KLASIFIKASI MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUANOleh :

HIMPUNAN MAHASISWA ALUMNI STEMBAYO

No. Mineral Class Formula Low

H

High

H

Low

SG

High

SG

Crystal Habit Cleavage Fracture Transparency Color Luster Streak Rarity Field Marks TextSearch

2

1 actinolite Silicates Ca2 (Mg,Fe)5

Si8 O22

(OH)2

5 6 2,9 3,2 monoclinic prismatic,

radiating,

fibrous

2: perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

green,

white, gray

vitreous white Very

Common

toughness, typical

green color, cleavage

toughness (nephrite

jade), fibrosity

(asbestos), crystal

habit and hardness.

Nephrite, if finely colored and

translucent, can be used for

carvings. Jade is used as a

gemstone. Asbestos is an

excellent insulator but causes

cancer.Albite, Barite, Chlorite,

Epidote, Muscovite, Serpentine,

(Marble)Contains both iron and

magnesium an

2 adamite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Zn2 (AsO4)

(OH)

3,5 3,5 4,3 4,5 orthorhombic small, many

faceted prisms

2: 1 good,

1 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white,

yellow,

green

vitreous white Very Rare wedge shaped drusy

crystals, brilliant

green fluorescence

Used as an ore of zinc.Limonite,

Aurichalcite, Austinite,

Mimetite, Wulfenite,

Hemimorphite, Legrandite,

ParadamiteAdamite crystals are

usually embedded in Limonite

which is rusty and crumbly and

stains the hands. A variety

containing copper is called Cu

4 albite Silicates Na Al Si3 O8 6 6,5 2,6 2,6 triclinic tabular, often

massive

3: 2 good,

1 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

white, gray,

colorless

vitreous,

pearly

white Very

Common

Occurence, crystal

habit, hardness,

striations

A cleavage fragment of the

plagioclase feldspar Albite

showing its characteristic

twinning striations.Albite is used

in the manufacture of ceramics.

Forms excellent crystal

specimens.

Quartz, Muscovite, Biotite,

Potassium Feldspar, Tourmaline,

Hornblende

5 allanite Silicates (Ce,Ca,Y)2

(Al,Fe)3

(SiO4)3 (OH)

5,5 6 3,5 4,2 monoclinic tabular,

prismatic

none uneven opaque black,

brown

vitreous gray,

green ,bro

wn

Very Rare Crystal habit, color,

radioactivity, luster

and hardness.

As a source of rare earth

metalsquartz, feldspars, biotite,

thorite, monazite and

epidoteAllanite, is known as

"orthite" in Europe and is one of

the most common rare earth

minerals. Often slightly

radioactive.Crystal habit, color,

radioactivity, luster a

6 alunite Sulfates K Al3 (SO4)2

(OH)6

3,5 4 2,6 2,8 hexagonal rhombohedral,

massive,

earthy

basal,

good

conchoidal opaque white,

gray, red

vitreous white Rare rhombohedral, massive, earthy

7 amblygonite Phosphates, (Li,Na) Al 5,5 6 3,1 3,1 triclinic rough crystals; 4: 3 good, uneven transparent, colorless, vitreous, white Common Very similar to Used as a source of lithium and

3

Arsenates,

Vanadates

(PO4) (F,OH) compact or

cleavable

masses

1 perfect translucent white,

yellow,

pink, green,

blue

pearly orthoclase; lithium

flame test numerous

cleavage angles

phosphorous and crystals as

gemstones.lepidolite, quartz,

albite, topaz, cassiterite,

apatiteName comes from the

Greek words for "blunt angles"

in allusion to its angled four

cleavages.Very similar to

orthoclase; lithium fl

8 analcime Silicates Na Al Si2 O6

· 2H2O

5 5,5 2,2 2,3 isometric crystals

usually well-

formed

trapezohedron

s or cubes,

massive

none uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, pink,

yellow

vitreous white Very

Common

occurs as shiny,

glass-clear crystals

lining cavities

quartz, calcite, serandite,

apophyllite, natrolite, stilbite,

heulandite and other

zeolites.occurs as shiny, glass-

clear crystals lining

cavitiescrystals usually well-

formed trapezohedrons or cubes,

massive

9 anatase Simple

Oxides

Ti O2 5,5 6 3,8 3,9 tetragonal pyramids or

tabular

perfect

basal

uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

brown,

black, blue,

red

adamant

ine

White ,yel

low

Very Rare Crystal habit, luster,

cleavage, density,

streak, associations

and locality

A very minor ore of

titanium.brookite, rutile, quartz,

feldspars, apatite, hematite,

chlorite, micas, calcite,

sphene.Anatase is a polymorph

with the minerals rutile and

brookite and is the rarer of the

three.Crystal habit, luster,

cleavage, density, stre

10 andalusite Silicates Al2 Si O5 7 7,5 3,1 3,3 orthorhombic granular,massi

ve,usually

square cross

section

2 good at

90°

uneven opaque,

translucent

white, pink,

brown,

gray

vitreous white Common hardness, squarish

shape in cross

section, good

cleavage

cordierite, biotite, feldspars,

quartz, kyanite and

sillimaniteAndalusite is a

polymorph with kyanite and

sillimanite. A polymorph is a

mineral that shares the same

chemistry but has a different

crystal structure.hardness,

squarish shape in cross section,

11 andesine Silicates Na Al Si3 O8 6 6,5 2,6 2,7 triclinic commonly

massive

3: 2 good

at 90°, 1

poor

uneven opaque white,

colorless,

gray

vitreous,

pearly

white Common Occurence, twinning

striations, density

and index of

refraction

Quartz, Muscovite, Biotite,

HornblendeBelongs to the

Plagioclase Feldspar group

along with Anorthite and

Albite.Occurence, twinning

striations, density and index of

4

refractioncommonly massive

12 anglesite Sulfates Pb S O4 2,5 3 6,4 6,4 orthorhombic prismatic,

tabular,

massive

2 good conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white

adamant

ine

white Rare high gravity, luster,

untwinned crystals

An ore of lead. Crystals are

highly collectable.Galena,

Cerussite, Phosgenite,

Smithsonite, Hemimorphite,

Sphalerite, Azurite, Malachite,

Sulfur, PyromorphiteA

secondary lead mineral that

always forms through the

alteration of lead sulfides,

mostly Galen

13 anhydrite Sulfates Ca S O4 3 4 2,9 3 orthorhombic crystalline or

massive

3 good uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, blue,

gray, red

vitreous white,

yellow-

green

Rare rectangular cleavage

fragments, low

gravity

Used for the production of

sulfuric acid and as a filler in

paper. Fine specimens are very

collectable.Gypsum, Halite,

Calcite, BruciteAnhydrite is a

rare mineral as most specimens

alter to the much more common

Gypsum with the addition of

water.rectangul

14 anorthite Silicates (Na,Ca) Al Si3

O8

6 6,5 2,7 2,7 triclinic prismatic or

massive

3: 2 good

at 90°,

1poor

uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

colorless,

white, gray,

green

vitreous white Very

Common

Occurence, hardness,

striations on

cleavage surfaces

Of interest to collectors.Quartz,

Muscovite, Biotite, Hornblende,

AugiteBelongs to the

Plagioclase Feldspar group

along with Albite. Albite

contains sodium and no calcium.

Anorthite is the

reverse.Occurence, hardness,

striations on cleavage

surfacespris

15 anthophyllite Silicates (Mg,Fe)7 Si8

O22 (OH)2

5,5 6 2,8 3,5 orthorhombic lamellar,fibrou

s needles,

felted

aggregates

3: 1

perfect, 2

good

uneven translucent gray, light

green, light

brown

vitreous white Rare Cubelike crystals Has some asbestos uses.talc,

cordierite and

phlogopiteAnthophyllite is a

common component of some

metamorphic and metasomatic

rocks. Its name comes from the

Latin word for

clove - an allusion to its typical

and distinctive clove-brown

color.Cubelike crys

17 apatite Phosphates, Ca5 (F,Cl,OH) 5 5 3,2 3,2 hexagonal crystalline, 1 poor conchoidal transparent, green, blue vitreous white Very crystal shape, Essential in the manufacture of

5

Arsenates,

Vanadates

(PO4)3 massive translucent,

opaque

green,

yellow,

blue, pink

Common hardness, greasy

luster

phosphate fertilizers, and is also

very important in the chemical

and pharmaceutical industries.

Popular with collectors.

Quartz, Feldspar, Rutile,

Magnetite, Nepheline, Leucite,

Aegirine, Phlogopite,

Cassiterite, Anatase

18 apophyllite Silicates K Ca4 Si8

O2O (F, OH) ·

8H2O

4,5 5 2,3 2,5 tetragonal pseudocubic,

prismatic,

foliated,

massive

2: 1

perfect, 1

imperfect

uneven transparent,

translucent

white,

colorless,

greenish,

reddish

vitreous,

pearly

white Rare Crystal habit,

cleavage,

associations and

enviroment

Of interest to collectors.prehnite,

quartz, calcite, gyrolite,

heulandite, stilbite, natroliteA

popular mineral among

collectors that may have a

beautiful green color.Crystal

habit, cleavage, associations and

enviromentpseudocubic,

prismatic, foliated, ma

19 aragonite Carbonates Ca C O3 3,5 4 2,9 2,9 orthorhombic elongate,

concretionary,

stalactitic,fibro

us,radiating

3: 1 good,

2 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white,

yellow, red

vitreous white Common twin crystal forms,

single plane of

cleavage, reaction to

acid

Not much commercial value but

interesting pieces are

collectable.Quartz, Calcite,

Gypsum, Albite, Cuprite,

Azurite, Chalcopyrite,

BorniteForms in many

environments; as staligmites in

caves and is also the main

component of pearl and coral.

The iridescent

21 argentite Sulfides Ag2 S 2 2,5 7 7,3 isometric distorted,

cubic,

octahedral,

massive

2 poor conchoidal opaque lead grey,

blackish

metallic,

dull

metallic

black,

black

Rare associated with

native silver, silver

sulfosalts and galena

One of the most signicant ores

of silver.Barite, Bornite, Galena,

Gold, Pyrargyrite, Pyrite,

SilverA metallic

mineral.associated with native

silver, silver sulfosalts and

galenadistorted, cubic,

octahedral, massive

23 arsenopyrite Sulfides Fe As S 5,5 6 5,9 6,2 monoclinic prismatic or

massive

1 good uneven opaque silver, gray metallic gray,

black

Rare crystal shape, smell

when struck

A major ore of arsenic and a

minor ore of gold. Fine crystal

specimens are very

collectable.Quartz, Pyrite,

Chalcopyrite, Pyrrhotite, Gold,

Silver, Siderite, Garnet,

6

Muscovite, OrthoclaseIron

arsenic sulfidecrystal shape,

smell when struckprismatic or m

24 atacamite Halides Cu2 Cl (OH)3 3 3,5 3,8 3,8 orthorhombic prismatic,

tabular,

massive

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

green,

green black

adamant

ine,vitre

ous

green Rare crystal habit, color,

associations and

localities

A minor ore of copper.limonite,

chyrsocolla, cuprite,

malachiteAtacamite is a deep

green, and is often found with

other colorful minerals such as

chrysocolla, cuprite and

malachite.crystal habit, color,

associations and

localitiesprismatic, tabular, mass

25 augite Silicates (Ca,Na)

(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)

(Si,Al)2 O6

5 6 3,3 3,5 monoclinic usually

prismatic

2 good at

90°

uneven opaque black,

green-black

vitreous white,

gray

Very

Common

nearly right angle

cleavages

A collection of short, prismatic,

greenish Augite crystals.A large

broken crystalline mass of

Augite.Of interest to

collectors.olivine, biotite,

nepheline, albite, apatite,

serpentine, leucite,

hornblendeAugite is an

important rock-forming mineral

in many

26 autunite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Ca (UO2)2

(PO4)2 · 10-

12H2O

2 2,5 3 3,2 tetragonal pseudo

tetragonal

plates,

tabular,aggreg

ate

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

yellow,

yellow-

green

pearly yellow Rare vivid lemon yellow

color, yellow streak,

flat crystals, strong

fluorescence,

radioactive

A minor ore of uranium.Other

uranium mineralsAutunite is an

attractive and popular

radioactive mineral.vivid lemon

yellow color, yellow streak, flat

crystals, strong fluorescence,

radioactivepseudo tetragonal

plates, tabular,aggregate

27 axinite Silicates Ca2 (Fe,Mn)

Al2 (B O3)

(Si4 O12)

(OH)

6,5 7 3,2 3,3 triclinic sharp blades

or massive

1 good conchoidal transparent,

translucent

brown,

gray, blue,

green,

orange,

yellow

vitreous uncolored Common clove brown color,

knife edged tabular

crystals, striations on

crystals

Collector interestdiopside,

andradite, quartz, calcite,

epidote, scheelite, prehniteFine

crystal specimens are popular

with collectors.clove brown

color, knife edged tabular

crystals, striations on

crystalssharp blades or massive

28 azurite Carbonates Cu3 (C O3)2

(O H)2

3,5 4 3,7 3,9 monoclinic prismatic,

tabular,

2 good conchoidal translucent,

opaque

blue vitreous pale blue Common intense azure-blue

color, association

An encrusting mass of Azurite

on Limonite (brown) with

associated Malachite

7

massive with malachite (green).Spherical rosetts of

Azurite on light bluish gray

Calcalumite.An ore of copper.

Fine blue pieces are cut into

cabochons and beads, and larger

pieces are sometimes cut int

29 barite Sulfates Ba S O4 2,5 3 4,5 4,5 orthorhombic platy,tabular,

massive,earthy

,stalactic

masses

3: 2 good,

1 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white,

yellow, red,

green

vitreous white Common high density for a

light colored

mineral, commonly

occurs as "desert

roses" with sand

incusions

Barite is the main ore of barium.

It is also important in the

manufacture of paper, glass,

rubber. A rich, white pigment is

made from crushed Barite.

Barite is also used in radiology

for x-rays of the digestive

system. Popular with collectors

also.

Calc

30 beryl Silicates Be3 Al2 Si16

O18

7,5 8 2,6 2,8 hexagonal 6 or 12 sided

prisms,

massive

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

blue,yellow

green, pink,

white,

colorless

vitreous white Common six-sided outline,

hardness

Beryl is the main source of the

element beryllium (formerly

known as glucinium).

Beryllium is a very tough metal,

and is used in alloys to

strengthen the metal. Emerald

and Aquamarine are two beyrl

gemstones.Quartz, Feldspars,

Calcite, Muscovite, Pyrite

31 biotite Silicates K (Mg,Fe)2

(Al,Fe) Si3

O10 (OH,F)2

2,5 3 2,7 3,1 monoclinic tabular,

foliated

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

brown,

black,

green

vitreous white Very

Common

dark color Common black Biotite mica

with obvious cleavage

laminations showing on the front

of this specimen.As a heat

insulatorquartz, feldspars,

apatite, calcite, hornblende,

garnetsBiotite is a common rock

forming mineral.dark

colortabular, foliated

35 borax Borates Na2 B4 O7 ·

10H2O

2 2,5 1,7 1,7 monoclinic prismatic or

massive

2: 1 poor,

1 good

conchoidal transparent colorless,

white

vitreous white Rare disolves in water,

sweetish taste

Borax has numerous industrial

uses. It is dissolved in water to

form an alkaline antiseptic

solution that is used as a

disinfectant, detergent, and

water softener. Also used as a

welding flux.Kernite, Ulexite,

8

Halite, ThenarditeBorax occurs

in arid regio

36 bornite Sulfides Cu5 Fe S4 3 3 4,9 5,3 isometric usually

massive

none conchoidal opaque brown-

bronze,

blue, violet

metallic gray,black Rare occurs with copper,

colorful tarnish

(peacock)

Bornite is a common copper

bearing mineral, and is

sometimes used as an ore of

copper.Pyrite, Calcite, Barite,

Galena, Chalcopyrite,

Chalcocite, MagnetiteTarnishes

to an iridescent purple, blue, and

redoccurs with copper, colorful

tarnish (peacock)usually

37 bournonite Sulfosalts Pb Cu Sb S3 2,5 3 5,5 5,9 orthorhombic often twins,

crystals or

massive

3: 1 good,

2 poor

conchoidal opaque silver gray,

black

metallic gray,black Rare crystal habit

(especially twinning)

A minor ore of lead and

coppersiderite, fluorite, galena,

sphalerite, calcite, pyritecrystal

habit (especially twinning)often

twins, crystals or massive

38 brookite Simple

Oxides

Ti O2 5,5 6 4,2 4,9 orthorhombic tabular,crystal

s

3: 2 good,

1 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

yellow-

brown, red,

black

adamant

ine,meta

llic

white,yell

ow,brown

Very Rare crystal habit, luster,

density, streak,

associations and

locality

A very minor ore of

titaniumanatase, rutile, quartz,

feldspars, chalcopyrite, hematite

and spheneHas the same

chemistry as rutile and

anatase.crystal habit, luster,

density, streak, associations and

localitytabular,crystals

39 brucite Hydroxides Mg (OH)2 2,5 2,5 2,4 2,4 hexagonal crystals,massi

ve,fibrous

1 perfect uneven translucent white, blue,

green, gray

vitreous,

pearly

white Rare hardness, pearly

cleavage on face,

lack of greasy feel,

inelastic

A minor source of metallic

magnesium, a source of

magnesia and as a refractory

additive.calcite, wollastonite,

nepheline, talc, aragonite,

serpentine, chromite, dolomite,

magnesiteNot of much interest

to collectors but has commercial

valuehardness, pearly

40 calcite Carbonates Ca C O3 3 3 2,6 2,7 hexagonal rhombohedra,

prisms,

massive

3 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

colorless,

white

vitreous white Very

Common

reaction to acid,

abundance, hardness,

double refraction,

cleavage

Microscopic crystals of Calcite

make up this specimen of the

sedimentary rock travertine, a

type of limestone. Various iron

oxides give the Calcite shades of

brown and yellow.Dog tooth

Calcite crystals associated with

Dolomite.Calcite is the primary

9

ore

41 carnallite Halides K Mg Cl3 ·

6H2O

2,5 3 1,6 1,6 orthorhombic usually

massive or

granular

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white, pink vitreous white Rare occurs chiefly as a

component of large,

thick sedimentary

saline deposits

occurs chiefly as a component of

large, thick sedimentary saline

depositsusually massive or

granular

42 carnotite Vandium

Oxysalts

K2 (UO2)2

(VO4)2 ·

3H2O

1 1 4,7 5 monoclinic earthy or

powdery

aggregates

1 perfect earthy opaque yellow earthy pale

yellow

Rare bright yellow color,

lack of any

fluorescence,

radioactivity

An important ore of uranium

and vanadium.Other uranium

and vanadium minerals in

sandstones and limestonesA rare

mineral and important

commercially.bright yellow

color, lack of any fluorescence,

radioactivityearthy or powdery

aggregates

43 cassiterite Simple

Oxides

Sn O2 6 7 6,8 7,1 tetragonal crystals,

fibrous,

massive

2 good conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

red-brown,

black

adamant

ine

white,yell

ow,light

brown

Rare light brown streak,

high gravity,

hardness

A major ore of tin.tourmalines,

molybdenite, bismuthinite,

topaz, fluorite, arsenopyrite,

wolframite.Nice crystals are

ornately faceted specimens with

high luster.light brown streak,

high gravity, hardnesscrystals,

fibrous, massive

44 celestite Sulfates Sr S O4 3 3,5 4 4 orthorhombic tabular,

fibrous,

granular

3: 1

perfect, 2

good

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white,

colorless,

blue-tint,

reddish

vitreous,

pearly

white Common light blue color tint

to only part of a

crystal, flame test

(red)

Celestite is the most common

mineral containing the element

strontium, and is its primary ore.

Fine specimens are in high

demand by collectors.Calcite,

Barite, Fluorite, Gypsum,

Dolomite, Galena, Sphalerite,

Strontianite, Pyrite, Colemanite,

Halite, Sulfu

45 cerrusite Carbonates Pb C O3 3 3,5 6,5 6,5 orthorhombic prismatic,

granular,

massive

2 good conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white, gray adamant

ine,vitre

ous

white Rare high gravity, high

refraction and luster.

An ore of lead. Cerussite from

certain locations is rich in silver

and is thus used as a silver

ore.Anglesite, Galena,

Phosgenite, Azurite, Malachite,

Barite, Pyromorphite,

Sphalerite, SmithsoniteCerussite

is easily identifiable by its

weight, brilliant

10

46 chabazite Silicates Ca (Al2 Si4)

O12 · 6H2O

4 5 2,1 2,2 hexagonal rhombohedral

or massive

3 poor uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, pink,

yellow,

brown

vitreous white Common rhombohedral

crystals, lack of

pearly luster, lack of

reaction to acids

Of interest to collectors.quartz,

calcite, scolecite, apophyllite,

natrolite, heulandite, stilbite and

other zeolitesOne of the lesser

known zeolites but popular with

collectors. Chabazite forms in

the petrified bubbles (called

vesicles) of volcanic rocks

47 chalcanthite Sulfates Cu S O4 ·

5H2O

2,5 2,5 2,1 2,3 triclinic flat crystals,

also massive

none conchoidal translucent dark blue vitreous pale blue Common disolves in water,

taste (sweet,

metallic) and color

Chalcanthite is an ore of copper

in areas where it occurs in

relative abundance, such as in

Chile and Spain. Synthetic

crystal specimens are

common.Brochantite, Malachite,

Calcite, Aragonite,

ChalcopyriteChalcanthite is a

secondary copper mineral

formed

48 chalcocite Sulfides Cu2 S 2,5 3 5,7 5,8 orthorhombic massive 1 poor conchoidal opaque gray, black metallic shiny

black,

dark gray

Rare gray color,

associated with

copper, very brittle

An important copper ore but

rare.bornite, covellite,

chalcopyrite, pyrite, enargite,

millerite, galena, sphalerite.Has

been mined for centuries and is

one of the most profitable

copper ores due to its high

copper contentgray color,

associated with copper,

49 chalcopyrite Sulfides Cu Fe S2 3,5 4 4,1 4,3 tetragonal massive 1 poor conchoidal opaque brassy

yellow

metallic green-

black

Very

Common

hardness, color,

brittleness

Massive, golden yellow

Chalcopyrite associated with

white Quartz.Massive weathered

Chalcopyrite showing discolored

weathered surface. Note the

fresh brassy yellow surface on

lower right of specimen.The

chief ore of Copper.Pyrite,

Sphalerite, Bornite, Cha

50 chlorite Silicates (Mg,Fe)6

(AlSi3) O10

(OH)8

2 2,5 2,6 3,3 monoclinic 6 sided

crystals,foliate

d,scales,comp

act,granular

1 perfect earthy transparent,

translucent

green,

black

vitreous,

pearly

colorless Very

Common

green color,

hardness, lack of

elasticity

garnets, biotite, quartz,

magnetite, talc, serpentine,

danburite, topaz, calciteMost

often known to mineral

collectors usually as deep green

11

inclusions in or as coatings on

quartz, danburite, topaz, calcite

and many other minerals.green

color, hardness, l

51 chondrodite Silicates (Mg,Fe)3

(SiO4)

(OH,F)2

6 6,5 3,1 3,1 monoclinic usually round

grains,

massive

aggregates

1 poor uneven translucent yellow,

red-brown

vitreous,

resinous

white Common hardness, low

gravity, good one-

directional cleavage

magnetite, diopside, spinel ,

pyrrhotite, graphite , humite,

wollastonite and othersNot a

very common mineral and is

never seen in

abundancehardness, low gravity,

good one-directional

cleavageusually round grains,

massive aggregates

52 chromite Multiple

Oxides

Fe Cr2 O4 5,5 5,5 4,5 4,8 isometric octahedral,

usually

massive

none uneven opaque black,

brown

metallic brown Common dark streak, weak

magnetism

Chromite is the main ore of

chromium.Serpentine,

Uvarovite, Chlorite, Olivine,

Magnetite, PlatinumCommonly

occurs grainy, massive, in veins,

as rounded pebbles, in rounded

grains, and in nodular blobs

embedded in rock.dark streak,

weak magnetismoctahedral

53 chrysoberyl Multiple

Oxides

Be Al2 O4 8,5 8,5 3,7 3,7 orthorhombic prismatic,

tabular,

stellate

3: 1 good,

2 poor

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

green,

yellow,

brown

vitreous white Rare great hardness,

gravity

Chrysoberyl makes a fine

gemstone. The Alexandrite and

Cat's Eye varieties are very

expensive. A minor ore of

beryllium.Beryl, Tourmaline,

Microcline, Albite, Quartz,

GarnetChrysoberyl is a rare

gemstone. The attractive

properties of Alexandrite and

Chr

54 chrysocolla Silicates (Cu,Al)2 H2

Si2 O5 (OH)4

· nH2O

2 4 2 2,2 monoclinic botryoidal or

earthy

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

blue green,

blue, green

vitreous,

earthy

white,gree

n-white

Common bright blue or green

color, softness,

brittleness, lack of

crystals

Bands of blue to bluish-green

Chrysocolla as a vein filling

material.Blue Chrysocolla

covered by white translucent

Quartz.Silica rich Chrysocolla as

a pore filling material in this

breccia, with white pockets of

Quartz.Drusy Quartz coating

12

blue Chrysocoll

55 cinnabar Sulfides Hg S 2 2,5 8 8,2 hexagonal rhombohedra,

tabular,

massive

3 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

red, gray,

brown

adamant

ine,meta

llic

brownish-

red

Rare bright red color,

softness, heaviness

An ore mercury and as a

pigment.realgar, pyrite,

dolomite, quartz,

stibniteCinnabar was mined by

the Roman Empire for its

mercury content and has been

the main ore of mercury for

centuries.bright red color,

softness, heavinessrhombohedra,

tabular, massive

56 clinozoisite Silicates Ca2 Al3 Si3

O12 (OH)

6,5 6,5 3,3 3,5 monoclinic elongated

crystals,striate

d;rodlike

aggregates

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

brown,

green-gray,

pale green

vitreous white,

gray-

white

Common brownish color, good

cleavage lengthwise

brownish color, good cleavage

lengthwiseelongated

crystals,striated;rodlike

aggregates

58 colemanite Borates Ca2 B6 O11 ·

5H2O

4 4,5 2,4 2,4 monoclinic clear prismatic

crystals; also

granular or

massive

2: 1

perfect, 1

good

uneven transparent,

translucent

white, pink,

red

adamant

ine,vitre

ous

white Rare shape of crystals,

cleavage, hardness

Colemanite has many important

uses. It is one of the most

significant ores of boron. It is

also used in the manufacture of

heat resistant glass, and has

other industrial, medicinal, and

cosmetical uses.Ulexite, Borax,

Realgar, CelestiteColemanite

forms i

59 columbite Multiple

Oxides

(Fe,Mn)

(Nb,Ta)2 O6

6 6 5,3 8,1 orthorhombic prismatic or

tabular

crystals;twins;

massive

1 good uneven opaque dark

brown,

dark black

metallic black,

brown

Rare iridescent (bluish)

fracture surfaces

An ore of niobium and

tantalumalbite, spodumene,

cassiterite, microcline,

lepidolite, apatite, beryl,

microlite, tourmalines,

amblygoniteHas known

superconductive properties and

is being studied with other

metals for a possible new

alloy.iridescent (blui

60 copper Native

Elements

Cu 2,5 3 8,5 9 isometric octahedra,

massive,

arborescent

none hackly opaque red, brown

tarnish

metallic red Very Rare color, malleability A sheet of native Copper that

was produced by secondary

mineralization of an ore body.

The Copper filled the joints in

the host rock.A native Copper

nugget shown its water-worn

13

surface.Copper ranks second for

the most-used metal in the

world. The main u

61 cordierite Silicates Mg2 Al4 Si5

O18

7 7,5 2,6 2,7 orthorhombic pseudohexago

nal, massive,

granular

1 poor uneven transparent,

translucent

blue, violet,

gray,

brown,

black

vitreous,

dull

white Rare blue color, dichroic

(color changes based

on viewing angle)

As a gemstone.almandine,

corundum, andalusite, biotite

and feldsparsHas strong

pleochroism, or color changing

ability. Sometimes called "water

saphire".blue color, dichroic

(color changes based on viewing

angle)pseudohexagonal,

massive, granular

62 corundum Simple

Oxides

Al2 O3 9 9 3,9 4,1 hexagonal rhombohedral,

also

massive,crude

6-sided

crystals

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

brown,

pink, blue,

white,

green, red,

colorless

adamant

ine,vitre

ous

white Common extreme hardness,

gravity, striations on

parting faces

Massivie corrundum (ruby) in

green zoisite.A hexagonal cross

section produced along a parting

plane of a Corundum

crystal.Hexagonal prisms of

Corundum (variety ruby) in

granite.Fine specimens are used

as gemstones. Used extensively

as an abrasive.Albite,

63 covellite Sulfides Cu S 1,5 2 4,6 4,6 hexagonal hex plates,

usually

massive

1 perfect uneven opaque deep indigo

metallic

blue

resinous black Rare platy characteristics,

blue color,

associated with other

copper minerals

A minor ore of copperpyrite,

chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cuprite,

borniteplaty characteristics, blue

color, associated with other

copper mineralshex plates,

usually massive

64 cristobalite Silicates Si O2 6 7 2,3 2,3 tetragonal octahedral,mas

sive

none conchoidal translucent white,

colorless

vitreous white,

colorless

Very Rare crystal habit,

environment of

formation (usually in

the crevices of

volcanic rocks),

color and index of

refraction

Of scientific interest.Tridymite,

Feldspar, Olivine,

HornblendeWhen heated to

350ºF (180ºC), Cristobalite

becomes clear and transparent.

However, when it cools down

afterwards, it returns to its

translucent state and becomes

whitish again.crystal habit,

65 crocoite Chromates Pb Cr O4 2,5 3 5,9 6,1 monoclinic prismatic,

granular

3: 1 good,

2 poor

conchoidal translucent red, orange vitreous orange

yellow

Very Rare bright orange-red

color, high luster

Crocoite was at one time a main

ore of chromium, but it is now

too rare to be used. Crystals are

highly sought after by mineral

collectors because of its

14

attractive color.Wulfenite,

Cerussite, Vanadinite,

Pyromorphite, GalenaBecause

of its beauty, Crocoit

66 cryolite Halides Na3 Al F 2,5 3 2,9 2,9 monoclinic cuboidal

crystals,

usually

massive

none uneven translucent colorless,

white

vitreous,

pearly

white Very Rare lack of salty taste,

usually encloses

brown siderite and

gray galena

Use in aluminum

processingsiderite, quartz, topaz,

fluorite, chalcopyrite, galena,

cassiterite, molybdenite,

columbiteOnly found in large

quantities on the west coast of

Greenlandlack of salty taste,

usually encloses brown siderite

and gray galenacuboida

67 cuprite Simple

Oxides

Cu2 O 3,5 4 5,8 6,1 isometric octahedral,

massive, or

earthy

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

red, red-

black

adamant

ine

red-

brown,shi

ny,yellow

Rare color, crystal form

and softness

Ore of copper.limonite, copper,

chrysocolla, malachiteMined in

many places around the

worldcolor, crystal form and

softnessoctahedral, massive, or

earthy

68 danburite Silicates Ca B2 Si2 O8 7 7,3 2,9 3 orthorhombic clear prismatic

crystals with

wedge shaped

ends

1 poor uneven transparent usually

colorless,

pale yellow

vitreous white Rare crystal habit, poor

cleavage, hardness

and associations

Of interest to collectors.quartz,

feldspars, cassiterite, dolomite,

corundumcrystal habit, poor

cleavage, hardness and

associationsclear prismatic

crystals with wedge shaped ends

69 datolite Complex

Silicates

Ca B Si O4

(OH)

5 5,5 2,9 3,2 monoclinic prismatic,

massive,

granular

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white,

greenish

vitreous white Rare glassy, pale-green

color, wedge-shaped

crystals

Of interest to collectors.prehnite,

danburite, babingtonite, epidote,

copper, calcite, quartzDatolite is

often found in basalt vesicles

with calcite and zeolites.glassy,

pale-green color, wedge-shaped

crystalsprismatic, massive,

granular

70 diamond Native

Elements

C 10 10 3,5 3,5 isometric cubes,

octahedra,

pebbles

4 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

pale

yellow,

pale brown

adamant

ine

white,

gray

Very Rare extreme hardness With it's unique properties

Diamond is used as a gem; an

abrasive; in electronics; as

thermal insulators; as

impenetrators; and in

optics.Olivine, Magnetite,

Pyrope, Phologopite,

(Kimberlite)Diamond has many

15

unique qualities. It is the hardest

known subst

72 diopside Silicates Ca Mg Si2 O6 5 6 3,2 3,4 monoclinic prismatic,

massive,

granular

2 good

(87° and

93°)

uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

green,

black, gray,

yellow

vitreous white,gray Very

Common

light green color,

cleavage angles

A minor gemstone.fluorite,

dolomite, chlorite, vesuvianite,

phlogopite, actinolite, olivine,

calcite.Diopside is an important

rock forming mineral in several

metamorphic and igneous rocks.

Also found in meteorites.light

green color, cleavage

anglesprisma

73 dioptase Silicates Cu Si O2

(OH)2

5 5 3,2 3,3 hexagonal rhombohedral,

also massive

3 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

deep green vitreous green Rare emerald green color

and hardness

A very minor ore of

copper.dolomite, calcite,

cerussite, limonite,

chrysocollaCan form beautiful

deep green crystals.emerald

green color and

hardnessrhombohedral, also

massive

74 dolomite Carbonates Ca Mg

(CO3)2

3,5 4 2,8 2,9 hexagonal rhombohedral,

massive,

granular

3 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white, pink,

colorless

vitreous,

pearly

white,

gray

Very

Common

pink color, curved

faces, reaction to

acid and luster

Light pinkish tan to flesh

colored curved Dolomite

crystals.Dolomite is used to

make magnesia, which has

important medicinal

applications. Dolomite Rock is

used as an ornamental and

structural stone, and for

extracting certain metals from

their ores. Use

76 enargite Sulfosalts Cu3 As S4 3 3,5 4,4 4,4 orthorhombic usually

massive or

granular

3: 2 good,

1 poor

uneven opaque gray, black metallic black Rare tabular or prismatic

crystal shape

A very minor ore of

copper.quartz, bornite, galena,

sphalerite, tennantite, chalcocite,

chalcopyrite, covellite, pyriteA

somewhat rare copper mineral

that does not often form well

shaped crystals.tabular or

prismatic crystal shapeusually

massive or granul

78 epidote Silicates Ca2 (Al,Fe)3

Si3 O12 (OH)

6 7 3,3 3,5 monoclinic elongated

crystals,

1 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

yellow-

green,

vitreous gray Common color, slender

grooved crystals

calcite, biotite, hornblende,

actinolite, andradite

garnetDoesn't often form fine

16

granular black-green crystals. Has a color often

described as "pistachio".color,

slender grooved

crystalselongated crystals,

granular

83 fluorite Halides Ca F2 4 4 3 3,3 isometric cubes etc, also

granular

4 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

intense

purple,

colorless,

green,

yellow,

blue, pink,

reddish

orange

vitreous white Very

Common

hardness,

fluorescence,

banding of colors

and cleavage

Purple cube of Fluorite showing

offsets on crystal faces;

associated with Calcite.Various

colors of fluorite cleavage

fragments.Cubic intergrowth of

reddish purple Fluorite.Fluorite

is the only mineral for which

significant quantities of the

important el

84 franklinite Multiple

Oxides

(Zn,Mn,Fe)

(Fe,Mn)2 O4

6 6,5 5 5,2 isometric octahedral,

granular,

massive

none uneven opaque dark black metallic black,bro

wn,red

brown

Very Rare crystal habit, streak,

associations with

other zinc minerals,

weak magnetism

Franklinite was a very important

ore of zinc, together with the

other zinc minerals at the

Franklin and Sterling Hill mines

until they were depleted.Calcite,

Willemite, Zincite, Rhodonite,

Andradite, MagnetiteFranklinite

is named after the locality of Fra

85 galena Sulfides Pb S 2,5 2,5 7,2 7,6 isometric cube,

octahedra,

massive

3 perfect

at 90°

conchoidal opaque lead-gray metallic lead-gray Very

Common

cubic cleavage,

color, high gravity

Galena cube modified by

octahedral faces.Galena is by far

the greatest ore of lead. Galena

is the most common mineral

containing lead, and contains

mostly lead. In some locations

it can contain impurities of up to

20% silver.Quartz, Sphalerite,

Chalcopyr

86 garnet Silicates (M1)3 (M2)2

(Si O4)3

6 8 3,4 4,2 isometric various

beads,massive,

crystals w/12

diamond faces

none uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

violet, red,

yellow,

green,

black,

brown

resinous

,vitreous

white Rare hardness, colors vary

on mineral type

within the group

Red, blocky Garnet crystals with

Calcite.Cinnamon brown garnet

crystals.Green dodecahedrons of

Garnet.Garnets have many

practical uses. Transparent

varieties of cuttable size are

faceted for jewelry. Dark red

Garnet is the most popular form.

Harder garne

88 glauberite Sulfates Na2 Ca (S 2,5 3 2,8 2,8 monoclinic tabular,prismat 1 perfect uneven transparent, usually vitreous, white Very Rare bitter, salty taste, Glauberite is used for the

17

O4)2 ic;compact

masses and

crusts

translucent white,

yellowish,

gray,

colorless

greasy disolves slowly in

water

extraction of glaubers salt. It is

popular among mineral

collectors specializing in

crystals.Glauberite is now a rare

mineral, but was once more

prevalent. Forms in evaporite

and clay deposits and without

dampness it gradually

91 goethite Hydroxides Fe O (OH) 5 5,5 4 4,4 orthorhombic prisms,

tabular,

massive,

fibrous, earthy

1 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

brown,

black,

yellow, red,

(irridescent

tarnish)

adamant

ine

brown,yel

low

Common crystal habit, streak

and tarnish.

An important ore of ironvery

many mineralscrystal habit,

streak and tarnish.prisms,

tabular, massive, fibrous, earthy

92 gold Native

Elements

Au 2,5 3 15,3 19,3 isometric cubes, usually

massive,

arborescent

none hackly opaque gold,yellow

-gold

metallic yellow Very Rare color, high gravity,

hardness,

malleability

Primarily used as jewelry. Also

as coinage and as a store of

value. It is also used for

photography, dentistry, and

coloring.Quartz, Pyrite,

Arsenopyrite, SilverThe mineral

Gold is almost always mixed

with a small amount of silver,

and

sometimes contai

93 graphite Native

Elements

C 1 2 2,1 2,3 hexagonal usually scaly,

massive,

granular,

earthy

1 perfect uneven opaque black metallic,

dull

black-

gray

Rare softness, luster,

density, streak,

perfect cleavage

Massive, sub-metallic Graphite

showing how easily it marks

paper.The "lead" in pencils is

not lead, but graphite mixed

with clay. Much mined Graphite

is used as pencil fillings. Its

main function, however, is as a

lubricant. It's the only non-metal

that's

95 gypsum Sulfates Ca S

O4·2H2O

1,5 2 2,3 2,3 monoclinic prisms,

stellate,

granular,

fibrous

3: 1

perfect, 2

good

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

usually

white,

colorless,

gray,

yellow

pearly white Very

Common

softness, flat

crystals, flexibilty

Clear bladed crystals of Gypsum

of the variety Selenite.A

cleavage fragment of gypsum

with associated

dolomite.Gypsum is an

industrially important mineral.

Used as plaster-of-paris, in

sheetrock and in the production

of cement.Halite, Dolomite,

18

Barite, A

96 halite Halides Na Cl 2 2,5 2,2 2,2 isometric cubes,

octahedra,

massive,

granular

3 perfect

at right

angles

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white

vitreous white Very

Common

salty taste, cubic

crystals

Pink, cubic crystals of Halite.A

cubic cleavage fragment of

Halite.Halite is the source of

common salt. Enormous Halite

deposits are worked for salt.

Halite is the greatest ore of both

Sodium and Bromine.Anhydrite,

Gypsum, Dolomite, Thenardite,

Glauberit

100 hematite Simple

Oxides

Fe2 O3 5,5 6,5 5,2 5,3 hexagonal massive,earthy

,rhombohdded

ral,scaly or

fibrous

none uneven opaque silver gray-

black, red-

brown in

earthy

forms

metallic,

earthy

red,red-

brown

Very

Common

crystal habit, streak

and hardness

A botryoidal mass of Hematite

composed of fine radiating

acicular crystals.Specular

Hematite - Many small

micaceous crystals having a

metallic luster make up this

specimen.A Hematite "rose"

where each flat, bladed, metallic

crystal represents a petal of t

101 hemimorphit

e

Silicates Zn4 Si2 O7

(OH)2 · H2O

4,5 5 3,3 3,5 orthorhombic hemimorphic,

massive,

granular crusts

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

white,

yellow,

brown,

green

vitreous white Rare bladed crystals,

radiating aggregates

A minor ore of zinc.limonite,

aurichalcite, calcite,

smithsonitebladed crystals,

radiating

aggregateshemimorphic,

massive, granular crusts

102 heulandite Silicates (Ca,Na2) Al2

Si7 O18 -

6H2O

3,5 4 2,2 2,2 monoclinic tabular,

globular

masses

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, pink,

yellow,

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white Common crystal habit, density

and associations.

Of interest to collectors.quartz,

calcite, apophyllite, natrolite,

stilbitecrystal habit, density and

associations.tabular, globular

masses

103 hornblende Silicates (Ca,Na)2-3

(Mg,Fe,Al)5

(Al,Si)8 O22

(OH)2 *

5 6 2,9 3,4 monoclinic prismatic,

bladed,

fibrous,

massive,

granular

2 perfect

(56° &

124°)

uneven opaque black, dark

green

vitreous gray,

brown

Very

Common

greenish-black color,

cleavage angles

A portion of a hornblende

crystal showing cleavage

faces.A portion of a hornblende

crystal showing cleavage

faces.greenish-black color,

cleavage anglesprismatic,

bladed, fibrous, massive,

granular

104 hydrozincite Carbonates Zn5 (CO3)2

(OH)6

2 2,5 3,6 3,8 monoclinic usually

massive,

1 perfect uneven opaque colorless,

white, pale

dull,silk

y

white Very Rare fluorescense (blue),

crystal habits, single

Hydrozincite is popular among

fluorescent mineral collectors

19

fibrous, crusts yellow plane of cleavage,

localities, and

reaction to acid.

due to its strong fluorescence. It

is used as an ore of zinc if found

in areas where an abundance of

zinc minerals are

present.Smithsonite,

Hemimorphite, Limonite,

Calcite, (Limestone)fluorescen

105 ilmenite Simple

Oxides

Fe Ti O3 5 6 4,5 5 hexagonal very

flat,tabular

crystals;compa

ct,granular

aggrg.

none conchoidal opaque black, dark

brown

sub

metallic

black,bro

wn-red

Very Rare black streak,

hardness, weak

magnetism

black streak, hardness, weak

magnetismvery flat,tabular

crystals;compact,granular aggrg.

107 jadeite Silicates Na Al Si2 O6 6,5 7 3,2 3,5 monoclinic usually

massive (jade)

2 good

(87° and

93°)

splintery translucent,

opaque

green,

white, pale

violet

vitreous,

pearly

white Very Rare toughness, typical

green color, density,

flame test (yellow)

and hardness.

Used as an ornamental stone and

in jewelry.quartz, serpentine,

lawsaonite, aragoniteJadeite is

one of the two minerals called

jade. The other is the nephrite

variety of actinolite.toughness,

typical green color, density,

flame test (yellow) and

hardness.u

109 kaolinite Silicates Al2 Si2 O5

(OH)4

2 2,5 2,6 2,6 triclinic earthy 1 perfect conchoidal opaque white, gray,

yellow

dull white Very

Common

claylike masses claylike massesearthy

110 kernite Borates Na2 B4 O7 ·

4H2O

2,5 2,5 1,9 1,9 monoclinic elongated,stria

ted

crystals;cleava

ble masses

3: 2

perfect, 1

good

splintery translucent,

opaque

colorless,

white

vitreous,

pearly

white Common hardness, cleavage The most significant ore of the

chemical borax.Occurs at the

bottom of borate deposits,

together with other borates such

as Borax, Colemanite, and

Ulexite.Kernite crystals do not

keep well in collections, for it is

efflorescent, meaning it loses the

water

111 kyanite Silicates Al2 Si O5 5 7 3,5 3,7 triclinic prismatic,

bladed

2: 1

perfect, 1

good

splintery transparent,

translucent,

opaque

blue, white pearly white Common different hardness in

two directions,

bladed crystals

Used in the manufacture of

spark plugs.biotite, staurolite,

garnets, quartz,

andalusiteKyanite has a

hardness of about 4.5 when

scratched parallel to the long

axis of the crystal and

approximately 6.5 when

scratched perpendicular to or

20

across the long axi

112 labradorite Silicates (Na,Ca) Al Si3

O8

6 6 2,7 2,7 triclinic tabular,

usually

massive

3: 2 good,

1 poor

conchoidal translucent,

opaque

gray,

smoky

black

vitreous white Very

Common

occurence, twinning

striations and

labradorescence

(iridescent)

A polished surface of

Labradorite orientated in the

light to show its

irridescence.Labradorite is a

very popular mineral, and it

makes a unique gemstone. It is

faceted into cabochons and

beads.Quartz, Muscovite,

Biotite, Hornblende,

AugitePlagioclase-Feld

114 lazulite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Mg Al2 (P

O4)2 (OH)2

5 6 3 3,1 monoclinic pyramidal,

massive,

granular

1 good uneven translucent,

opaque

azure blue,

indigo blue

vitreous white,

pale blue

Very Rare light to dark blue

color, bipyramidal

crystals

quartz, rutile, kyanite,

andalusite, garnets, muscovite,

corundum, wardite,

brazilianite, siderite.Often has a

sky blue color.light to dark blue

color, bipyramidal

crystalspyramidal, massive,

granular

115 lazurite Silicates (Na,Ca)8

(Al,Si)12 O24

(S,SO4)

5 5,3 2,4 2,4 isometric compact,massi

ve

6 poor uneven translucent brilliant

blue, violet

or green

tints

vitreous bright

blue

Rare deep violet-blue

color, pyrite

association (unlike

sodalite) gravity.

Used as an ornamental

stone.calcite, pyriteCommonly

found in a massive form and

combined with other minerals

into a rock called lapis

lazuli.deep violet-blue color,

pyrite association (unlike

sodalite)

gravity.compact,massive

116 lepidolite Silicates K(Li,Al)3

(Si,Al)4 O10

(F,OH)2

2,5 4 2,8 2,9 monoclinic usually scaly

or granular

masses

1 perfect uneven translucent violet, pale

pink, white

pearly white Common occurrence in granite

pegmatites, lilac or

pink color

An ore of lithium and heat

insulatorquartz, feldspars,

spodumene, ambygonite,

tourmalineoccurrence in granite

pegmatites, lilac or pink

colorusually scaly or granular

masses

117 leucite Silicates K Al Si2 O6 5,5 6 2,4 2,6 tetragonal cubic form,

tetra properties

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

white, gray,

colorless

vitreous,

resinous

white Very

Common

crystal shape,

density, hardness,

dull luster

a minor source of potassium and

aluminumolivine, labradorite,

augite, biotite, nephelineName

comes for the Greek word for

"white".crystal shape, density,

hardness, dull lustercubic form,

21

tetra properties

118 magnesite Carbonates Mg Co3 3,5 4 3 3 hexagonal usually

massive or

fibrous

3 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

white, gray,

tinted

yellow,

brown

vitreous,

dull

white Common cleavage, white

color, fine grained

porcelaneous masses

Magnesite is an important ore of

magnesium, and used as

insulating material.calcite,

dolomite, aragonite, strontianite,

serpentineCalcite Group. The

most common form of

Magnesite is white,

microcrystalline, porous masses

that are dull in luster, and have

119 magnetite Multiple

Oxides

Fe3 O4 5,5 6,5 5 5,2 isometric octahedra,

massive,

granular

4 poor uneven opaque black metallic,

dull

black Very

Common

magnetism, dark

streak

A black octahedral crystal of

Magnetite in a mica

schist.Magnetite, variety

loadstone, showing its natural

magnetic property by holding

paper clips.Magnetite is the

most important ore of iron. Its

perfect crystals are also famous

among mineral collectors.

120 malachite Carbonates Cu2 (CO3)

(OH)2

3,5 4 3,9 4 monoclinic usually fibrous

masses,

granular,

earthy

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

green,

banded

greens

silky,vit

reous

pale green Common color banding when

massive, green color

Radiating fibrous mats of

Malachite.Green Malachite

produced by the weathering of

native Copper.Botryoidal

Malachite.When found in

massive hunks, the color banded

variety of Malachite makes a

precious ornamental

stone.Azurite, Chrysocolla,

Limonite, Chalc

121 manganite Hydroxides Mn O(OH) 4 4 4,2 4,4 monoclinic prismatic,

aggregates,

columnar

1 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

black, steel

gray

metallic,

vitreous

reddish or

brownish

black

Rare brown or black

streak

A minor source of

manganesecalcite, barite,

garnets, limonite, siderite,

pyrolusiteUsed to be valuable

manganese ore when it was

found in plentiful

deposits.brown or black

streakprismatic, aggregates,

columnar

122 marcasite Sulfides Fe S2 6 6,5 4,8 4,9 orthorhombic tabular,

aggregates,

2 good uneven opaque pale brass

yellow,

metallic greenish

black

Common white on fresh faces,

sulfer smell

As a mineral specimencalcite,

dolomite, quartz, pyrite,

galenaMarcasite is a polymorph

22

nodules whiteish of Pyrite, which means that it

has the same chemistry as pyrite

but a different structure and,

therefore, different symmetry

and crystal shapes. It's sulfur

smell is th

125 microcline Silicates K Al Si3 O8 6 6,5 2,5 2,5 triclinic prismatic,gran

ular,blocky

2 good at

right

angles

uneven translucent,

opaque

white, flesh

pink,

brown,

green

vitreous white Very

Common

occurence, twinning,

color and luster

Microcline is important in the

manufacture of glass and

ceramics.Quartz, Muscovite,

Plagioclase feldsparsPart of the

Potassium Feldspar group along

with Orthoclase and Sanidine.

A deep green gem variety is

called Amazonite.occurence,

twinning, color and

126 millerite Sulfides NiS 3 3,5 5,3 5,6 hexagonal needles,

fibrous,

massive

2 perfect uneven opaque brassy

yellow

metallic green-

black

Very Rare slender capillary

crystals, color

slender capillary crystals,

colorneedles, fibrous, massive

127 mimetite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Pb5 (As O4)3

Cl

3,5 4 7 7,3 hexagonal trigonal,

botryoidal,

crusts

none uneven translucent pale

yellow,

orange,

brown

resinous white Rare luster, frequent

globular form

Mimetite is a minor ore of lead

where it occurs with more

abundant lead minerals. It is

also a very rare and popular

mineral among

collectors.Wulfenite,

Vanadinite, Limonite, Galena,

Barite, Anglesite,

Hemimorphite,

ArsenopyriteMimetite is a

member of t

128 molybdenite Sulfides Mo S2 1 1,5 4,7 4,8 hexagonal usually

foliated,

massive

1 perfect uneven opaque silver

metallic

blue cast

metallic gray with

blue cast

Rare flexible laminae,

perfect cleavage,

color, streak. Feels

greasy.

The major ore of

molybdenum.pyrite, wolframite,

chalcopyrite, quartz,

fluoriteMolybdenite is a very

soft metallic mineral. It looks

similar to graphite, and can be

confused. Graphite has a black-

silver color and a blackish-gray

to streak whereas molybeden

129 monazite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

(Ca,La,Nd,Th)

P O4

5 5,5 4,8 5,3 monoclinic tabular, twins,

massive,

1 good conchoidal opaque pale

yellow,

brown,

resinous white Common crystal habit, color,

cleavage shards,

high specific gravity,

Used as an ore of several rare

earth metals like thorium,

cerium and Lanthanum. Also

23

Vanadates sandy orange-

brown

hardness and

radioactivity.

used for radioactive dating

uses.apatite, columbite, zircon,

feldspars, quartz, euxenite,

biotiteMonazite forms in

phosphatic pegmatites and is a

standard trace constitu

130 muscovite Silicates K Al2 (AlSi3)

O10 (OH)2

2 2,5 2,8 3 monoclinic pseudohexago

nal plates,

massive

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

white,

silver,

yellow,

brown

pearly white Very

Common

perfect cleavage into

thin flexible flakes

A group of flat, tabular

Muscovite mica crystals.Heat

insulator and for industrial

purposes.quartz, feldspars, beryl,

tourmalinesMuscovite is a

common rock forming mineral.

It's found in igneous,

metamorphic and detrital

sedimentary rocks. Muscovite

has

131 natrolite Silicates Na2 (Al2Si3)

O10 · 2H2O

5 5,5 2,2 2,4 orthorhombic prismatic,

acicular, radial

aggregates,

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white,

yellow tint

vitreous,

pearly

white Common crystal shape,

hardness

As a mineral specimen.quartz,

apophyllite, benitoite,

heulandite, stilbiteA common

mineral displaying radiating

sprays of clear acicular

crystals.crystal shape,

hardnessprismatic, acicular,

radial aggregates,

132 nepheline Silicates (Na,K) Al Si

O4

5,5 6 2,6 2,6 hexagonal prismatic,

aggregates,

massive

3 good conchoidal transparent,

translucent

white,

colorless,

pale gray

resinous

,vitreous

white Very

Common

cleavage, gets

cloudy in strong

acid, hardness

calcite, albite, apatite, biotite,

hornblende, cancrinite,

sodaliteA major rock forming

mineral.cleavage, gets cloudy in

strong acid, hardnessprismatic,

aggregates, massive

133 niccolite Sulfides,

Arsenides,

and

Tellurides

Ni As 5 5,5 7,3 7,8 hexagonal usually

irregular

masses,

botryoidal

none conchoidal opaque copper-red,

gray,(black

tarnish)

metallic brown-

black

Rare copper color copper colorusually irregular

masses, botryoidal

134 oligoclase Silicates (Na,Ca) Al Si3

O8

6 6,5 2,6 2,6 triclinic platy,tabular,b

locky,massive

1 perfect conchoidal translucent,

opaque

white, gray,

pale shades

of green -

yellow -

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white Very

Common

occurence, twinning

striations, shimmer,

density and index of

refraction

ornamental and semi-precious

stonequartz,

muscoviteOligoclase is not very

well known mineral but is

sometime used as semi-precious

stones called sunstone and

moonstone.occurence, twinning

24

striations, shimmer, density and

index of refractionplaty,tabular,b

135 olivine Silicates (Mg,Fe)2 Si

O4

6,5 7 3,3 3,3 orthorhombic granular,prism

atic, tabular

2 poor conchoidal transparent,

translucent

yellow-

green,

yellow-

brown

vitreous colorless,

white

Very

Common

yellow-green color Polished grains of the gem

variety of Olivine called

Peridot.The transparent green

gem variety is called Peridot.

Olivine is also used as a flux for

making steel, and is an ore of

magnesium.Feldspar,

Serpentine, Hornblende, Augite,

Spinel, Diopside, Chro

136 opal Silicates Si O2 · nH2O 5,5 6,5 1,8 2,2 amorphous reniform,

stalactitic,

massive

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

colorless,w

hite,

yellow, red,

blue, green

resinous

, pearly

white Common color play

(opalescent), low

density, lack of

cleavage

Opal is one of the most precious

gemstones. Black Opal is the

most valuable, then comes

White Opal and Fire

Opal.ChalcedonyOpal lacks a

definite crystal arrangement, and

is therefore amorphous. Its

opalescence is now believed to

be caused by small fissur

137 orpiment Sulfides As2 S3 1,5 2 3,4 3,5 monoclinic prismatic,

usually

massive crusts

1 perfect uneven translucent orange-

yellow

resinous

,pearly

yellow Rare cleavage, pearly

luster, sulfer odor,

color

Formerly used as a

pigment.realgar, calcite, stibnite,

barite, gypsumOrpiment is a rare

mineral that is almost always

forms with realgar. It gradually

deteriorates into a powder and

exposure to sunlight accelerates

the process.cleavage, pearly

luster, su

138 orthoclase Silicates K Al Si3 O8 6 6 2,5 2,6 monoclinic prismatic,

tabular,

granular

masses

2 good at

90 °

conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

gray-

white,

yellow,

reddish,

orange-

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white Common color, two perfect

cleavages, twinning

is common

Orthoclase crystals with bottom

two showing twinning.A

cleavage block of white

Orthoclase.Orthoclase is

industrially important in the

manufacture of glass and

ceramics.Quartz, Muscovite,

Plagioclase feldspars, Biotite,

Tourmaline, GarnetOrthoclase is

one

139 pectolite Silicates Na Ca2 Si3 4,5 5 2,8 2,9 triclinic fibrous or

radiating

2 perfect splintery translucent white, gray,

colorless

vitreous,

silky

white Rare radial fibrous

structure, brittleness

Pectolite is popular among

mineral collectors for its

25

O8 (OH) spherical

aggregates

and cleavage interesting radiating "blobs".

The light blue variety Larimar is

used as a gem.Prehnite, Datolite,

Apophyllite, Stilbite,

Heulandite, Chabazite, Natrolite,

Serpentine, CalcitePectolite

occurs in cavit

141 pentlandite Sulfides (Fe,Ni)9 S8 3 3,5 4,6 5 isometric usually

granular or

massive

none conchoidal opaque bronze-

yellow

metallic light

brown

Rare occurs with

pyrrhotite,

chalcopyrite; lack of

magnetism, streak

and color

occurs with pyrrhotite,

chalcopyrite; lack of magnetism,

streak and colorusually granular

or massive

143 phenakite Silicates Be2 Si O4 7,5 8 3 3 orthorhombic pseudohexago

nal crystals

1 poor conchoidal transparent colorless,

white, pale-

yellow,

pink tint,

brown

vitreous colorless,

white

Very Rare hardness,

rhombohedral

crystals, lenghtwise

striations on crystals

hardness, rhombohedral crystals,

lenghtwise striations on

crystalspseudohexagonal

crystals

144 phillipsite Silicates (K2,Na2Ca)

(Al2Si4) O12

· 4-5H2O

4 4,5 2,2 2,2 monoclinic prismatic

cruciform

twins, radial

aggreg

1 perfect uneven translucent white,

colorless,

yellow, red

vitreous white Common crystal habit,

twinning, density,

hardnes

crystal habit, twinning, density,

hardnesprismatic cruciform

twins, radial aggreg

145 phlogopite Silicates K(Mg,Fe)3

(AlSi3) O10

(F,OH)2

2,5 3 2,8 2,8 monoclinic tabular,

laminar, scales

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

brown, red-

brown

pearly white Very

Common

asterism, dark color asterism, dark colortabular,

laminar, scales

147 platinum Native

Elements

Pt 4 4,5 21,5 21,5 isometric usually

granular

none hackly opaque white-gray,

silver-gray

metallic silver gray Rare color, weak

magnetism, very

heavy

Native Platinum is the most

significant source of the element

platinum, although considerable

quantities are also mined the

rare platinum arsenide,

Sperrylite. Used as a catylyst

and in numerous laboratory

uses.Chromite, Olivine,

GoldPlatinum, when found

150 prehnite Silicates Ca2 Al2 Si3

O10 (OH)2

6 6,5 2,8 3 orthorhombic hemimorphic

tabular, radial

aggregates

1 good uneven transparent,

translucent

pale-green,

green, gray,

colorless,

white

vitreous,

pearly

white,

colorless

Common green botryoidal

crusts

green botryoidal

crustshemimorphic tabular,

radial aggregates

26

151 proustite Sulfosalts Ag3 As S3 2 2,5 5 6 hexagonal hemimorphic,

granular,

usually

massive

1 good conchoidal translucent scarlet red adamant

ine

red Very Rare deep red color,

silvery luster

deep red color, silvery

lusterhemimorphic, granular,

usually massive

152 psilomelane Hydroxides Ba Mn O16

(OH)4 *

5 6 5 7 monoclinic massive,

botryoidal,

stalactilic

none uneven opaque black, steel

gray, blue-

black

metallic,

dull

brown-

black

Rare luster, hardness,

color and streak,

massive appearance

luster, hardness, color and

streak, massive

appearancemassive, botryoidal,

stalactilic

153 purpurite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

(Mn,Fe) P O4

*

4 4,5 3,3 3,3 orthorhombic prismatic or

massive

1 good uneven opaque purple silky deep red,

purple

Very Rare color, associations,

lack of crystals and

luster

color, associations, lack of

crystals and lusterprismatic or

massive

154 pyrargyrite Sulfosalts Ag3 Sb S3 2,5 3 5,9 5,9 hexagonal hemimorphic

prisms,

massive

1 good conchoidal translucent,

opaque

blue-gray,

black

metallic,

adamant

ine

red Very Rare dark red color,

striated prismatic

crystals

dark red color, striated prismatic

crystalshemimorphic prisms,

massive

155 pyrite Sulfides Fe S2 6 6,5 5 5,2 isometric striated cubes,

massive,

nodular,

pyritehedral

none conchoidal opaque brassy

brown,

yellow

metallic green-

black

Very

Common

brassy color,

hardness, striations

on crystal faces, lack

of tarnish

Cubes of Pyrite modified by the

pyritohedron crystal form

producing deep striations on

crystal faces and rounded

edges.Pyrite was once used as

the main source of sulfur, and is

currently a minor source for

sulfur and iron.Quartz, Azurite,

Microcline, Biot

156 pyrolusite Simple

Oxides

Mn O2 2 6 4,8 5 orthorhombic usually

fibrous,

massive,

earthy

2 perfect uneven opaque dark-gray,

black

mettalic,

submeta

llic

black Rare luster, softness,

color, sooty black

streak

luster, softness, color, sooty

black streakusually fibrous,

massive, earthy

157 pyromorphite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Pb5 (PO4)3 Cl 3,5 4 6,5 7,1 hexagonal trigonal

prisms,

aggregates,

crusts

0 none uneven translucent usually

green,

yellow,

brown,

orange

resinous off white Common cavernous crystals,

lack of transparency,

luster, gravity

Pyromorphite is a minor ore of

lead where it occurs with more

abundant lead minerals. It is also

a very popular mineral among

collectors.Limonite, Galena,

Barite, Vanadinite, Cerussite,

Wulfenite,

HemimorphitePyromorphite is a

member of the Apatite group,

158 pyrophyllite Silicates A12 Si4 O10

(OH)2

1 2 2,7 2,9 monoclinic tabular,

foliated, radial

aggregates

1 perfect uneven translucent white,

colorless,

pale green,

gray,

pearly white Rare greasy feel, mica-

like habit, appears

similar to talc

greasy feel, mica-like habit,

appears similar to talctabular,

foliated, radial aggregates

27

yellow

159 pyrrhotite Sulfides Fe(1-x) S 3,5 4,5 4,6 4,6 hexagonal tabular,

foliated,

massive,

granular

none uneven opaque brassy

yellow,

bronze

metallic gray-

black

Common magnetism magnetismtabular, foliated,

massive, granular

160 quartz Silicates Si O2 7 7 2,6 2,7 hexagonal prismatic,6

sided

crystals,massi

ve

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

colorless,

white,

purple,

violet,

yellow,

pink, gray,

brown,

black

vitreous,

resinous

white Very

Common

very common as

clear crystals,

hardness, lack of

cleavage

A smoky Quartz crystal showing

horizontal striations on prism

faces.A cluster of clear Quartz

crystals displaying prism faces

terminated by pyramids. The

associated mineral is

Pyrite.Vitreous, rose Quartz

showing the typical conchoidal

fracture of Quartz

161 realgar Sulfides As S 1,5 2 3,5 3,6 monoclinic prisms,

needles,

massive,

granular

1 good conchoidal translucent red, orange resinous

,adaman

tine

orange Rare color, softness,

prismatic crystals

color, softness, prismatic

crystalsprisms, needles, massive,

granular

162 rhodochrosite Carbonates Mn C O3 3,5 4,5 3,5 3,6 hexagonal usually

massive,

globular,

crusts

3 perfect uneven translucent pink, red,

yellow,

white, dark

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white,pink Common color, cleavage Fine, blood-red Rhodochrosite

specimens are highly desired by

collectors, and command

magnificent prices.

Rhodochrosite is also used as an

ore of manganese.Quartz,

Chalcopyrite, Bornite, Galena,

Sphalerite, Pyrite, Fluorite,

Silver, Rhodonite, Limonite,

163 rhodonite Silicates (Mn,Fe,Mg) Si

O3

5,5 6,5 3,4 3,6 triclinic large tabular

crystals,

massive

2 good uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

brown-red,

pink, rarely

yellowish

or greenish

vitreous white Rare pink color, black

veining, lack of

reaction to acid

Rhodonite is a popular mineral

among collectors. It is also a

minor gemstone. Also an ore of

manganese.Calcite, Willemite,

Franklinite, Pyrolusite, Pyrite,

Galena,Rhodonite can be a

beautiful pink color. It very

frequently contains black veins

of mangane

164 rutile Simple

Oxides

Ti O2 6 6,5 4,4 4,3 tetragonal prisms, twins,

massive,

granular

3: 2 good,

1 poor

uneven translucent,

opaque

red-brown,

black

metallic,

adamant

ine

brown Rare streak, hardness,

color and high luster

streak, hardness, color and high

lusterprisms, twins, massive,

granular

165 scapolite Silicates (Na,Ca,K)4 5 6 2,5 2,8 tetragonal prismatic, 2 good conchoidal translucent, colorless, vitreous, white Common short square prisms, short square prisms,

28

A13 (Al,Si)3

Si6 O24

(Cl,SO4,CO3)

massive,

granular

opaque white,gray,

greenish,

yellow,

pink,

brown

pearly flourescent flourescentprismatic, massive,

granular

166 scheelite Molybdates

and

Tungstens

Ca W O4 4,5 5 5,9 6,1 tetragonal pyramidal,

granular,

massive

3: 1 good,

2 poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

white, gray,

yellowish,

orange,

brownish,

greenish

adamant

ine,resin

ous

white Rare high gravity,

softness, and

especially its blue

fluorescence.

high gravity, softness, and

especially its blue

fluorescence.pyramidal,

granular, massive

170 serpentine Silicates Mg6 (Si4O10)

(OH)8

3 4 2,5 2,6 monoclinic massive,

granular,

foliated,

fibrous

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

olive green,

yellow,

brown,

black

resinous

,dull

white Very

Common

low hardenss, green

color, greasy feel

low hardenss, green color,

greasy feelmassive, granular,

foliated, fibrous

171 siderite Carbonates Fe C O3 3,5 4,5 3,7 3,9 hexagonal rhombohedral,

massive,

granular

3 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

brown, red-

brown,

white

pearly,vi

treous

white Very

Common

brown color,

cleavage, magnetic

when heated

The extraction method for

obtaining iron from Siderite is

simple and inexpensive, so it is

an ore of iron in some

countries.Barite, Calcite,

Chalcopyrite, Limonite, Quartz,

Chalcedony, Rhodochrosite,

Sphalerite, Galena,

Fluorite,Siderite belongs to the

C

172 sillimanite Silicates Al2 Si O5 6 7 3,2 3,2 orthorhombic acicular,

massive,

foliated,

nodular

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

gray-white,

brown,

green-

brown

vitreous white,

colorless

Common hardness and

brittleness

hardness and brittlenessacicular,

massive, foliated, nodular

173 silver Native

Elements

Ag 2,5 3 9,6 12 isometric cube, usually

massive

arborescent

none hackly opaque silver-white metallic brilliant

silver

Very Rare white color,

malleability,

hardness

Most silver is extracted from

silver ores, but considerable

amounts are mined from Native

Silver. Silver is the best

conductor of electricity, is the

second most malleable and

ductile metal. Has many

industrial and ornamental

uses.Copper, Acanthite, Ar

29

175 smithsonite Carbonates Zn C O3 5 5,5 4 4,5 hexagonal usually

massive,

granular,

earthy

3 perfect uneven translucent,

opaque

white, gray,

green,

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white Common botryoidal form,

cleavage, hardness,

reaction to acid

botryoidal form, cleavage,

hardness, reaction to acidusually

massive, granular, earthy

176 sodalite Silicates Na4 Al3

(SiO4)3 Cl

5 6 2,2 2,4 isometric dodecahedral,

massive

6 poor conchoidal transparent,

translucent

blue,

colorless,

gray,

yellow, red

vitreous,

resinous

white Common blue color blue colordodecahedral, massive

178 sphalerite Sulfides (Zn,Fe) S 3,5 4 3,9 4,2 isometric massive

cleavage

pieces,crystals

,rounded

edges

6 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

pale

yellow,

brown,

black, red,

green

resinous lt

yellow,red

brown

Common cleavage, luster, red-

brown to green color

Dark brown to nearly black

resinous crystals of Sphalerite.

Crystals show somewhat

rounded tetrahedral and

octahedral faces. Associated

with dolomite.A rounded

tetrahedral crystal of Sphalerite

associated with white

Quartz.cleavage, luster, red-

brown to

180 spinel Multiple

Oxides

Mg Al2 O4 7,5 8 3,5 4,1 isometric octahedra,

twins, granular

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

white, red,

blue, green,

brown,

black

vitreous white Common Crystal shape,

hardness

Crystal shape,

hardnessoctahedra, twins,

granular

181 spodumene Silicates Li Al Si2 O6 6,5 7 3,1 3,2 monoclinic 8 sided prisms,

massive

1 good splintery transparent,

translucent

violet,

pink,

yellow,

green

vitreous,

pearly

white Common flattened and stiated

crystals, hardness

flattened and stiated crystals,

hardness8 sided prisms, massive

182 staurolite Silicates (Fe,Mg,Zn)2

Al9 Si4 O23

(OH)

7 7,5 3,7 3,8 orthorhombic 6-sided

prisms, often

twins

1 poor conchoidal translucent,

opaque

yellow-

brown, red-

brown,

black

vitreous,

resinous

white Common twin crystals, often

forms a right angle

"cross"

twin crystals, often forms a right

angle "cross"6-sided prisms,

often twins

184 stibnite Sulfides Sb2 S3 2 2 4,6 4,7 orthorhombic needles, radial

aggregates,

fibrous,

massive

1 perfect conchoidal opaque lead gray,

black

metallic gray black Common ability to bend

slightly

ability to bend slightlyneedles,

radial aggregates, fibrous,

massive

185 stilbite Silicates Na Ca2

(Al5Si13) O36

· 14H2O

3,5 4 2,2 2,2 monoclinic tabular, twins,

aggregates

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white,

yellow,

brown, red

vitreous,

pearly

white Common wheat-sheaf

aggregates

wheat-sheaf aggregatestabular,

twins, aggregates

30

187 sulfur Native

Elements

S 2 2 1,9 2,1 orthorhombic bipyramids,

granular,

fibrous,

nodular

2 poor conchoidal transparent,

translucent

yellow,

brown

resinous pale

yellow

Rare transparent yellow

crystals, hardness

Equant crystals of

Sulfur.transparent yellow

crystals, hardnessbipyramids,

granular, fibrous, nodular

188 sylvanite Sulfides Ag Au Te4 1,5 2 8 8,3 monoclinic stubby,prismat

ic

crystals;skelet

al rock

deposits

1 perfect uneven opaque silver white metallic gray Rare hardness, lack of

striations on crystal

faces

hardness, lack of striations on

crystal facesstubby,prismatic

crystals;skeletal rock deposits

189 sylvite Halides K Cl 2 2 2 2 isometric cubic,octahedr

al

crystals;compa

ct,granular

masses

1 perfect uneven transparent red, white,

colorless

vitreous white Very Rare cubic,octahedral

crystals;compact,granular

masses

190 talc Silicates Mg3 Si4 O10

(OH)2

1 1 2,7 2,8 monoclinic usually

granular,

massive or

scaly

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

green, gray,

white

pearly white Very

Common

Softness, greasy feel Bright green micaceous

Talc.Softness, greasy feelusually

granular, massive or scaly

191 tetrahedrite Sulfosalts (Cu,Fe)12 Sb4

Si3 -

(Cu,Fe)12 As4

S13

3 4,5 4,4 5,4 isometric tetrahedral,

massive,

granular

none uneven translucent,

opaque

gray black metallic black,bro

wn,red

Rare tetrahedral crystals,

lack of cleavage

tetrahedral crystals, lack of

cleavagetetrahedral, massive,

granular

192 thenardite Sulfates Na2 S O4 2,5 3 2,7 2,7 orthorhombic clusters,granul

ar,massive,tab

ular

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

white,

brownish,

gray

vitreous white Rare dissolves readily,

flourescent in short

UV light, weak salty

taste

dissolves readily, flourescent in

short UV light, weak salty

tasteclusters,granular,massive,ta

bular

193 topaz Silicates Al2 Si O4

(F,OH)2

8 8 3,4 3,6 orthorhombic striated prisms

or massive

1: 1

perfect

uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

white,

colorless,

yellow,

pink, blue,

greenish

vitreous white Common high hardness,

excellent cleavage

Sherry brown colored Topaz

crystals showing prism faces

with pyramids and basal

pinacoids (obvious on top

crystal). The matrix is fine

grained Topaz and rhyolite.high

hardness, excellent

cleavagestriated prisms or

massive

31

194 tourmaline Silicates (Na,Ca)

(Al,Fe,Li,Mg)

3 A16 (B O3)3

(Si6 O18)*

7 7,5 3 3,2 hexagonal trigonal

prisms,

massive

none uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

brown,

black, red,

pink, green,

blue,

yellow

vitreous white Common poor cleavage Gemmy green Tourmaline

crystals showing striations

parallel to the prism faces. The

matrix is milky Quartz.Pink

Tourmaline (rubellite) in a

matrix of violet Lepidolite.poor

cleavagetrigonal prisms,

massive

195 tremolite Silicates Ca2 Mg5 Si8

O22 (OH)2

5,5 6 2,9 3,1 monoclinic prisms,

bladed,

fibrous,

massive

2 perfect splintery transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, gray,

green

vitreous white Very

Common

cleavage angels,

prismatic habit

cleavage angels, prismatic

habitprisms, bladed, fibrous,

massive

197 turquoise Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Cu Al6

(PO4)4 (OH)8

· 5H2O

5 6 2,6 2,9 triclinic usually

massive,

stalactitic,

crusts

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

blue, blue

green,

gray-green

waxy white,

pale green

Rare Bright blue-green

color

Bright blue-green colorusually

massive, stalactitic, crusts

198 ulexite Borates Na Ca B5 O9 ·

8H2O

1 2 2 2 triclinic light,spongy,r

ounded

masses; fine

fibers

2: 1

perfect, 1

good

uneven transparent white silky white Rare association with

other borate minerals

association with other borate

mineralslight,spongy,rounded

masses; fine fibers

199 uraninite Simple

Oxides

U O2 5,5 5,5 10,9 10,9 isometric usually

granular

masses;cubic,d

odecahedral

crystal

none conchoidal opaque steel black sub

metallic

brown-

black

Rare octahedral crystals,

high gravity,

radioactivity

octahedral crystals, high gravity,

radioactivityusually granular

masses;cubic,dodecahedral

crystal

200 vanadinite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Pb5 (VO4)3

Cl

3 3 6,7 7,1 hexagonal trigonal

pyramids,

aggregates,

crusts

none uneven transparent,

translucent

red, brown,

yellow

resinous white,yell

ow

Rare red color, lustrous

nature

red color, lustrous naturetrigonal

pyramids, aggregates, crusts

201 vesuvianite Silicates Ca10

(Mg,Fe)2 Al4

(Si O4)5 (Si

O7)2 (OH)4

6,5 6,5 3,3 3,5 tetragonal prismatic,

massive,

granular

none uneven transparent,

translucent

green-

brown, red,

yellow

vitreous white Common color, square cross

section of crystals

color, square cross section of

crystalsprismatic, massive,

granular

202 vivianite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Fe3 (P O4)2 ·

8H2O

1,5 2,5 2,6 2,7 monoclinic small prisms,

aggregates,

crusts

1 perfect splintery transparent,

translucent

blue, green,

white,

colorless

pearly,vi

treous

pale blue Rare Blue color and

streak, micaceous

tabular crystals

Blue color and streak,

micaceous tabular crystalssmall

prisms, aggregates, crusts

32

203 wavellite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Al3 (P O4)2

(OH)3 · 5H2O

3,5 4 2,3 2,3 orthorhombic usually

globular

aggregates,

crusts

3: 1

perfect, 2

good

uneven translucent white,

green,

brown,

yellow

vitreous,

pearly

white Very Rare green color,

distinctive botryoidal

crusts

green color, distinctive

botryoidal crustsusually globular

aggregates, crusts

204 willemite Silicates Zn2 Si O4 5,5 5,5 4 4 hexagonal compact,granu

lar or massive

2 good uneven translucent brown, red,

yellow-

brown,

green,

white,

colorless

vitreous,

resinous

white Very Rare hardness, resinous

luster, strong

fluorescence

hardness, resinous luster, strong

fluorescencecompact,granular or

massive

205 witherite Carbonates Ba C O3 3,5 3,5 4,3 4,4 orthorhombic prismatic

twins,

massive,

granular

1 good uneven translucent white,

yellow,

gray

vitreous,

resinous

white Rare high gravity,

hardness

high gravity, hardnessprismatic

twins, massive, granular

206 wollastonite Silicates Ca Si O3 4,5 5 2,8 2,9 monoclinic tabular,

massive,

lamellar

2 perfect uneven translucent white, gray pearly,vi

treous

white Rare cleavage angles cleavage anglestabular, massive,

lamellar

207 wulfenite Molybdates

and

Tungstens

Pb Mo O4 3 3 6,3 6,7 tetragonal massive,granul

ar,various or

flat tabular

crystals

3 poor uneven transparent,

translucent

yellow, red,

orange

resinous

,adaman

tine

white,pale

yellow

Rare Brilliant colors and

tabular habit

Brilliant colors and tabular

habitmassive,granular,various or

flat tabular crystals

208 zincite Simple

Oxides

(Zn,Mn) O 4,5 5 5,4 5,7 hexagonal massive,

granular or

foliated

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

red adamant

ine

orange Very Rare deep red color,

association with

willemite and

franklinite

deep red color, association with

willemite and

franklinitemassive, granular or

foliated

209 zircon Silicates Zr Si O4 7 7,5 3,9 4,8 tetragonal prisms and

pyramid, small

grains

2 poor conchoidal transparent,

translucent,

opaque

colorless,

brown,

gray, green,

red, yellow

adamant

ine

white,

colorless

Common hardness, tetragonal

crystals, high gravity

hardness, tetragonal crystals,

high gravityprisms and pyramid,

small grains

210 zoisite Silicates Ca2 Al3 (Si3

O12) (OH)

6 6,5 3,3 3,4 orthorhombic long prisms,

massive,

fibrous

1 good uneven transparent,

translucent

gray,

yellow-

brown,

greenish,

pink, blue

vitreous white Very Rare single plane of

cleavage, luster, pink

variety is fluorescent

single plane of cleavage, luster,

pink variety is fluorescentlong

prisms, massive, fibrous

213 bauxite Hydroxides Al,O,H,* 6,5 7 3,3 3,5 N/A usually as

stalactitic or

foliated

aggregates

none earthy transparent,

translucent

white, gray,

yellow, red,

brown

vitreous,

pearly

white Rare hardness hardnessusually as stalactitic or

foliated aggregates

217 pitchblende Simple uranium oxide 2 4 6 9 isometric massive none uneven opaque gray, black dull black Rare massive

33

Oxides

218 boleite Hydroxides Pb9 Cu8 Ag3

Cl21 (OH)16 .

H2O

3 3,5 5,05 5,1 tetragonal pseudo cubic 3

directions,

perfect,

good &

poor

uneven translucent indigo blue vitreous,

pearly

on

cleavage

s

blue Very Rare As a secondary lead

mineral.

As a secondary lead

mineral.pseudo cubic

219 adularia Silicates K Al Si3 O8 6 6,5 2,55 2,63 monoclinic short

prismatic,

blocky, tabular

to massive

2 very

good

uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, gray,

yellow,

reddish,

green

vitreous

to dull

white Common A low temperature

variety of

Orthoclase.

A low temperature variety of

Orthoclase.short prismatic,

blocky, tabular to massive

220 aurichalcite Carbonates (Zn, Cu)5

(CO3)2

(OH)6

1 2 3,96 4,23 orthorhombic commonly as

fine tufted

aggregates of

hair like

crystals

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

pale green

to blue

silky to

pearly

white Rare A secondary mineral

in the oxidized zone

of zinc-copper

deposits

A secondary mineral in the

oxidized zone of zinc-copper

depositscommonly as fine tufted

aggregates of hair like crystals

221 bismuth Native

Elements

Bi 2 2,5 9,7 9,83 hexagonal usually

massive

1 perfect

1 good

hackly opaque silver white

with

pinkish tint

but quickly

tarnishes

metallic silver

white

Very Rare Found with silver,

cobalt nickel,

uranium and tin

minerals.

Found with silver, cobalt nickel,

uranium and tin minerals.usually

massive

222 brochantite Sulfates Cu4 (S O4)

(OH)6

3,5 4 3,97 4,09 monoclinic prismatic to

acicular and

tabular, as

drusy crusts.

1 perfect conchoidal transparent,

translucent

green to

blackish

green

vitreous,

pearly

on

cleavage

faces

pale green Rare As a secondary

mineral in the

oxidized zone of

copper deposits

As a secondary mineral in the

oxidized zone of copper

depositsprismatic to acicular and

tabular, as drusy crusts.

223 cavansite Silicates Ca (VO) (Si4

O10) . 4H2O

3 4 2,21 2,33 orthorhombic prismatic

crystals often

as tufts or

rosettes

1 good uneven transparent greenish

blue

vitreous light blue Very Rare As a secondary

mineral in vugs or

pockets in basalt and

volcanic tuffs.

As a secondary mineral in vugs

or pockets in basalt and volcanic

tuffs.prismatic crystals often as

tufts or rosettes

224 conichalcite Simple

Oxides

Cu Ca As O4

OH

4 4,5 4,32 4,34 orthorhombic commonly as

botryoidal or

reniform

crusts

none uneven transparent,

translucent

yellowish

green to

deep green

vitreous

to

greasy

light

green

Rare As a secondary

mineral in copper

deposits in pockets

in Limonite.

As a secondary mineral in

copper deposits in pockets in

Limonite.commonly as

botryoidal or reniform crusts

34

225 descloizite Simple

Oxides

Pb (Zn,

Cu)VO4 OH

3 3,5 6,24 6,26 orthorhombic usually

prismatic

none uneven transparent,

opaque

orange red

to blackish

brown, also

dark green

vitreous

to

greasy

earthy

yellow

Rare As a secondary

mineral in ore

deposits.

As a secondary mineral in ore

deposits.usually prismatic

226 fluorapatite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Ca5 (PO4)3 F 5 5 3,1 3,2 hexagonal short or long

prismatic and

tabular, also

masive,

glovular and

fibrous

2 very

poor

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless,

white, gray,

yellow,

green,

purple,

blue, red,

brown

vitreous

to

subresin

ous

white Common very widespread in

igneous and in

metamorphic rocks.

Greenish yellow hexagonal

prisms of Fluorapatite.Gemmy

green hexagonal prisms of

Fluorapatite on Calcite.Formerly

known as Apatite.very

widespread in igneous and in

metamorphic rocks.short or long

prismatic and tabular, also

masive, glovular and fibrous

227 hanksite Carbonates Na22

K(SO4)9

(CO3)2 Cl

3 3,5 2,5 2,6 hexagonal prismatic

prisms with

pyramidal

and/or

pinacoidal

terminations,ta

bular

1 good uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless to

yellow gray

and black

due to

inclusions

vitreous

to dull

white Rare An evaporite mineral An evaporite mineralprismatic

prisms with pyramidal and/or

pinacoidal terminations,tabular

228 huebnerite Simple

Oxides

Mn W O4 4 4,5 7 7,3 monoclinic prismatic,

tabular;

commonly in

subparallel

groups

1 very

good

uneven transparent,

translucent

yellowish

brown to

reddish

brown,

rarely

brownish

black

submeta

llic to

resinous

yellowish,

reddish

brown to

greenish

gray

Rare Found in

hydrothermal viens

in granitic rocks

Found in hydrothermal viens in

granitic rocksprismatic, tabular;

commonly in subparallel groups

229 kalinite Sulfosalts K Al (SO4)s .

H2O

2 2,5 1 3 monoclinic fibrous and as

"ram's horn"

aggregates

unknown uneven transparent,

translucent

colorless to

white

vitreous white Very Rare Associated with

Sulfur in volcanic

vents

Associated with Sulfur in

volcanic ventsfibrous and as

"ram's horn" aggregates

236 water Simple

Oxides

H2 O 1,5 1,51 0,91 0,92 hexagonal frozen bodies

of water,

snow, frost

and glaciers

none conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless to

white

vitreous colorless Very

Common

Flattened six pointed

crystals, also

prismatic and

tabular.

Flattened six pointed crystals,

also prismatic and tabular.frozen

bodies of water, snow, frost and

glaciers

35

238 linarite Sulfosalts Pb Cu SO4

(OH)2

2 2,5 5,3 5,4 monoclinic Thin lath

shaped to

tabular, also

encrusting

masses

2 good conchoidal translucent Dark blue vitreous

to

subada

mantine

blue Very Rare Found in the

oxidized zone of

copper and lead

deposits.

Found in the oxidized zone of

copper and lead deposits.Thin

lath shaped to tabular, also

encrusting masses

239 mirabilite Sulfosalts Na2 SO4 .

10H2 O

1,5 2 1,46 1,47 monoclinic prismatic,

tabular and

massive

1 very

good

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

colorless to

white

vitreous white Rare An evaporite mineral

and as hot spring

deposits

An evaporite mineral and as hot

spring depositsprismatic, tabular

and massive

240 mottramite Vanadium

Oxsalts

Pb (Cu, Zn)

VO4 OH

3 3,5 5,8 6 orthorhombic prismatic or

tabular,

usually as

plumose

aggregates,

drusy

aggregates

none uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

various

shades of

green,

brown and

nearly

black

vitreous grayish

green

Rare A secondary mineral

in the oxidized zone

of ore deposits.

A secondary mineral in the

oxidized zone of ore

deposits.prismatic or tabular,

usually as plumose aggregates,

drusy aggregates

241 neptunite Silicates (Na, K)2

(Fe,Mn) Ti Si4

O12

5 6 3,1 3,3 monoclinic prismatic with

square cross

sections

1 very

good

conchoidal translucent,

opaque

Black often

with deep

brown

internal

reflections

vitreous reddish

brown

Very Rare prismatic with square cross

sections

242 scorodite Simple

Oxides

Fe As O4 .

2H2O

3,5 4 3,2 3,3 orthorhombic pyramidal,

tabular,

commonly as

crusts

1

imperfect

conchoidal transparent,

translucent

green,

yellow,

brown,

colorless,

blue, violet,

pale gray

resinous

to

vitreous

white Common Found in the

oxidized zones of

arsenic minerals

Found in the oxidized zones of

arsenic mineralspyramidal,

tabular, commonly as crusts

243 sphene Silicates Ca Ti Si O5 5 5,5 3,5 3,6 monoclinic wedge shaped,

prismatic, also

massive

1 distinct

but

parting

common

uneven transparent,

translucent,

opaque

Colorless,y

ellow,

green gray,

grown red

and black;

variable in

crystal

adamant

ine to

resinous

white Rare Chiefly found as an

accessory mineral in

igneous rocks but

also in schists and as

resistant grains in

sediments.

Chiefly found as an accessory

mineral in igneous rocks but

also in schists and as resistant

grains in sediments.wedge

shaped, prismatic, also massive

244 stephanite Sulfides,

Arsenides,

and

Tellurides

Ag5 Sb S4 2 2,5 6,2 6,5 orthorhombic short prismatic

crystals to

tabular also

massive

2

imperfect

uneven opaque iron black metallic iron black Rare Found in silver veins

with silver and other

silver sulfides.

Found in silver veins with silver

and other silver sulfides.short

prismatic crystals to tabular also

massive

36

245 stichtite Carbonates Mg6 Cr2 CO3

(OH)16 .

4H2O

1,5 2 2 2,2 hexagonal Massive,

foliated,

lamellar,

micaceous

1 perfect uneven transparent,

translucent

bright lilac

to pink

pearly,

waxy,

greasy

white to

lilac

Rare Occurs in serpentine

rocks, greasy feel

and inelastic

cleavage fragments.

Occurs in serpentine rocks,

greasy feel and inelastic

cleavage fragments.Massive,

foliated, lamellar, micaceous

246 tincalconite Borates Na2 B4 O5

(OH)4 . 3H2O

1 3 1,8 2 hexagonal white powder unknown uneven opaque white dull white Rare Occurs as an

alteration product of

other borax minerals,

e.g. Tincalconite

pseudomorph after

Borax.

Occurs as an alteration product

of other borax minerals, e.g.

Tincalconite pseudomorph after

Borax.white powder

247 variscite Phosphates,

Arsenates,

Vanadates

Al PO4 .2H2O 3,5 4,5 2,5 2,6 orthorhombic usually

massive or as

vien fillings

and nodules

1 good, 1

poor

uneven transparent,

translucent

Pale green

to emeral

green and

bluish

green.

waxy to

dull

pale green

to white

Rare Produced by the

weathering process

on aluminum rich

rocks.

Produced by the weathering

process on aluminum rich

rocks.usually massive or as vien

fillings and nodules

248 kinoite Silicates Cu2 Ca2 Si3

O10 . 2H2O

4,5 5,5 3,1 3,2 monoclinic tabular to

granular

encrusting

masses

1 very

good

uneven transparent,

translucent

Deep blue vitreous

to dull

blue Very Rare Found as vienlets in

copper sulfide ore

deposits.

Found as vienlets in copper

sulfide ore deposits.tabular to

granular encrusting masses

249 chrysotile Silicates (Mg,Fe)3 Si2

O5 (OH)4

3 5 2,5 2,6 monoclinic fibrous,

elongated

tubelike

none splintery,

uneven

opaque olive-

green,

green,

blackish,

brown,

yellow

silky white Very

Common

Low hardness. Soft

and flexible. Can be

divided into elastic,

flexible fibers.

Low hardness. Soft and

flexible. Can be divided into

elastic, flexible fibers.fibrous,

elongated tubelike

250 cobaltite Sulfides,

Arsenides,

and

Tellurides

Co As S 5,5 5,5 6,3 6,3 isometric cubes;

granular or

compact

masses

perfect uneven opaque steel-gray metallic grayish-

black

Rare crystal form (cubes),

striations on the

crystal faces, color,

and hardness

crystal form (cubes), striations

on the crystal faces, color, and

hardnesscubes; granular or

compact masses

251 limonite Hydroxides FeO (OH) 4 5,5 2,7 4,3 N/A botryoidal;

earthy or

porous masses

none conchoidal translucent,

opaque

yellow,

brown

vitreous,

earthy

yellowish-

brown

Very

Common

Streak and earthy

structure; yellowish-

brown when loose;

blackish and

iridescent when

more coherent

Typical massive to spongy,

earthy yellow-brown

Limonite.Streak and earthy

structure; yellowish-brown when

loose; blackish and iridescent

when more coherentbotryoidal;

37

earthy or porous masses

252 scolecite Silicates Ca (Al2 Si3)

O10 - 3H2O

5 5,5 2,2 2,4 monoclinic fibrous,

radiating

masses

perfect splintery transparent colorless,

white

vitreous,

silky

white Common habit; soluble in

hydrochloric acid

leaving a silica gel

habit; soluble in hydrochloric

acid leaving a silica gelfibrous,

radiating masses

253 thomsonite Silicates Na Ca2 (Al5

Si5) O20 -

6H2O

5 5,5 2,3 2,4 orthorhombic radiating balls

or globular

aggregates

prismatic uneven,

subconchoi

dal

transparent,

translucent

white,

brown

vitreous,

pearly

colorless Rare habit habitradiating balls or globular

aggregates

38