatterometers can be

used to detect surface wind direction while the radiometers

do not appear to show this dependence

A crosstrack contiguous radiometerscatterometer mode

was exercised during EREP pass 5 over Great Salt Lake Desert

(figure 8) The scatterometer data for the two scans in

figure 8 is shown in figure 9 The dashed curve in figure 9

3-16

76

I

a Fig 8 - Field of view and ground track for Great Salt Lake Desert

--

S193 SCATTEROMETER

H1 POLARIZATION18--0 GMT 17 57 45927

TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy

10 9 8 7 6 S 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 - 4 S 6 7 8 9 20 -ROLL -ANGLE OF INCIDENCE- -ROLL

Figure 9 -Comparison of backscaLttering cross sections Great Salt Lake Desert and vicinity

3-18

is for an area about 50 miles earlier and is given for

comparison purposes The dashed area (figure 8) shows

the-extent of the illuminated area for a typical scatterometer

measurement in this mode The radiometer data taken

between scatterometer is shown in figure 10

Comparison of dashed and solid- curves in figire 9 shows

the specularscattering for the two scans The scatterometer

[8 ]

data can be used to predict the root mean square slope for

this area However since the area is smooth the presence

of a variation in moisture is difficult to deduce from -the

scatterometer data Interpretation of the radiometer data

makes it possible t6 conclude that low radiometri-c antenna

-temperatures-(of about 200 degrees) are -caused by moisture

in salt areas The same phenomena was observed by aircraft

and 8-194 radiometers Here again the complementary role

of radiometer and scatterometer is helpful in the interpretashy

tion of a physical phenomena

3-19

0

310

290

270RADIOMETER ANTENNA

TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER

POLARIZATION H o GMT 175745496

i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12

-ROLL ANGLE OF INCIDENCE DEG +ROLL

Radiometer antenna temperature as a function of angle of incidence Great Salt Lake Desert

33- APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE SENSORS TO REMOTELY

SENSING EARTH RESOURCES PHENOMENA

331 RadiometerScatterometer

3311 Measurement of ocean surface windwave fields

One potential objective of S-193 radiometerscatterometer

systems was to determine feasibility- of measuring global

patterns of ocean surface wave conditions and surface wind

fields

Analysis of S-193 radiometerscatterometer data to date

shows a strong dependence of the backscatter and radiometric

brightness temperature on the ocean surfac6 windspeed [910

i13] Hurricane Ava provided-a wide range of surface

winds The preliminary wind fieldderived from aircraft and

reported surface measurements is shown in figure 11[914]

For the 4626-degrees roll angle the scatterometer backshy

scatter measurements were taken over areas ranging in

surface windspeed from 10 to approximately 48 knots (figure

5) The backscatter fdr HH polarization (COHH) increases

as the eye of the hurricane is approached To study the

3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7

21 G 14 02LATITUDE 1650 DEG 1550 -o222i 30 is 14

1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050

LONGITUDE MEASURED EAST FROM GREENWICH DEG

Figure 11 - Preliminary sketch of the Hurrican Ava wind field (Univ of Kansas)

relationship between aOHI and the windspced a function of

the form

1OHl Y (1)a0OHH 1kw1

was used This relationship has been observed for various

NASA aircraft 133 GHz scatterometerimissions A least

mean square computer fit yields a value of 189 for the

constant k2 The response of the radtometer to the

hurticane is shown in figure 6 The radiometric antenna

temperatures rise slowly up to about 30 knots surface wind

and then rapidly up to 48 knots

The dependence of the vertically polarized backscattering

cross section (a on wind state for the June 5 and June 11

passes over Gulf of Mexico is shown in figure 12 These

data-have been corrected for-the wind direction effects

The data suggests a simple prediction based on a computer

fit A functional dependenc9 of the type given in equation

(1) is suggested

The analysis is continuing and the results to date

indicate that a radiometerscatterometer can be used to

3-23

SCATTERING COEFFICIENT dB

-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t

-25 0 (TENTATIVELY CORRECTED

FOR ASPECT ANGLE) o 5 JUNE o 11 JUNE

3- SIMPLE-30 PREDICTION

5 10 15-20 30 4050 WINDSPEED KNOTS

I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC

Figure 12 - Vertica-lly polarized radar wind response at 500 incidence angle (Univ of Kansas)

3-24 fEPRODUCBIJLITY OF T1E OIdINAL PA4E is P06i

measure windspeeds up to 48 knots Knowledge of waves and

winds will permit locating more efficient ship routing

developing better weather forecasting models pla ning

better ship design-to withstand wave impacts designing

better off-shore platforms and most important forecasting

for coastal zones

3312 Measurement of soil moisture type and

texture Earlier studies using airborne and ground-based

active and passive microwave sensors have demonstrated

considerable promise in detecting soil moisture Limited

study of S-193 has confirmed the correlation between the

response of active and passive microwave-sensors and the

soil moisture [15] The results of this study for EREP pass

on June 5 1973 over Texas (GMT 180037 CTC RS pitch

offset 294 degrees-) will be briefly summarized here

Figure 13 shows a composite precipitation map of the

area (prepared from data for 5 days of rainfallprecipitation

history before and including the time of pass) The rainfall

history was computed using the following approximation to

the soil moisture[15]

5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25

Figure 13 - Composite rainfall history - pass 5 day 156 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas)

-06

In equation (2) K is a constant and R is the rainfall

for the ith day The data was obtained from 78 climatology

stations within the reporting area The data was interpolated

to construct the map for entire pass Rainfall up to 181

inches per day was reported Figure 14 shows the S-193

radiometric temperature as a function of soil moisture for

this pass The dashed line is the regression line without

the data point in the lower left The correlation coefficient

of -086 corresponds to the dashed line For the entire set

a correlation coefficient of -075 was obtained When the

effects of clouds and the grounds physical temperature

are incorporated emissivities can be computed using the

following equation for the measured radiometric antenna

temperature (Ta)

Ta (T T s) + T u (3)T= L(BTg Tsc)T

In equation (3) L is the atmospheric transmittance

E is the scene emissivity T is the ground temperature g

Tsc is the upward scattered radiation and Tu is the

upward emission by the atmosphere Figure 15 shows the

emissivities calculated from the radiometric temperature

interpolated data The emissiviiy as a function of the

soil moisture content determined from the radiometer data

5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SOIL MOISTURE PERCENT BY WEIGHT

Figure 14 - The S193 Tadiometric temperature as a function of soil moisture for the June 5 1973 EREP pass (Univ of Kansas)

5-28

Figure 15 - Emissivity - pass 5 day 156 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas)

3-29

is given in figure 16 The correlation coefficient

associated with a linear fit is -088 an improvement over

the value computed directly from the radiometer data

The scatterometer backscatter coefficient for the

area under study is shown in figure 17

The S-193 backscatter coefficient as a function of

soil moisture is given in figure 18 For this data a

correlation coefficient of 067 was obtained[1 5]

3313 Identification of target types and surface

parameters S-193 scatterometer and radiometer data has

been used to prepare false color photographs Lakes

rivers and areas of high rainfall rate have been identified

independently of sunlight and cloud cover The prediction

of the root mean square slope was accomplished over the

Great Salt Lake Desert area by using an appropriate

scattering model and a computer fit to the data Emissivities

and power reflection constants were computed from radiometer

and scatterometer data respectively From this the

dielectric constants were also predicted [81 Work is continuing

on identifying crop types and conditions using S-193 data

3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 SOIL MOISTURE PERCENT BY WEIGHT

Figure 16 -Emissivity as a function of soil moisture content determined from Skylab S193 data (21-cm wavelength)(Univ of Kansas)

3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI

Figure 17 -Differential backscattering coefficient pass 5 day 156 1800 Gmt (Univ of Kansas)

3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00

5193 BACKSCATTER -90 COEFFICIENT dB 0

-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30


JUNE 5 1973 EREP PASS

Figure 18- S193 backscattering coefficient as a-The

function of soil moisture (Univ of Kansas)

3-33

3-32 Altimeter

3321 Shape of the geodetic profileand feasibility

of measuring sea bottom topography The information bbtained

-from the S-193 altimeter experiment has considerably exceeded

all expectations and has provided unique geodetic data

One of several examples of geodetic piofiles obtained is

presented in figure r9[16 This example shows a comparison

of the altimeter-geoidal data and the March-Vincentdata

developed from a 1 degreexl degree reference grid In

the S-193 aitimeter the range in meters is the difference

between the altimeter-measured geoid and the referenceshy

ellipsoid as determined by theorbital data It is denoted

as altimeter residuals- Both absolute and relative

comparisons are shown With the exception of the C-band

radar tracking data (reported to have S-meter root mean

square uncertainty) the absolute displacements between

S-193 and March-Vincent data may notbe meaningful since

these are largely indications of the long term errors in the

orbital solutions In figure 19 data from the pass over the

vicinity of Wallops Island Virginia is given The orbital

data was obtained by a combination ofthe unified S-band

tracking system and the NASA-Wallops Space Center FPQ-6

radar Figure 20 shows the location of the pass 9 ground

track [6]

3r 34

-o oI

SKYLAB PASS 9 MODE S -10 ALTIMETER DATA RATE

_ I-2 - ALTIETERRES[UALS FROM Y 8 PERSECONDS-BAND AND C-5AND ORBIT -]12 JUNE 1973

-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0

2mes 13hO3mO6s h r46a 13h04m26s

l3hO2mO6s lahO2m4Gs 13h0m25s l3hO0mO6s

TIME

Figurer-9 of altimeter altitude residuals-Comparison

(from S band and C-band determined orbit) with the Marsh-Vincetit geoid itthe vicinity of Wallops Island Virginia (NASAWI)

J I z e I -i3 I Ik I

o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU

Figure 20 - Ground tracks for passes 4 and 9 of Skylab Mission SL-2 (NASAWI)

II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65

Figure 21 - Groundtrack for the Puerto Rican Trench area data shown in figures 11 through 14 (NASAWI)

3-36

Skylab EREP passes 4 and 6 were flownover a known

geodetic anomaly - the Puerto Rican Trench (figure 21)

These passes have essentially the same ground track The

trench gravitational anomaly is manifested in a mean sea

level depression of about 10 meters in the first 20 seconds

of data The large increase in residuals given in-figure 22

near 40 seconds from the-left side of the record is- due to

island land scatter The S-193 data shows adequate overall

agreement with the Puerto Rican Trench region data given

by Vincevt and the -ever clbser relative agreement with

[i6]shydata from Von Arx

Geodetic surface variations with an accuracy of 5 meters

to 20 meters oj a global scale have been measured usiig

S-193 altimeter data [16 ]

Figure 23 shows the altimeter residuals in the-beginning

in the vicinity of Charleston SouthCarolina for EREP

pass 4 The ground track for figure 23 is given in figure 20

Figure 23 also shows a record of the ocean bottom profile

It is intriguing to note the correlation between the

altimeter data and the bottom features It should be noted

-that at the ItChange of Pointing Angle there was a programmed

137-3-37

100

V)

S60

U) PASS 94 2S RICBORT

LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS

C (LARGE LOCALIZED TRENCH ARlEA

ELAPSED LANTIM-SECND wL GRAVITY ANOMALY)

40 60 00 100 120 -SECONDSELAPSED TIME

Figure 22 - Comparison of Puerto Rican Trench area data from passes 4 and 6 Skylab Mission SL-2 on corrected time scale (NASAWI)

3-3

3-38

40 - MARSH VINCENT GEOID

30 20

CHANGE IN POINTING ANGLE

- FROM 5-BANfD ORBITI

TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT

E 2 BLAKE - BAHAMA BASIN

- fHATTERAS I L ABYSSAL PLAIN

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

ELAPSED TIME (SECONDS)

Figrb 23 - Comparison of altimeter altitude residuals (frbm S-band determined orbit)with the Marsh-Vincent geoid and the corresponding undersea topography (in the vicinity of the Blake Escarpment) (NASAWI)

3-39

altimeter submode change altering the antenna pointing angleshy

by about 05 degrees The altimeter record discontinuity

at this pointjs the result of an attitude and not an

altitude change A few other examples of this correlation

for S-193 altimeter data have been-noted[16 ]

3322 Pointing angle determination The S-193 nadir

align mode gave pointing accuracy to within plusmn05degrees [1 6 ]

A better estimate for determining antenfna pointing angle

wasdeveloped using the experimentally obtained pulseshy

shapes These pulse shapes were compared with these

calculations using altimeter antenna beamwidth 100-ns

pulse width averaging time and altitude Using this

procedure antenna pointing angle can be resolved to withig

plusmn005 degrees For off-nadir angles it can be resolved in

the range of 025 to 08 degrees Figure 24 shows the

results orf this comparison The 005 degrees accuracy

figure has been empirically determined to be the accuracy

obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060

6 shy = 055 SKYLAB ALTIMETER PASS 9 SL-2 MISSION

0 4EASURED RETURN ONESIGMA CONFIDENCE BOUNDS

p 2 -- COMPUTED RETURN (NO JIlTER)2 -2 2

0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)

Figut6 -24 -Comp-afison of measured and theoretical (neglecting tracking loop jitter) mean return waveforms for a 10-ns transmitted pulse width (pass 9 mode V DAS-3)(NASA TI)

34 DATA ACQUISITION AND MISSION REQUIREMENTS

FOR FUTURE SPACECRAFT MICROWAVE SENSORS

The experience gained from the S-193 program has resulted

in several procedures for mission planning Regions of

particular interest to the study of certain phenomena must

be identified before the data acquisition pass Computer

programs have been developed showing times and conditions for

possible data acquisition based on sensor and mission

constraints These computer-generated sequences of mission

events take into account the mandatory and desirable

conditions such as cloud cover sunlight and other

parameters These programs will be useful for future

spacecraft microwave sensors

3-42

40 CONCLUSION

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has

advanced the concept of Earth observations using airborne

and spaceborne remote sensors for nearly a decade Conshy

siderable attention has been given to the optical and

infrared scanner systems Microwave sensors have also been

used although to a far lesser extent

The night day and nearly all weather capabilities of

microwave sensors have received new emphasis recently since

NASA is interested in-obtaining remote sensor data with the

highest efficiency

S-193 should be considered as a first step toward

expanding microwave technology for remote sensing of Barth

phenomena Scatterometers and radiometers can provide

capability for measuring ocean surface wiids up to 45 knots

Sea state information can also be gathered from vertical

backscatter and antenna temperature Future systems call

for considerable improvement-on precision resolution and

signal-to-noise performance

Recently considerable progress has been in the manushy

facture of microwave semiconductor components and microwaveshy

integrated circuits This should mean improvement in the

I

reliability of microwave sensors The rapid development of

minlcomputers and microcomputers makes onboard processing

attractive for low and medium data acquisition rate systems

Future sensor development must include feasibility studies

fdr onboard data processing

One area which needs improvement is how the radiometer

and sctterometer data should be displayed for oceanographers

or other users False color photos computer contour maps

or other types of displayes should be explored to convey

information to the users not familiar with the intricacies

of microwave sensors

Altimeters indicate an increasingly accurate detection

of dynamic ocean features such as waves tides and-curshy

rents mapping of geoid and positioning and density detershy

mination of underwater topography The S-193 altimeter has

provided valuable data for the design and development of

future satellite altimeter The GEOSC altimeter serves as

one example

The decade ahead calls for side-looking imaging radars

for ocean and land remote sensing Toward achieving an

optimum design for such an imaging radar the S-193 acquired

data will prove extremely yaluable The microwave system

will have to perform for extended periods in space Serious

-PAGE 18 pnntD

consideration should therefore be given to making future

sensors repairable in space This would allow highly useful

sensors to be scheduied as part of the Space Shuttle program

ACKNOWLEDGE

The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions made

by D J Pounds Lockheed Electronics Corp and Dr R K

Moore University of Kansas to this report

4 -3

50 REFERENCES

1 HistoricalLogbook S-193 Microwave RadiometerScatterompterAltimeteT General Electric Corporation Document No 72SD4234 Rev A- Vols I through 10 October 1972

2 NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Resources Production Processing Requirements for EREP Electronic Sensors PHO-TR-524 revision A May 10 1973 with change 1

3 NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Resources Experiment Package Sensor-Performance Report Vol IV (S193 Rad Scat) MSC-05528

4 Kfishen K and D J Pounds 8-193 Radiometer and Scatterometer Sensor Mathematical Models Lockheed Electronics Company Inc Technical Report LEC-1741 Houston February 1974

5 NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Resources Experiment Package Sensor Performance Report Vol V (S193 Alt)shyMSC-05528

6 Krishen K Quick-Look Evaluation of Hurricane Ava S193 Scatterometer Data Lockheed Electronics Company Memorandum 642-788 August 1973

7 Potter A B et al Summary of Flight Performance of the Skylab Barth Resources Experiment Package (ERBP)Proceedings of the Ninth Conference onRemote Sensingof Environment Ann Arbor Michigan April 1974

8 Krishen K Remote Sensing of Surface Parameters UsingSkylab S193 Radiome-teiScatterometer Data Lockheed Electronics Company Memorandum LEC-3980 July 1974

9 Moore R K J P Claassen A C Cook D L FaymanJ C Holtzman A Sobti W E Spencer F T Ulaby and J D Young W J Pierson V J Cardone J Hayes and W Spring -RJ Kern N M Hatcher Simulataneous Active and PassiveMicrowave Response of-the Barth -The Skylab Radscat Experiment presented at the 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environshyment Ann Arbor Michigan April 15 1974

10 Pierson W J TheScientific Justification of a Radar Scatterometer and a Passive Microwave System on Seascat A Submitied to the -Seascat A User Agency Committee and NASA Active Microwave Workshop July 1974

11 Krishen K Contribution to Ocean Panel IncludingReports on Some Sea Return Experiments Ocean Surface Windspeed Sensing andScatterometers Tech Report LEC-3896 Lockheed Electronics Company IncJuly 1974

12 Cardone V W Pearson R Moore and J Young Preshyliminary Report on Skylab S193 Radscat Measurements of Hurricane Ava City University of New York Unishyversity Institute of Oceanography Report No 23 October 1973

13 Ross D et al A Remote Sensing Study of Pacific Hurricane Ava Proceedings of the Ninth Conference onRemote Sensing of Environment Ann Arbor Michigan April 1974

14 Hayes J et al A Preliminary Analysis of the Surshyface Truth Data to be Correlated with the Skylab II Data Obtained for the S193 Microwave Investigators City University of New York Informal Report August 1973

15 Eagleman J R and F T Ulaby Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture by Skylab Radiometer and Scatterometer Sensors communicated to PIMONASA

16 McGoogan J Miller L Brown G and Hayne G The S193 Radar Altimeter Experiment Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue on Radar Technology and Applications June 1974

5--2

CONTENTS

Section Page

10 INTRODUCTION -

20 SUMMARY OF S-193 OPERATIONAL MODES 2-1

21 RADIOMETERSCATTEROMETER 2-1

211 Intrack Noncontiguous (ITNC) Mode 2-1

212 Crosstrack Noncontiguous

(CTNC) Mode 2-5

213 Intrack Contiguous (ITC) 2 7Mode

21-4 Crosstrack Contiguous-(CTC Mode 210

22 ALTIMETER2-13

221- Mode I Pulse Shape 2-13

222 Mode LI - Cross Section 2155

223 Mode III TimeCorrelation 2-15

224 Mode IV - Frequency Correlashytion 2-16

225 Mode V - Pulse Compression 2-16

2-16226 Mode VI - Nadir Align

30 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS 3-1

3- DATA AND RESULTS FOR FUTURE SENSOR DESIGN 5 3-1

311 Recommendations for Future RadiometetAltimeterScattrom-shyeter Design 3-2

ii

3-3

Section Page



Pointing 3-5



I




S-193 and S-194 53-9









332 Altimeter 3-34

iii

7

Section Page




40 CONCLUSION 4-1

50 REFERENCES 5-1

iv

TABLES

Table

I

II



-

Page

2-2

2-14

v

Figures

Fi gdre Page
















vi

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

3-3

Section Page



Pointing 3-5



I




S-193 and S-194 53-9









332 Altimeter 3-34

iii

7

Section Page




40 CONCLUSION 4-1

50 REFERENCES 5-1

iv

TABLES

Table

I

II



-

Page

2-2

2-14

v

Figures

Fi gdre Page
















vi

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

Section Page




40 CONCLUSION 4-1

50 REFERENCES 5-1

iv

TABLES

Table

I

II



-

Page

2-2

2-14

v

Figures

Fi gdre Page
















vi

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

TABLES

Table

I

II



-

Page

2-2

2-14

v

Figures

Fi gdre Page
















vi

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

Figures

Fi gdre Page
















vi

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

Figure Page



-

3-32-




-3-36


3-3(




Vii


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2


10 INTRODUCTION

















technology



1-1







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2







sensor
















1-2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2























1-3
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2
























1-4














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2














1-5


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2


















tions



2-1











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2











right

2 CTNC left

3 CTNC right









VV and HH

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

r FLIGHT DIRECTION

0

0--CELLS

1

0 2

0

60 08

02

64

=

=

=

=

0 1S60

2940

480

CELLS


2-3



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2



















mission

Z-4






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2






















2-5

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

LEFfILEF iCi

SnRIGJIT

tBFTR IGHT


2-6










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2










was also variable












2-7

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

-- r FLIGHT PATH

E D C 13


2-8











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2











lowest angles











angle (43 degrees)

2-9












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2












transmithorizontal

receive (HH)shy








gathered

2-10
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2
























8 NM]J


I I I i i I


-MvlOO NMI

I

BEAM CENTERLIN h


2-12

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

22 ALiT lMiri



















2-13

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

Mode

I Pulse shipe

II Backscatter

Cross Section


IV Frequency

N Correlation

V Pulse

VI Nadir

Alignment




040 130 26S 7560 and 100 ns

156

Nadir 10 ns 100 ns

D

Deleted

Nadir 00 ns

10 ns

130 ns

off nadir to 100 ns

nadir

2-14


25 ns

25 ns

25 ns 10 ns

25 ns

10 ns

NA


179 s

174 s

1477 s

1747 s

200 s



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2



-0









174 s











2-15



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2



altimeter









mode is 1747 s









2-16 t-f iv




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2




200 s

2-17


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2


















3-1





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2





as follows

Angles of incidence

Radiometer

Scattexometer

Dynamic- range

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Precision

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

Accuracy

Radiometer

Scatterometer

Altimeter

O to

0 to

0 to

50 degrees

50 degrees


50 decibels (dB)

45 dB







3-2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2













Polari zatijon

Radiometer V and H






3-3








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2








perfotmance





































on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2





















on the ground

3-5























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2























3-6






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2






















10 to 13 dB

3-7




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2




difficult




















3-8



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2



















calibration

3-9



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2



















compression








possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2







possible

3-i1






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2






















3-12

0



X X VV -


SATRTTION

9

S4 G x

)

-15

W

-1 I

2 x( X 8

0xs o

-20 7 x 40 Z 6H

C-I 4- IW 13I0 -25 x 30-

SI 144 4U

9 |

to-35 I is

-410

18 5537 19 5557 1l-S517 185637 185657 135717 185737 1857-57 185617 18837 185857 185917 185937



3-13


0i0 m 240 $4

220- 10




240

220

4

200 200

4 4

10

160-

41

4 510

4-

9

20

160

140 -14 8 714

O0 120-0 4

120

100- 100

801 185537 185617

A1 I 185657 185737 185817 185857


185937 190017 80



TRACK 49

W

LAo

























3-16

76

I


--

S193 SCATTEROMETER


TO 17 57 47577 -

16-- SET I

A GMT 17 57 48046 17t S7 4975214 -TO

SET II S T 7

bull 6- GMT 17 57 3S315 12 -TO 17 57 36984

SET A

- 0

6-- shyi 0shy

0- to

eeo

-4

bull jf -2 - shy



3-18








[8 ]











3-19

0

310

290


TEMPERATURE K 250

230

210

190

Figure 10 -

S193 RADIOMETER


i TO 175747633

1o GMT 175747633 TO 175749602

- I I I I I I I I I 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 -8 10 12










fields












3-21

2250 I I I

2150 2050

- A1

8 10 111 -

1950 12 1 1 amp4amp r 12 11 12

1850 - 215 3 G 5

175016 5 1 7 8 - a 1 - 7


1450 -2

1350 -4 2 1

1250 - 2 - -

1150 - 8

11050 - CTNC - R )shy

950 I I I I 24650 24850 25050 25250 25450 25650 25850 26050




the form















(1) is suggested



3-23


-10

bull oo

bull 0 0

-15[3 00 0

0

0

-20

0

13t





I I- I I I

25 5 77 10 15 2025 WINDSPEED mSEC








for coastal zones















5

RH = E K(6-i)R (2)

i=1 1

3-25


-06














temperature (Ta)









5-27

290 0 R -0-75

285 shy

0 0 280 -0

S193 275 00 ANTENNA O 0

TEMPERATURE K

270 0

o

265

0 260

255 I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30



5-28


3-29





















3-30

097

95 0

R -- 088 93

0 0

EMISSIVITY 910 0

89 0 0 0 0

187 0 0

35 I 0 P shy



3-31

Ir t $V ~ llll

7 pPiWEWI


3

-75 R -067

-80 0o

-85 00 00


-95

-100 -00 0 0 00

-105 shy0 5 10 15 20 25 30





3-33

3-32 Altimeter























track [6]

3r 34

-o oI



-3001IlmVht

- 0 7t- 8 F 9 r5-700W--

60O0



TIME




o40

612733

17 12113 04-50shy

67 70

BLAKE

PLATEAU


II-N

~PUE TO RICO

SKYLAB ALTIMETER

SL-2 aISSION

PASS 4

PASS 6

69B 67

LONGITUDE

66 65


3-36






















137-3-37

100

V)

S60


LU shy

j0OI-04040 0 2

LAN ampAS





3-3

3-38


30 20



TIME - SECONDS

5 OTINENTAL SHELF -

BLAKE PLATEAU4

3 BLAKE ESCARPMENT



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110



3-39


















obtainable[16]

3-40

10 70

rS 6 2 3

__--l0 45 6 8

-00- ----f7 0_ 4 065shy

t 3-- = 060




0 x_

I 1 I 1 I II

a 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

RELATIVE TIME (ns)















3-42

40 CONCLUSION










highest efficiency












I


















one example






-PAGE 18 pnntD




ACKNOWLEDGE




4 -3

50 REFERENCES

















5--2

khee 0 e le c t r ohi cs company, i n c

Documents