Kings

Nobility

Clergy

1106-25 Reign of Henry V as Holy RomanEmperor

1125-37 Reign of (Welf) Lothar of Saxonyas Holy Roman Emperor

1137 Lothar designates Henry the Proud asKing of Germany, but electors choose(Hohenstaufen) Conrad III (r. 1138-52)

Frederick I Barbarossa of Swabia(Hohenstaufen, r. 1152-90), relativeof (Welf) Henry the Lion of Saxonyand Bavaria

Franconia Burgundy S. Saxony

1156 Frederick marries heiress to Burgundy,then invades Lombardy

1157 Pope Adrian IV (p. 1154-59) sendsletter to Frederick at Besançon

beneficium

1159-81 Papacy of Alexander III

1162 Frederick takes Milan

1167 Communes of Lombardy form LombardLeague

1176 Lombard League routs Frederick’s armyat Legnano

1177 Frederick makes peace with LombardLeague and Alexander III

1180 Frederick confiscates Henry the Lion’s fiefs

1183 Frederick comes to agreement withLombard League

1190 Death of Frederick

1085 Alphonso VI of León-Castile(r. 1065-1109) takes Toledo

Al-murabitun (Almoravids)

Norman Sicily

1113-54 Reign of Roger II

Mid 12th c. English begin expandinginto and settling in Ireland

10th-13th c. Formation of kingdoms ofDenmark, Norway and Sweden

(Future) Russia Poland (after 1138)

Bohemia (part of Holy Roman Empireby early 11th c., re-unified byOtakar I (r. 1192-1230) in 1200)

Hungary Bulgaria Serbia

Kings needing support of nobility and clergy,but achieved by various means (Sicily,E. Europe, Holy Roman Empire)

Dangers to position (Frederick/Alexander III,E. Europe, Poland)