Kinesiology Laboratory 8

Posture and Gait Analysis

❧• Stand so that the line is slightly anterior to lateral

malleoli

Lateral Plumb Line

❧*Plumb line

should be equidistant from both feet

Anterior/Posterior Plumb Line

❧

Normal Vertical Plumb Line Analysis

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* Plumb line should be slightly posterior to the center of the hip joint and only slightly anterior to the knee and ankle joint.

❧Normal Spinal Curvature

Posterior concave curves are termed Lordosis

Posterior convex curves are termed Kyphosis

Flattening or increases in curvature beyond baseline are postural abnormalities that lead to increase stress on joints and surrounding structures.

❧

Subject Hand Dominance (R/L) Higher Shoulder (R/L)

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❧Knee

Genu recurvatum-

Plumb line will fall anterior to knee cap

Lateral Deviations

❧Ankle

Hyperpronation

Supination

Posterior/Anterior Deviations

❧

Anterior/Posterior Deviations

KneeVargusValgus

❧Hip

Different Iliac Crest heights

Lateral gluteal fold deviations

Spine

Lateral deviations (Scoliosis)

Scapula

Winging

Shoulders

Different Heights

Posterior/Anterior Deviations

❧Shortened Achilles Tendon due to increased plantar

flexion

Center of gravity shifted forward

Compensation causes

Increased lumbar lordosis

Stress on knees

Changes in Posture: High Heels

❧Normal Gait

❧

RLA vs Traditional Terminology

Traditional RLA

STANCE STANCE

Heel Strike Initial Contact

Flat Foot Loading Response

Mid-Stance Mid-Stance

Heel-Off Terminal Stance

Push-Off

Toe-Off Pre-Swing

SWING SWING

Acceleration Initial Swing

Mid Swing Mid Swing

Deceleration Terminal Swing

❧Ankle: Neutral (isometric contraction of dorsiflexors)

Knee: Slight Flexion (eccentric of knee extensors)

Hip: 30 degrees Flexion (isometric of hip extensors)

Trunk: Rotated to Opposite Side (isometric of erector spinae group)

Body weight shifts to stance leg

Heel Strike

❧Ankle: 5-10 degrees of Plantar Flexion (eccentric

dorsiflexors)

Knee: 15 degrees of Flexion (eccentric quadriceps)

Hip: Moving into Extension (isometric extensors)

Body weight continues to shift stance foot

Flat Foot

❧Ankle: Dorsiflexion (eccentric plantarflexors)

Knee: Extension (no contraction)

Hip: Extension (concentric extensors and abductors)

Trunk: Neutral

Single limb support occurs

Highest level of horizontal displacement of center of gravity and vertical displacement of center of gravity

Mid-Stance

❧Ankle: initially dorsiflexion, moving into plantar flexion

(for push off) (concentric plantar flexors)

Knee: extension (eccentric quads)

Hip: Hyperextension (isometric extensors, eccentric hip flexors)

Trunk: Rotation to same side

Heel Off

❧Toes: Hyperextension

Ankle: Plantar flexion appox. 10-15 degrees (concentric plantar flexors)

Knee: Flexion to 30 degrees (eccentric quads)

Hip: Moving into Flexion (concentric hip flexors)

Toe Off

❧Ankle: Moves into dorsiflexion (concentric dorsiflexors)

Knee: Flexion (eccentric quads)

Hip: (concentric flexors)

Acceleration

❧Ankle: Neutral (isometric dorsiflexion)

Knee: 60 degrees of Flexion (eccentric quads)

Hip: 25 degrees of Flexion (concentric hip flexors)

Mid Swing

❧Ankle: Neutral (isometric dorsiflexors)

Knee: Full Extension (eccentric hamstrings)

Hip: Flexion (eccentric extensors)

Deceleration

❧Gait Analysis

Step length is the distance between the point of initial contact of one foot and the point of initial contact of the opposite foot. In normal gait, right and left step lengths are similar.

Stride length is the distance between successive points of initial contact of the same foot. Right and left stride lengths are normally equal.

Cadence or walking rate is calculated in steps per minute.

Walking base is the sum of the perpendicular distances from the points of initial contact of the right and left feet to the line of forward progression.Foot angle or toe out describes an angle between the line of progression and a line drawn between the midpoints of the calcaneus and the second metatarsal head.

❧http://www.youtube.com/watch?

NR=1&v=IuEeKzqsfmk&feature=endscreen

Trendelenburg Sign Vs Trendelenburg Gait

❧• Final Lab Practical

• Principles

• Active and Passive Insufficiency

• Length-Tension

• Velocity Tension

• Force Couples

• Levers

• Activity Analysis

• Squat

• Baseball Swing (Leading Arm)

• Push up

• Sit up

• Bench Press

• Military Press

• Exercise Prescription• Lower Extremities

In Two Weeks