kinesiology first exam review and catch up
TRANSCRIPT
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Kinesiology First Exam
Review and Catch Up
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Frontal Plane
Also referred to as the coronal
plane
Bisects the body from side to
side and divides the body into
equal front and back halves
Side to Side
Abduction and adduction are
movements commonly
performed in this plane.
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Sagittal Plane
Bisects the body from front to
back, dividing it into right and
left symmetrical halves
Front to Back
Movements which generally
occur in this plane are flexion,
extension, and hyperextension
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Transverse Plane Also referred to as the horizontal
plane
divides the body horizontally
into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) halves
Parallel to the ground
Rotational movements such as
spinal rotation and supination
and pronation of the forearm
occur in the transverse plane
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
Flexion and Extension:
Flexion = Bending
movement of one bone on
another; Two segments
approaching each other
(usually anterior surfaces)
Extension = Straightening
movement of one bone away
from another; Two segments
moving away from each other
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
ABDuction & ADDuction
ABD = movement away from midline
ADD = movement toward midline
Rotation
Internal Rotation = anterior surface
moving toward midline (medial rotation)
External Rotation = anterior surface
moving away from midline (lateral
rotation)
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental
Positions
Rotation
Pertains only to AXIAL skeleton
Neck, Back
Described to the direction of
rotation, i.e Left Rotation
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental
Positions
Lateral Flexion
Pertains only to AXIAL skeleton
Neck, Back
Described to the direction of
movement, i.e Left lateral flexion
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
Circumduction
Circular motion through 2 planes If a joint can draw a circle in the air, it can
circumduct
Protraction & Retraction
Protraction Translation of bone away from midline in a plane
parallel to the ground
Retraction Translation of bone toward midline in a plane
parallel to the ground
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRIz6oOA0Vs&feature=related
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
Horizontal ABD & ADD Shoulder flexed or abducted to 90o
Horizontal ABD: movement away from midline
Horizontal ADD: movement towards midline
Pronation & Supination Takes place in the forearm with pronation turning the palm
down and supination turning the palm up
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
Radial & Ulnar Deviation Takes place at the wrist with movement toward
either the radius or ulna
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Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion Takes place at the ankle with dorsiflexion
bringing the foot upward and plantar flexion
pushing the foot down
Inversion & Eversion The sole of the foot faces medially in
inversion and laterally in eversion
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Osteokinematics
Axis of Rotation = “pivot point”
It’s ALWAYS perpendicular to the plane of motion!
Frontal Plane Ant/Post Axis of Rotation
Sagittal Plane Medial/Lateral Axis of Rotation
Transverse Plane Vertical Axis of Rotation
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Line of Pull
A muscle’s line of pull describes the direction of muscular force which can be represented in a vector. (the motions that are possible)
A muscle’s line of pull and the joint’s axis of rotation determines what action/motions a muscle can produce
If a muscle crosses a joint, it acts on that joint.
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Factors In Use of Anatomical Levers
Force Arm: the distance between the axis and the point of force.
Resistance Arm: The distance between the axis and the point of
resistance.
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3rd Lever Class Lever
A-F-R
A---------------------------------R
F
FA shorter than RA
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Mechanical Advantage
It takes less force on your
part if you apply resistance
distally rather than
proximally.
Mechanical Advantage
decreases the more distal
you go
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1st Exam Review Know all descriptive terminology, i.e. medial/lateral, ant/post,
dorsal/ventral, etc.
Difference between rotary and translatory motion
Anatomic position vs fundamental
Motions that occur at frontal, sagittal, transverse planes
Osteokinematics of every joint
Convex-Concave rule
Pros and Cons of each type of lever: force or speed/ROM
What happens when the Resistance-Axis distance increases/decreases; What
happens when the Force-Axis distance increases/decreases
Line of Pull and Axis of rotation
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1st Exam Review Axial vs appendicular skeleton
Cortical vs cancellous bone
Parts of bone
5 types of bones
7 common elements of
diarthrosis joint
7 types of synovial joints, degree
of freedom, available motions
Tendons vs ligaments
Types of contractions
All muscle terminology
Muscle fiber arrangement
Length Tension relationships
Force velocity relationship
Functional Characteristics of
muscle