komunikasi saintifik proposal bm
TRANSCRIPT
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KOMUNIKASI
SAINTIFIK
SHUKOR MD NOR
KULIAH: SAINS SEKITARAN RABU 1-2 DK1SN
KHAMIS 5-6 129 BB
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PROSES PENYELIDIKAN / KAJIAN SAINTIFIK
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Usul Kajian Analisis Lapuran
Aplikasi
Usul
Bagi mendapatkanDana dansebagaigarispanduanpenyelidikan
LapuranDisampaikan dalambentuk penulisan (Journal,Porsiding, teknikal) dan
lisan (seminar) dan Poster
Usul dan lapuran perlu disampaikan (komunikasi)
AplikasiBagimenyelesaikanmasalah atau
isu.
Isu
Masalah yangdihadapi atauyang perludiselesaikan
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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN
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Tajuk
Abstrak
Pengenalan
Kaitan dengan TajukPersoalan dalam Kajian dan keperluan penyelidikan
Objektif Penyelidikan
Ulasan Kepustakaan
Kajian terdahulu
a an awa
Soalan yang berkaitanReprise of your resulting question in this context
Methodology
Approach to answering the question
Data needs
Analytic techniquesPlan for interpreting results
Budget
Expected results
Bibliography / References
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Title
A good title is usually a compromise between conciseness and explicitness.Although titles should be comprehensive enough to indicate the nature of the
proposed work, they should also be brief. One good way to cut the length oftitles is to avoid words that add nothing to a reader's understanding, such as"Studies on...," "Investigations...," or "Research on Some Problems in...."
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Abstract
To present the essential meaning of the proposal, the abstract shouldsummarize or at least suggest the answers to all the questions mentioned in
the Introduction above, except the one about cost (which is excluded on thegrounds that the abstract is subject to a wider public distribution than the restof the proposal). Certainly the major objectives of the project and the
procedures to be followed in meeting these objectives should be mentioned.
The abstract speaks for the proposal when it is separated from it, provides thereader with his first impression of the request, and, by acting as a summary,frequently provides him also with his last. Thus it is the most important singleelement in the proposal.
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The Introduction
Topic Area
A good title will clue the reader into the topic but it can not tell the whole story.follow the title with a short The introduction provides a brief overview that tellsa fairly well informed but perhaps non-specialist reader what the proposal is
about. It might be as short as a single page, but it should be very clearlywritten, and it should let one assess whether the research is relevant to their
own. With luck it will hook the reader's interest.
What is your proposal about? Briefly describe the general topic and quicklycome to the question that your research will address. Show why this is
important to answer.
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The Introduction
Question
Once the topic is established, come right to the point. What are you goingto do? What specific issue or question will your work address? What willwe learn from your work?
Significance
Why is this work important? What are the implications of doing it? Howdoes it link to other knowledge? How does it stand to inform policymaking? This should show how this project is significant to our body ofknowledge. Why is it important to our understanding of the world? It
should establish why I would want to read on. It should also tell me why Iwould want to fund the project.
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Literature Review
State of our knowledge
The purpose of the literature review is to situate your research in the contextof what is already known about a topic. It need not be exhaustive, it needs toshow how your work will benefit the whole. It should provide the theoreticalbasis for your work, show what has been done in the area by others, and set
the stage for your work.
In a literature review you should give the reader enough ties to the literaturethat they feel confident that you have found, read, and assimilated theliterature in the field. It should probably move from the more general to the
more focused studies, but need not be exhaustive, only relevant.
.
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Literature Review
Outstanding questions
This is where you present the holes in the knowledge that need to be plugged, .
work will fit in and be significant to the discipline. This can be made easier if thereis literature that comes out and says "Hey, this is a topic that needs to be treated!What is the answer to this question?" and you will sometimes see this type of
piece in the literature. Perhaps there is a reason to read old AAG presidentialaddresses.
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Research Questions in Detail
Your work to date
Tell what you have done so far. It might report preliminary studiesthat you have conducted to establish the feasibility of your research.It should give a sense that you are in a position to add to the bodyof knowledge.
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Methodology
Overview of approach
This section should make clear to the
reader the way that you intend to approacht e researc quest on an t e tec n quesand logic that you will use to address it.
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MethodologyData CollectionThis might include the field site description, adescription of the instruments you will use, and
particularly the data that you anticipate collecting. Youmay need to comment on site and resourceaccessibility in the time frame and budget that youhave available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the
specifically what data you will be using in your study.Part of the purpose of doing this is to detect flaws inthe plan beforethey become problems in theresearch.
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MethodologyData AnalysisThis should explain in some detail how youwill manipulate the data that you
assembled to get at the information thatyou will use to answer your question. It will
include the statistical or other techniquesand the tools that you will use inprocessing the data. It probably should
also include an indication of the range ofoutcomes that you could reasonablyexpect from your observations.
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Methodology
InterpretationIn this section you should indicate how theanticipated outcomes will be interpreted toanswer the research question. It is
of outcomes from your analysis, and foreach know what it will mean in terms of theanswer to your question.
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Expected ResultsThis section should give a good indication of what
you expect to get out of the research. It should jointhe data analysis and possible outcomes to thetheory and questions that you have raised. It will bea good place to summarize the significance of thework.
It is often useful from the very beginning offormulating your work to write one page for thissection to focus your reasoning as you build the restof the proposal.
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BibliographyThis is the list of the relevant works. Some advisors like
exhaustive lists. I think that the Graduate Divisionspecifies that you call it "Bibliography". Others like tosee only the literature which you actually site. Most fallin between: there is no reason to site irrelevantliterature but it may be useful to keep track of it even if
only to say that it was examined and found to beirrelevant.Use a standard format. Order the referencesalphabetically, and use "flag" paragraphs as per theUniversity's Guidelines.
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This is not complete and needs a little rearranging.
The balance between Introduction and Literature Reviewneeds to be thought out. The reader will want to be able to
figure out whether to read the proposal. The literature reviewshould be sufficiently inclusive that the reader can tell where
the bounds of knowledge lie. It should also show what hasbeen done and what seem to be accepted approaches in thefield and the kinds of results that are being gotten.
thesis. It is common, although not really desirable, for thesesto make reference to every slightly related piece of work thatcan be found. This is not necessary. Refer to the work thatactually is linked to your study, don't go too far afield (unless
your committee is adamant that you do ;-).
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Usul Penyelidikan mempunyai beberapa fungsi;
1. Menyatakan apa yang akan dibuat, kenapa perlu dibuat, bagaimana perludilakukan, dan apa yang dijangkakan hasilnya. Ini termasuk carabagaimana akan dianalisis dan intrepretasi hasilnya.
2. Menolong untuk memikirkan bagaimana penyelidikan akan dijalankan danmembuat jangkaan kekangan yang mungkin akan dihadapi. Ini termasukmenilai berapa besar penyelidikan yang akan dijalankan.
3. Kepada penyelidik yang kurang pasti halatuju atau fokus penyelidikan,kertas usul boleh digunakan sebagai ruang untuk menilai option atau
pilihan lain.
4. Bahan untuk digunakan dalam perbincangan dengan ahli lain ataupenyelia dan ahlijawatankuasa penyelidikan.
5. Boleh digunakan sebagai panduan dalam menjalankan penyelidikan.
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PENGENALAN
Usul adalah pelan untuk membuat keputusan secara teknikaldan bagi tujuan pengurusan.
Teknikal Bertanyakan samada penyelidikan feasible untukdijalankan.
Pengurusan Bertanyakan samada mempunyai nilai unutkdijalankan dan siapa yang akan menjalankan penyelidikan.
Tujuan: Untuk memberi kepastian
Mendapatkan kebenaranMendapatkan bantuan keewangan
Apa yang di nilai: Format, Polisi, tarikh akhir, proses
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PENGENALAN
FORMAT PROPOSAL
Semua bahagian mesti ada tajuk tajuk tertentu yangdicadangkan.
Gunakan ayat yang menunjukkan AKAN dilakukan. Gunakan ayat Kami atau Saya.
Semua teks penulisan termasuk Kaedah mesti ditulis denganpadat tetapi jelas dan disusun mengikut para yang sesuai.
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PENGENALANFORMAT PROPOSAL
Jika menggunakan nama saintifik untuk haiwan dantumbuhan mestilah dengan huruf besar pada huruf pertamaGenus dan Spesies menggunakan semua huruf kecil yang di
co ong an a au gar s an awa . emu annya namasaintifik boleh dirujuk kepada nama tempatan atau namabiasa. Contohnya, Kami akan menilai struktur bunga cardinal(Lobelia cardinalis). Selepasnya hanya dinyatakan sebagai L.
cardinalis.
Format boleh berubah-ubah mengikut bidang.
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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN PROPOSAL
Elements of the Research Proposal
Title
Abstract
Study Problem
Relevance of the Project
Literature Review
Specific Study ObjectivesResearch Methods
I. Study designII. Subjects
oSampling
o Recruitment planso Method of assignment to study groups
III. Data collectiono variables: outcomes, predictors, confounderso measures/instrumentso procedures
IV. InterventionV. Statistical considerations
o sample sizeo data analysis
Ethical Considerations
Work Plan
Budget
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USUL ATAU KERTAS CADANGAN ATAU PROPOSAL
See hand out ..