44th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS ON POWERTRAIN AND TRANSPORT MEANS

KONES 2018

Conference guide & book of abstracts

Editors Stanisław Szwaja and Karol Grab-Rogaliński

Assistants: Mariusz Chwist, Arkadiusz Jamrozik and Wojciech Tutak

September 24-27, 2018, Czestochowa-Wisla, POLAND

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Main Organizers

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

CZESTOCHOWA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF AVIATION

POLISH AIR FORCE ACADEMY

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Honorary patronage

RECTOR OF THE CZESTOCHOWA

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Main Sponsors

Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Czestochowa Air Force Institute of Technology, Ksiecia Boleslawa 6, 01-494 Warszawa Institute of Aviation, Krakowska 110/114, 02-256 Warszawa Polish Air Force Academy, Dywizjonu 303 no. 35, 08-521 Deblin

Industrial Sponsors Arco System Sp. z o.o., Unii Europejskiej 24, 32-600 Oswiecim – budownictwo przem. i specjalistyczne TERMO-KLIMA MK Sp. z o.o. SK, Tartaczna 12, 40-749 Katowice – Klimatyzacje, ogrzewanie

This event has partially received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 691232 — Knocky — H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015/H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015

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Dear Sir / Madam,

You are warmly invited to participate in the 44th edition of European KONES 2018: held in Czestochowa & Wisla (Poland) in September 24-27, 2018. The Congress topics include the latest achievements in research, development and design of both compression-ignition and spark-ignition as well as other combustion engines (hybrids) with special attention to bio-fuels, ecology, injection and spray, fuel economy, combustion processes, mixture preparation, exhaust aftertreatment, particulars filters, thermodynamics and heat transfer, noise and acoustics, durability and reliability, new experimental methods, new materials (composite) and production technologies, tribology, engine parts, fuel and lubricants, other alternative fuels (including hydrogen), fuel cells and converters, electric drive standards, noise and vibration, diagnostics (OBD), catalysis, catalyst systems, fuels derived from plants and animals and agriculture engineering. Additionally, the topics also include the problems of research, design and development for the different kinds of vehicles with special attention on new generation of vehicles, reliability and durability, servicing and maintenance, recycle engineering, safety, environment protection, air pollution control, as well human and nature ecology, law and social aspects of environment protection, simulation and modelling. The objects of the Congress are the problems of land, sea and air vehicles with a particular regard on connection with powertrain, ecology, safety, simulation and modelling. The exhibition as well other forms of presentation and promotion of institutions and companies are possible for additional costs.

Do not miss the opportunity to take part in the coming European KONES 2018 Congress and visit city of Czestochowa - amazing place for sightseeing of Jura as well as Paulin's Order Monastery and castles forming Eagle's Nests Trail.

Hope to hear from you soon and welcome to Czestochowa.

Yours sincerely,

Prof. Antoni Jankowski President of the European KONES

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Organising committee

Antoni JANKOWSKI – President

Stanisław SZWAJA – Executive Vice-President

Leszek LOROCH – Vice-President

Mirosław KOWALSKI – Vice-President

Karol GRAB-ROGALIŃSKI − Secretary

Members:

Grzegorz Kowalczyk, Agnieszka Bodzioch, Małgorzata Gogołek, Agata Fulko,

Aleksandra Krzywik, Anna Poskart, Mariusz Chwist, Michał Gruca,

Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Michał Pyrc, Justyna Tomaszewska, Wojciech Tutak

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HONORARY COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS

Masutaka ARAI, Gunma University, Japan Romuald BEDZINSKI, Wroclaw University of Technology, Polish Acad. of Sciences,

Poland Marian CICHY, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Adam CHARCHALIS, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland Yasuhiro DAISHO, Waseda University, Japan Janusz DYDUCH, Polish Academy of Sciences – Committee of Transport, Poland John B. HEYWOOD, MIT, Sloan Automotive Lab, USA Marianna JACYNA, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Takashi KATODA, Osaka Prefecture University, President of JSME-ESD, Japan Rudolf KLEMENS, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Andrzej KOWALEWICZ, Radom University of Technology, Poland Piotr KRAWCZYK, Polish Air Force Academy, Poland Leszek LOROCH, Institute of Aviation, Poland Arkadiusz MEZYK, Silesian University of Technology, Poland Yasuhiko OHTA, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan Franz F. PISCHINGER, FEV Motorentechnic, Germany Wojciech PRZETAKIEWICZ, Scientific Council Ministry of Science and Higher

Education, Poland Zbigniew SMALKO, Air Force Institute of Technology, Poland Pawel STEZYCKI, Institute of Aviation, Poland Ryszard SZCZEPANIK, Air Force Institute of Technology, Poland Andrzej TEODORCZYK, Combustion Institute, Poland Jan WAJAND, Technical Humanistic Academy, Bielsko Biala, Poland Franciszek TOMASZEWSKI Poznan University of Technology, Poland Wojciech WAWRZYNSKI, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Janusz ZAREBSKI, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS

Antoni JANKOWSKI - President, Stanislaw SZWAJA - Executive Vice - President,

Miroslaw ADAMSKI

Ted ALFORD (USA)

Cristian ANDRESCU (Romania)

Rik BAERT (Netherlands)

Meyer J. BENZAKEIN (USA)

Jerzy BAJKOWSKI

Francesc G. BALMAS (Spain)

Georg BARTON (Germany)

Mustafa BAYHAN (Turkey)

Akos BERECZKY (Hungary)

Grace BOCHENEK (USA)

Zdzislaw BOGDANOWICZ

Waclaw BORKOWSKI

Ulf G. BOSSEL (Switzerland)

Dirk BOSTEELS (Belgium)

Eugeniusz BUDNY

Zbigniew BURCIU

Gintautas BUREIKA (Lith.)

Marek BRZEZANSKI

Andrzej CALKA (Australia)

Victor CHEBAN (Moldova)

Zdzislaw CHLOPEK

Andrzej CHUDZIKIEWICZ

Kwang Min CHUN (Korea)

Suk Ho CHUNG (Korea)

Janusz CWIKLAK

Jan CZERWINSKI (Switzerl.)

Zbigniew DABROWSKI

Gunter H. DEINZER (Germany)

Roman DOMANSKI

Julius DREW (USA)

Cedomir DUBOKA (Serbia)

Piotr DUDZINSKI

Adam DUZYNSKI

Patrick V. FARRELL (USA)

Malcolm F. FOX (UK)

Wieslaw GALOR

Jozef GAWLIK

Piotr GEBIS

Wojciech GIS

Agata GODULA-JOPEK (Ger.)

Joaquim S. GOMES (Portugal)

T. V. GOPAL (India)

Stefan GORALCZYK

Norbert GRZESIK

Wieslaw GRZESIKIEWICZ

Daniel HANUS (Czech Rep.)

Lars G. HAUPTMANN (Swed.)

W. HIRSCHBERG (Austria)

Vladimir HLAVNA (Slovakia)

Guenter HOHL (Austria)

Zdzislaw HRYCIOW

Marek IDZIOR

Antoni ISKRA

Ilona JACYNA-GOLDA

Tad JAROSZCZYK (USA)

Timothy JOHNSON (USA)

Rajmundas JUNEVICIUS (Lith.)

Wojciech KACALAK

Chris KANAWKA (France)

Ghazi A. KARIM (Canada)

Tadashige KAWAKAMI (Japan)

Andrzej KAZIMIERCZAK

S. KHARYTONCHYK (Bel.)

Janusz KOWAL

Grzegorz KOWALCZYK

Miroslaw KOWALSKI

Zbigniew KOZANECKI

Stanislaw W. KRUCZYNSKI

Jin KUSAKA (Japan)

Nicos LADOMMATOS (UK)

Kazimierz LASIEWICKI

Gvidonas LABECKAS (Lith.)

Boguslaw LAZARZ

Kazimierz LEJDA

Jan LESINSKY (Slovakia)

Stefan LISCAK (Slovakia)

Egbert LOX (Germany)

Slawomir LUFT

Jan MACEK (Czech Republic)

Jerzy MANEROWSKI

Krzysztof MARCHELEK

Marin MARINESCU (Romania)

Simon MARTINEZ (Mexico)

John MAY (UK)

Agnieszka GURANOWSKA

Jerzy MERKISZ

Simona S. MEROLA (Italy)

Andrzej MISZCZAK

Andrzej MUSZYNSKI

Janusz MYSLOWSKI

Jeffrey D. NABER (USA)

Eugen NEGRUS (Romania)

A I. NICULESCU (Romania)

Tadeusz NIEZGODA

Indra NURHADI (Indonesia)

Yasuhiko OHTA (Japan)

Massimo OLIVIERI (Spain)

Aleksander OLEJNIK

Mircea OPREAN (Romania)

Marek ORKISZ

Kenneth OSCAR (USA)

Oleg OSTAPIUK (Ukraine)

Ireneusz PIELECHA

Jacek PIELECHA

Andrzej PIĘTAK

Pericles PILIDIS (UK)

A. PIKUNAS (Lithuania)

Marian POLONI (Slovakia)

Stefan POSTRZEDNIK

Dariusz PYZA

Stanislaw RADKOWSKI

Khandoker A. RAIHAN (Japan)

Gerhart RINNE (Germany)

Renato ROMIO (Brazil)

Eugeniusz RUSINSKI

Piotr RYBAK

Saul SANCHEZ (Mexico)

Alexander SANDEL (USA)

Yoshio SATO (Japan)

Janusz SECZYK

Eran SHER (Israel)

Masahiro SHIOJI (Japan)

Krzysztof SIBILSKI

Barbara SIEMINSKA

Gilmar C. da SILVA (Brazil)

Henryk SNIEGOCKI

Lucjan SNIEZEK

Alexander K. SIMPSON (USA)

Tudor SIRETANU (Romania)

Lech SITNIK

Paul F. SKALNY (USA)

Zenon SLAWINSKI

Marcin SLEZAK

Leszek SMOLAREK

Andrzej SOBIESIAK (Canada)

Zbigniew SROKA

Andrzej SWIDERSKI

Eugeniusz SWITONSKI

Zbigniew STARCZEWSKI

Anna STELMACH

Mieczyslaw STRUS

Andrzej SZELMANOWSKI

Janusz SZPYTKO

Jan TALER

Eiji TOMITA (Japan)

D. UEBERSCHAR (Germany)

Andras VOITH (Hungary)

Jerzy WALENTYNOWICZ

Harry WATSON (Australia)

Miroslaw WENDEKER

Ida WIERZBA (Canada)

Krzysztof WIERZCHOLSKI

Jac WISMANS (Netherlands)

Michael WILLMANN (Ger.)

Witold WISNIOWSKI

Kazimierz WITKOWSKI

Marek WLODARCZYK (USA)

Piotr WOLANSKI

Miroslaw L. WYSZYNSKI (UK)

Wieslaw ZALEWSKI

E. ZAWADZKAS (Lithuania)

Mariusz ZIEJA

Zbigniew ZMUDKA

Bogdan ZOLTOWSKI

Pawel T. ZUBKOV (Russia)

Jozef ZUREK

Andrzej ZYLUK

Jolanta ZAK

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AGENDA - KONES 2018

KONES

KONES – Celebratory Day -

key institutions for Polish aviation

KONES KONES-Knocky

Sunday 23.09.2018

Monday 24.09.2018

Tuesday 25.09.2018

Wednesday 26.09.2018

Thursday 27.09.2018

8.00-9.00 Breakfast for Dormitory inhabitants

(Canteen)

8.45-10.00 REGISTRATION

Hall 1

7.00-8.00 Breakfast

7.30-9.00 Breakfast 7.30-9.00 Breakfast

8.00-11.00 Excursions

9.00-10.15 PLENARY SESSION 3

9.00-10.15 PLENARY SESSION 4 10.30-11.10

OPENNIG CEREMONY

Hall B1

Coffee Break Coffee Break

10.45-12.05 3 Panel Sessions

7, 8, 9

10:30-11:40 Introduction to Project

Knocky/ Project Knocky Session

11.10-11.30 Coffee Break

11.05-12.20 PLENARY SESSION 2 (ITWL, ILot,

WSOSP)

11.30-12.50 PLENARY SESSION 1

Hall B1

11.40-12.00 Closing Ceremony

12.15-13.25 Poster Session II

12.00-13.00 LUNCH

12.45-14.05 3 Panel Sessions

1, 2, 3 (ITWL, ILOT,

WSOSP)

13.00-14.20 LUNCH Hall 1 13.00-16.00

BUS TRANSFER TO CZESTOCHOWA

13.30-15.00 LUNCH

14.15-15.45

LUNCH 14.30-15.45 CULTURAL

PERFORMANCE BY SLASK Hall 2

15.15-16.35 3 Panel Sessions

10, 11, 12

15.45-17.05 3 Panel Sessions

4, 5, 6 (ITWL, ILOT,

WSOSP)

16.00-19:00 BUS TRANSFER TO

WISLA

16.35-17:00 Coffee Break

17.00-18.20 3 Panel Sessions

13, 14, 15 17.25-18.45

Poster Session I (ITWL, ILOT,

WSOSP)

19.00-20.00 REGISTRATION

Hotel Stok - near by Reception Desk

19:00-21.00 Dinner

and informal meetings

19.15-20.15 Dinner Hall 1 20.00-24.00

GALA DINNER 20.00-22.30 BARBACUE

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Guide to Congress Sessions

Monday 24.09.2018 11:30 – 12:50 PLENARY SESSION 1 Chairmen: Antoni Jankowski, Małgorzata Klimek

Jeffrey D. Naber INVESTIGATION OF KNOCK SUPPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS IN A BOOSTED METHANE – GASOLINE BLENDED FUELED SI ENGINE Alfredas Rimkus, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Romualdas Juknelevicius, Jonas Matijosius, Donatas Kriauciunas EVALUATING COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGINE OPERATING ON DIESEL FUEL ENRICHED WITH HHO GAS Richard Baker SUBSTITUTED CERIA-BASED MATERIALS FOR APPLICATION AS ELECTROLYTES AND ELECTRODES IN SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS Simona Silvia Merola, Adrian Irimescu FLAME MORPHOLOGY IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES Roman Domański THERMAL BARRIER CONCEPTS AGAINST CONTINUOS LASER IRRADIATION

Tuesday 25.09.2018 11:00 – 12:15 PLENARY SESSION 2

100 years of Polish aviation and 65 years of Air Force Institute of Technology 100-lecie lotnictwa polskiego oraz 65-lecie Instytutu Technicznego Wojsk Lotniczych

Chairman: Antoni Jankowski Mirosław Kowalski HISTORY AND PRESENT DAY OF AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORIA I WSPÓŁCZESNOŚĆ ITWL Paweł Stężycki HISTORY AND PRESENT DAY OF AVIATION INSTITUTE HISTORIA I WSPÓŁCZESNOŚĆ INSTYTUTU LOTNICTWA Adam Wetoszka HISTORY AND PRESENT DAY OF POLISH AIR FORCE ACADEMY HISTORIA I WSPÓŁCZESNOŚĆ WSOSP

12:45 – 14:05 PANEL SESSION 1 Chairman: Andrzej Żyluk

Mirosław Kowalski, Krzysztof Sibilski, Andrzej Żyluk, Wiesław Wróblewski EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LEADING EDGE VORTEX CONTROL OF DELTA WING MICRO AERIAL VEHICLE

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Krzysztof Sibilski, Andrzej Żyluk, Paweł Czekalowski EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING OF AERODYNAMIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAPPING WINGS MICRO AERIAL VEHICLE Adrian Ioan Niculescu, Antoni Jankowski, Mirosław Kowalski, Tudor Sireteanu THE VEHICLE BEHAVIOR EVALUATION WITH REDUCED MODELS Adrian Ioan Niculescu LAST TENDENCIES IN THE MEDIUM CLASS VEHICLE SUSPENSION

12:45 – 14:05 PANEL SESSION 2 Chairman: Norbert Grzesik

Mirosław Adamski MAGNETIC FIELD ERROR CORRECTION ALGORITHM USED IN HELMET MOUNTED CUEING SYSTEMS Konrad Kuźma AIRCRAFT DOCKING GUIDANCE SYSTEM TO THE GATE USING FUZZY LOGIC Mateusz Mucha ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES STUDY OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLIMERIC MATERIALS USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Janusz Ćwiklak NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF A BIRD STRIKE AGAINST A HELICOPTER WINDSHIELD

12:45 – 14:05 PANEL SESSION 3 Chairmen: Roman Domański, Adrian Irimescu

Jarosław Stanisławski SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS OF ROTOR FOR HIGH-SPEED COMPOUND HELICOPTER Adam Sieradzki GURNEY FLAP AND T-STRIP ALTERNATIVES IN APPLICATION TO TYPICAL AIRCRAFT STEER SURFACE Janusz Sznajder SIMULATION OF RIME ICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AIRFOIL Andrzej Krzysiak NECESSARY WIND TUNNEL TESTS CONDITIONS OF PROPER TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS

15:45 – 17:05 PANEL SESSION 4

Chairman: Krzysztof Sibilski Wojciech Dziegielewski, Urszula Kaźmierczak, Andrzej Kulczycki Dariusz Ozimina IMPACT OF THE ADDITIVES USED IN MINERAL JET FUELS ON THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC COMPONENTS CONTAINING FUELS FOR TURBINE AIRCRAFT ENGINES

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Grzegorz Kowaleczko, Andrzej Żyluk, Mariusz Pietraszek, Tomasz Klemba INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOMB-FLUGER SYSTEM ON ITS DYNAMICS Marta Woch STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND-RELATED INCIDENTS AT AIRPORTS REZERWA

15:45 – 17:05 PANEL SESSION 5 Chairman: Janusz Ćwiklak Norbert Grzesik THE USE OF FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM IN THE AIRCRAFT ZLIN 143LSI Mirosław Adamski APPLICATION OF DRONES IN PROTECTION OF STATE BORDER Sebastian Stabryn OBTAINING 3D GEOMETRY OF THE BLADE IN A TRAINING AIRCRAFT FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF ICING CHARACTERISTICS Robert Bąbel THE EFFECT OF USING THE KLINE-FOGLEMAN MODIFICATION UPON THE COEFFICIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES IN THE AIRFOIL

15:45 – 17:05 PANEL SESSION 6 Chairmen: Silvia Simona Merola, Andrzej Leski Zbigniew Skorupka, Andrzej Tywoniuk HEALTH MONITORING IN LANDING GEARS Andrzej Tywoniuk, Zbigniew Skorupka WIND POWER PLANTS – TYPES, DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLES Wojciech Chajec METHODS OF MODERN AIRCRAFT AEROELASTIC ANALYSES IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION Elżbieta Gadalińska, Maciej Malicki X-RAY STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION. POSSIBILITIES AND EXAMPLES Wit Stryczniewicz ROBUST OPTICAL FLOW ESTIMATION APPLIED TO PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY IMAGES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

17:25 – 18:45 POSTER SESSION I Chairman: Mirosław Adamski

Wednesday 26.09.2018 9:00 – 10:15 PLENARY SESSION 3 Chairmen: Andrzej Teodorczyk, Tadashige Kawakami

Reinhard Tatsch, Peter Priesching, Jurgen Schneider MULTIDIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF COMBUSTION AND KNOCK ONSET IN GAS ENGINES

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Johannes Ettl, Klaus Thuneke, Edgar Remmele MONITORING OF RAPESEED OIL FUELED AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Harry Watson HOW JET IGNITION ARRIVED IN TODAY'S F1 ENGINES Tanay Sıdkı Uyar PLANNING AND BUILDING 100 % RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE WITH THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE

10:45 – 12:05 PANEL SESSION 7 Chairmen: Ákos Bereczky, Andrzej Miszczak

Hoang Nguyen AN IMPROVED FUZZY FAILURE MODES AND EFFECT ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM RISK ESTIMATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY Cezary Galiński PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AN AIRPLANE FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION TESTING AT HIGH ALTITUDES Piotr Kucybała, Artur Gawlik, Janusz Pobędza, Paweł Walczak THE USEGE OF A THERMOCLIMATIC CHAMBER FOR TECHNOCLIMATIC TESTS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES AND MOBILE Michal Śmieja, Jarosław Mamala LoRaWAN NETWORKS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS Konrad Prajwowski, Łukasz Mozga HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERIES DIAGNOSTIC

10:45 – 12:05 PANEL SESSION 8 Chairmen: Wojciech Gis, Kohei Nakashima

Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba LIGHT ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF PETROBALTIC OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION PRESENT IN SEAWATER Grzegorz Skorek FRICTION LOSSES IN A LINEAR HYDRAULIC MOTOR AS A RESULT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONTROL STRUCTURE AND OIL VISCOSITY Krzysztof Wierzcholski THE METHOD OF LUBRICATION FOR VEGETABLE GREASE Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba PROPERTIES OF THE BALTIC CRUDE OIL IN THE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION FORM: EXCITATION-EMISSION SPECTRA Tadeusz Dziubak, Leszek Bąkała EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE MATERIAL FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS WITH NANOFIBERS ADDITION

10:45 – 12:05 PANEL SESSION 9 Chairmen: Jeffrey D. Naber, Reinchard Tatschl

Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon, Łukasz Muślewski, Jerzy Kaszkowiak, Leszek Knopik ANALYSIS OF SELECTED OPERATING PARAMETERS OF ENGINE POWERED BY A MIXTURE OF BIOCOMPONENTS AND DIESEL OIL

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Andrzej Żółtowski, Paulina Luiza Grzelak EMISSIONS FROM ENGINES FUELLED WITH BIOFUELS Marcin Tkaczyk CFD TESTS OF THE EXHAUST SYSTEM OF A SPORTS MOTORCYCLE Rafał Pyszczek, Paweł Mazuro, Andrzej Teodorczyk, Mateusz Dębski EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A 2-STROKE OPPOSED-PISTON ENGINE Rafał Rogóż, Jakub Bachanek, Łukasz Boruc, Andrzej Teodorczyk NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BACK PRESSURE INFLUENCE ON UREA-WATER-SOLUTION MIXING PERFORMANCE IN CLOSE COUPLED SCR SYSTEM

12:15 – 13:25 POSTER SESSION II Chairmen: Zbigniew Otremba, Mate Zoldy, Jerzy Herdzik, Jonas Matijošius

15:15 – 16:35 PANEL SESSION 10

Chairmen: Richard Baker, Wojciech Tutak György Szabados, Ákos Bereczky USE OF BIOFUELS IN A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE - COMPREHENSIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PARAMETERS ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PARAMETERS ON THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE Rastislav Toman, Ivaylo Brankov MULTI-PARAMETRIC AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF A SPARK-IGNITION RANGE EXTENDER ICE Mate Zoldy, Sandor Vass DETAILED MODELLING OF THE INTERNAL PROCESSES OF AN INJECTOR FOR COMMON RAIL SYSTEMS Kristina Kilikevičienė, Antanas Fursenko, Artūras Kilikevičius, Darius Vainorius, Jonas Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus, Ákos Bereczky EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE

15:15 – 16:35 PANEL SESSION 11 Chairmen: Krzysztof Wierzcholski, Johan Ettl Bogdan Landowski, Michał Sójka, Łukasz Muślewski THE POSSIBILITY OF MODIFYING THE LUBRICITY OF TRANSMISSION OILS IN INDUSTRIAL GEARS

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Grzegorz Boruta, Wojciech Napadłek THE PRELIMINARY RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF GREASE MICROCONTAINERS MADE ON THE SURFACE OF THE SLIDE ASSOCIATION ON THE VIBRATION SIGNAL RECORDED FOR THIS ASSOCIATION Adam Czaban NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF BEARING MATERIAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT ON HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF A CONICAL SLIDE BEARING Andrzej Miszczak ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHANGES IN THE VALUE OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT IN THE DIRECTION OF OIL FILM THICKNESS ON THE JOURNAL BEARING LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

15:15 – 16:35 PANEL SESSION 12 Chairmen: Mirosław Wyszyński, Adam Torok Marcin Kaliszewski, Paweł Mazuro ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 460 EEV FOUR-STROKE PISTON Do Van Doan, Lech Murawski THE ERRORS OF THE NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANTILEVER BEAM MOUNTED ON THE PLATE Jakub Bachanek, Rafał Rogóż, Andrzej Teodorczyk NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTION INFLUENCE ON SCR AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEMS EFFICIENCY Wojciech Judt, Jarosław Bartoszewicz NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF A FLUID FLOW INSIDE A REVERSING CHAMBER Tomasz Lusiak, Robert Bąbel THE INITIAL ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A 3D PRINTED MODEL OF AN AIRCRAFT

17:00 – 18:20 PANEL SESSION 13 Chairmen: Cezary Galiński, Łukasz Jan Kapusta

Andrzej Żółtowski TESTING OF AN ENGINE FUELLED WITH RAPESEED OIL Kazimierz Lejda, Dariusz Kurczyński, Piotr Lagowski, Michał Warianek, Tomasz Dąbrowski THE EVALUATION OF THE FIAT 0.9 TWINAIR ENGINE POWERED BY PETROL AND LPG GAS WORK CYCLES UNIQUENESS Jerzy Kowalski, Jan Nagorski, Grzegorz Sikora EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL NOZZLE GEOMETRY ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE MARINE 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Tadashige Kawakami THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING ON THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION FIELD USING IMPINGING INJECTION

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Mathias Romanczyk, Witold Elsner

THE IMPORTANCE OF MIXTURE PREPARATION FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT AND POWER GAS ENGINES

17:00 – 18:20 PANEL SESSION 14 Chairmen: Lech Sitnik, Tanay Sidki Uyar

Wojciech Gis, Maciej Gis HYDROGENIZATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT ON THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN, POLAND AND JAPAN Adam Torok, Mate Zoldy, Edit Csefalvay EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ON AIR-FUEL RATIO

Tomasz Gonciarz EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR IMPROVING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFTS. MODELING YACHT PROPULSION Jerzy Herdzik CHOSEN PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT AND VESSEL’S FUELLING BY LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS Agnieszka Jach, Mateusz Żbikowski, Andrzej Teodorczyk LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY PREDICTIONS OF SINGLE-FUEL MIXTURES OF C1-C7 NORMAL HYDROCARBON AND AIR

17:00 – 18:20 PANEL SESSION 15 Chairmen: Krzysztof Siczek, Lesław Kyzioł

Zbigniew Pawelski, Zbigniew Zdziennicki, Grzegorz Uszpolewicz PROPERTIES OF A THREE DISC CYKLOID GEAR AS A RESULT OF BENCH TEST Lech J. Sitnik, Zbigniew J. Sroka, Radosław Wróbel A METHOD OF ENGINES’ DIAGNOSIS IN OPERATION Waldemar Świderski INFLUENCE OF THERMAL SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS ON DEFECT DETECTION IN GFRP BY ACTIVE OPTICAL THERMOGRAPHY Jarosław Mamala, Mariusz Graba, Andrzej Bieniek, Krystian Hennek DEVICE FOR CONTROL THE VALVETRAIN AND CYLINDER PRESSURE OF A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE Maciej Gis, Jakub Lasocki ADVANTAGES OF USING HYBRID VEHICLES BASED ON EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON THE CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER IN THE WLTC TEST

Thursday 27.09.2018 9:00 – 10:15 PLENARY SESSION 4 Chairmen: Jarosław Mamala, Sigurdas Pukalskas

Artur Szilagyi, Ákos Bereczky COMPARISON OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A PLUG-IN HYBRID AND A FULL ELECTRIC CAR USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Mirosław L. Wyszyński THERMODYNAMIC MODELLING OF SOME UNUSUAL ENGINES

16

Kohei Nakashima, Masato Mizuno, Hiroaki Usami MEASUREMENT OF AXIAL MOTIONS OF PISTON RINGS IN A TWO-STROKE ENGINE BY USING BACK LIGHT OF LED Romualdas Juknelevicus, Roopesh Kumar Mehra, Fanhua Ma, Stanisław Szwaja IN-CYLINDER COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF A SI ENGINE FUELED WITH HYDROGEN ENRICHED COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (HCNG): ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY AND EMISSION

10:30 – 11:40 PROJECT KNOCKY SESSION Chairmen: Karol Grab-Rogaliński, Jeffrey D. Naber

Stanisław Szwaja INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT KNOCKY Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Wojciech Tutak, Karol Grab-Rogaliński MODELING OF THE OVER-EXPANDED CYCLE COMBUSTION ENGINE Romualdas Juknelevicius, Stanisław Szwaja, Michał Pyrc, Michał Gruca, Saugirdas Pukalskas CO-COMBUSTION OF RME – DIESEL AND NExBTL – DIESEL BLENDS WITH HYDROGEN IN THE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE Agnieszka Jach, Rafał Pyszczek, Łukasz Jan Kapusta, Andrzej Teodorczyk CFD SIMULATIONS AS A SUPPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN A RAPID COMPRESSION EXPANSION MACHINE FACILITY Farzad Shokrollahi, Mirosław Wyszyński, Juha-Pekka Sundell STUDY OF THE INFLUENCES OF BLENDING DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF PROPANE INTO METHANE ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS AT THE KNOCK THRESHOLD BY USING RCM

17

Keynote Speakers (in alphabetical order)

Richard Baker, PhD School of Chemistry,

University of St Andrews, United Kingdom

After obtaining his degree in Chemistry at the University of Durham, U.K. Richard Baker worked for three years in research and development at British Steel plc before moving to Imperial College, London to complete his PhD in the School of Chemical Engineering in the area of oxide materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Three positions over five years as E.U. Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow followed at the Institut Politechnique of Grenoble, France; The Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, Aveiro, Portugal; and the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Spain during which he worked on fundamental solid state electrochemistry, anode and electrolyte materials for SOFCs and studied the structure-performance relationships in automotive catalysts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). He was a lecturer and principal investigator at the University of Dundee for five years before joining the School of Chemistry at St Andrews in 2005. He is now a Senior Lecturer and runs a research group whose interests include development and evaluation of new compositions, nanostructures and concepts for SOFCs; heterogeneous catalysts for pollution abatement and energy applications; and nanostructure-property relationships in functional materials using advanced transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, S/TEM, EDS). He has supervised nine PhD and 7 MSc students to completion and eight postdocs and has published 70 journal articles with ~1650 citations.

Ákos Bereczky, PhD

Associate Professor at the Budapest University

of Technology and Economics, Department of Energy Engineering,

Hungary

Ákos Bereczky, PhD is Associate Professor at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Energy Engineering since 2007, Hungary. He was born in 1970, Budapest. He made his MSc thesis about a Gasturbine installation for education purposes, after he worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Energy Engineering (former Department of Heat Engines). He wrote his PhD thesis about “Modeling NO-emission of spark ignition engines” in 2002. He is author and co-author of more than 120 publications. Research fields are the internal combustion engines, renewable energy sources and emission measurement. He is the Leader of IC Engines Subdivision of Committee of Fluid- and Heat Technique of Hungarian Academy of Science, Member of Hungarian Section of the Combustion Institute. He is leader and participant of many national and international research projects and international cooperation projects.

18

Tadashige Kawakami,

PhD, Professor at

Faculty of Science and Engineering at Hosei

University, Japan

Tadashige Kawakami, professor at Hosei University Academic Appointments 1993-1994 Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University 1995-2003 Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University 2004-2007 Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University 2008 Professor, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University Combustion Engineering, Energy Conversion Engineering Combustion, Internal Combustion Engine, Emission, Blended Fuel

Simona Silvia Merola, PhD Researcher at the Istituto

Motori of the Italian National Research,

Italy

Simona Silvia Merola received her “Summa cum Laude” Magister Degree in Physics in 1995 and PhD in Chemical Engineering in 2001 from the University of Naples in Italy. Since 2001 she is a tenured position Researcher at the Istituto Motori of the Italian National Research Council, and since 2010 is recognized as senior research scientist. She is specialized in the application of optical diagnostics for investigating combustion processes. Her work focuses on the experimental analysis of the thermo fluid-dynamic phenomena that occur in-cylinder and at the exhaust of the internal combustion engines fuelled by conventional and alternative fuels. She is involved in several national and international research projects, and is engaged as an expert in the evaluation of National, European and Interational projects.

Jeffrey D. Naber,

Ron and Elaine Starr Professor in Energy

Systems, Mechanical Engineering—Engineering

Mechanics, United States

Jeffrey D. Naber joined MTU in August of 2004. Prior to joining MTU, he worked in the automotive industry on R&D of engine-management-systems for gasoline and diesel engines. He also worked at Sandia National Laboratories, CRF investigating sprays and combustion processes of diesel, natural gas, and hydrogen engines utilizing laser based diagnostics. He and fellow colleagues direct the Advanced Internal Combustion Laboratories (AICE) at the University. His research interests are in IC engines and after-treatment and the development and application of advanced experimental techniques, signal processing technologies, theoretical models, and embedded control to characterize the thermo-physical processes.

19

Kohei Nakashima, PhD

Professor at the Department of Vehicle

and Mechanical Engineering at Meijo

University, Japan

Kohei Nakashima received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical

Engineering from Meijo University, Japan in 1996. He joined in TPR Co., Ltd. (former Teikoku Piston Ring Co., Ltd.), Japan in 1996, and designed piston rings and cylinder liners in gasoline and diesel engines. Then he joined in Vehicle Engine Laboratory of Meijo University, Japan in 2003. He also stayed at Lay Automotive Laboratory, University of Michigan as a Visiting Scholar from 2011 to 2012. He is currently a Professor at the Department of Vehicle and Mechanical Engineering at Meijo University. Prof. Nakashima’s research interests include engine tribology, engine cooling and fuel cell.

Saugirdas Pukalskas,

Professor Department of

Automobile Engineering Vilnius Gediminas

Technical University, Lithuania

In 2002, at the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saugirdas Pukalskas defended his doctoral dissertation. In the same year, he began working as a lecturer in the Department of Automobile Transport and developing research in the field of combustion engines and alternative fuels. During his 16 years of work at the university, he published over 50 scientific articles, attended 20 scientific conferences, and prepared 3 doctors of science. He currently works as a professor and is the head of the Department of Automobile Engineering.

Reinhard Tatschl, PhD

Research and Technology Manager

AVL List GmbH Advanced Simulation

Technologies, Austria

Reinhard Tatschl received a PhD from Graz University of Technology for his research in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of spark-ignition and early flame kernel growth phenomena. Joining AVL in 1991 his research expanded into the area of modelling and simulation of turbulent combustion and pollutant formation in all kinds of internal combustion engines and general technical combustion devices. This also includes research activities related to modelling of multiphase flow in injectors, liquid fuel spray injection and pollutant after-treatment processes. In recent years, his research interest has broadened into the area of modelling and simulation of electrochemical storage and energy conversion processes in batteries and fuel cells. Dr Tatschl has published more than 100 scientific papers in journals, books and conference proceedings. During his work for AVL, Dr Tatschl has been active in different positions in the area of CFD development, currently he is holding the position of a Research and Technology Manager in the business unit Advanced Simulation Technologies.

20

Tanay Sidki Uyar,

Professor Department of Mechanical

Engineering Marmara University

Istanbul, Turkey

Professor Tanay Sidki Uyar Robert Academy Istanbul Turkey 1967–1971 PhD: Yıldız Technical University Mechanical Engineering Department, Istanbul Turkey 1990 Senior Research Scientist, TUBITAK Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Energy Systems Research Department, Gebze Kocaeli Turkey December 1981-May 1992, September 1993-February 1994 Assistant Prof.Dr. Kocaeli University, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, İzmit Kocaeli Turkey, Associate Prof. Dr. Marmara University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2000-2009, Prof. Dr., Marmara University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Turkey, Head Energy Section, 2009-ongoing, Visiting Professor of Mechanical Engineering, CERL, UOIT, Oshawa, ON, Canada, 2015-2016. Part time Instructor, Cyprus International University, Faculty of Engineering, 2016-ongoing, Executive Committee Member, Marmara University International Sustainability Application and Research Center.

Harry Watson,

Professor University of Melburne,

Australia

Professor Harry Watson obtained his PhD and 3 other degrees from Imperial College London. He migrated to Australia in 1969. For 20 years he was either Head or Deputy Head of Mechanical Engineering University of Melbourne and also President or Vice-President of the Society of Automotive Engineers Australasia for a similar period. For five decades he was involved in projects related to hydrogen combustion in engines. He has been a consultant to the racing car industry, designing aerodynamics for Jaguar and Cooper Maserati F1 through to racing engine combustion and valve actuation for Repco and others including Mercedes F1. For government he has been a long time advisor setting Australian CO2 and fuel consumption standards up to 2010. He has periodically been a FISITA Council member since 1978 and was awarded the FISITA medal for his research and development successes in 2010.

21

Mirosław L. Wyszyński, Emeritus Professor of

Thermodynamics School of Mechanical

Engineering, University of Birmingham,

United Kingdom

Professor Mirosław L. Wyszyński graduated from the revered Reytan lyceum in Warsaw, then from the equally revered MEiL Department of the Warsaw University of Technology, where he gained a PhD in 1976. He joined University of Birmingham in 1980 and used his expertise on the border of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering to create the research activity in on-board fuel reforming with exhaust gas from internal combustion engines. He created the Future Power Systems Group which has become widely recognised as leaders in application of this technology to HCCI, diesel engines and biofuels. He has been active also in thermodynamic modelling of engines, including some rather unusual ones. Over two dozen completed PhDs, some 270 publications and a number of large research grants funded by research councils, public and industrial bodies and a comprehensive and rapidly expanding engine laboratory provided his early input to the current activity of five academics, several assistants and usually around 35 research students and visitors.

Máté Zöldy, PhD senior research at

Department of Automotive Technologies

at TU Budapest, Hungary

Máté Zöldy, PhD is a senior research at Department of Automotive Technologies at TU Budapest. He is responsible for combustion engine research area and he leads research project in various autonomous vehicles topics. Máté has more than 10 years of experience from oil and gas industry and another 5 years in automotive industry. He started his career in Ford Engine Development Center in Cologne in Germany. After finishing PhD in Budapest, Hungary, he joined MOL Group where he held various positions: from product development engineer in Százhalombatta Refinery to Supply and Distribution manager in MOL Group SCM and Fuel Portfolio Manager in Commerce and Optimisation. He initiated and participated in lot of internal developments, as XXL Diesel – special product for niche markets, DS4U – internal education program development or introduction of unattended delivery in MOL Group. He holds a MSc. and PhD. Degree in Vehicle Engineering from Budapest University of Technology and MSc. Degree in Economics in Corvinus University Budapest.

22

Legend:

PL x – Plenary Session No.x PA x – Panel Session No.x PS x – Poster Session No.x KN – Knocky Session

Book of Abstracts – Table of Contents

No. Author & Paper title Page Type of

presentation

1 Norbert Abramczyk, Daria Zuk

EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF AGING AFTER SUPERSATURATING ON HARDNESS AND AW-7020 STOP STRUCTURE

41 PS2

2 Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk, Zbigniew Burciu

MANOEUVRING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PUSH TRAIN WITH AN AUXILIARY STEERING DEVICE

41 PS2

3 Miroslaw Adamski, Jacek Miezaniec, Ariel Adamski

APPLICATION OF DRONES IN PROTECTION OF STATE BORDER

41 PA5

4

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski THE MAGNETIC FIELD CURVATURE CORRECTION ALGORITHM

DEDICATED FOR HELMET MOUNTED CUEING SYSTEMS – PART I

42 PA2

5

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski THE MAGNETIC FIELD CURVATURE CORRECTION ALGORITHM

DEDICATED FOR HELMET MOUNTED CUEING SYSTEMS – PART II

42 PA2

6

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Ariel Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski

STUDY OF THE PILOT’S ATTENTION IN THE CABIN DURING THE FLIGHT

42 PS1

7 Alexey Andreichyk, Sergei Kharytonchyk, Sergey Kochetov,

Alexey Shmelev AERODYNAMICS OF ARTICULATED MULTILINK TRUCKS

43 PS1

8

Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik, Bartosz Pszczolkowski, Malgorzata Tanska

VEGETABLE OILS AS ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE THE LUBRICITY OF LOW-SULPHUR FUELS

43 PS2

9 Emil Augustyn, Adam Kadzinski

INNOVATIVE MODEL OF THE TACTICAL AIRCRAFT OPERATING SYSTEM

43 PS2

10 Jakub Bachanek, Rafał Rogoz, Andrzej Teodorczyk

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTION INFLUENCE ON SCR AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEMS EFFICIENCY

44 PA12

11 Daniel Back da Trindade, Pamela Bugala, Domenico Simone

REVIEW OF LOSS MODELS FOR HIGH PRESSURE TURBINES 44 PS1

12 Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba

LIGHT ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF PETROBALTIC OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION PRESENT IN SEAWATER

44 PA8

13

Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba FLUORESCENCE SYNCHRONOUS SPECTRA USED

FOR WATER POLLUTED WITH DISPERSED CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISATION

45 PS2

14 Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba

PROPERTIES OF THE BALTIC CRUDE OIL IN THE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION ORM:EXCITATION-EMISSION SPECTRA

45 PA8

23

15

Tomasz Bialecki, Wojciech Dziegielewski, Bartosz Gawron, Urszula Kazmierczak, Andrzej Kulczycki

THE ROLE OF MOLECULARLY ORDERED STRUCTURES IN ENERGY TRANSPORT ENHANCEMENT DURING COMBUSTION

PROCESS - A NEW CONCEPTION OF A REACTION MECHANISM OF FUEL COMPONENTS OXIDATION

45 PS1

16

Jozef Blachnio, Artur Kulaszka, Jerzy Perczynski THE IMPACT OF UNEVENNESS AND INSTABILITY OF FLUE

GAS TEMPERATURE ON THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF GAS TURBINE BLADES

46 PS1

17

Mateusz Bor, Marek Idzior, Wojciech Karpiuk, Rafal Smolec ANALYSIS OF THE PROCEDURE OF EVALUATION OF THE

TECHNICAL CONDITION OF A HIGH-PRESSURE COMMON RAIL FUEL PUMP USING A TEST BED

46 PS2

18

Mateusz Bor, Wojciech Karpiuk, Rafal Smolec, Mikolaj Spadlo EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF SELECTED DAMAGE TO A CAR ENGINE TURBOCHARGER

USING THE EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA)

46 PS2

19 Henryk Borowczyk, Jozef Blachnio

DATABASE OF EXPERT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM IN THE FIELD OF TURBINE BLADES NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

47 PS1

20

Grzegorz Boruta, Wojciech Napadlek THE PRELIMINARY RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF

GREASE MICROCONTAINERS MADE ON THE SURFACE OF THE SLIDE ASSOCIATION ON THE VIBRATION SIGNAL

RECORDED FOR THIS ASSOCIATION

47 PA11

21 Pamela Bugala

DEVIATION ANGLE MODELS IN OFF-DESIGN HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINES

47 PS1

22

Paulina Bury, Aleksander Gorniak, Anna Janicka, Maciej Zawislak, Daniel Michniewicz

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REMOVAL FROM VEHICLE INTERION BASED ON PHOTOCATALITIC SOLUTION

48 PS2

23 Wojciech Chajec

METHODS OF MODERN AIRCRAFT AEROELASTIC ANALYSES IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION

48 PA6

24

Stefan Chwastek FINDING GLOBALLY OPTIMAL ASSOCIATION OF CRANE

MECHANISMS BY THE METHOD OF EXHAUSTING ALTERNATIVE DRIVE SYSTEMS STRUCTURES

48 PS2

25

Stefan Chwastek, Janusz Pobedza EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTIVE PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION

OF THE OPERATOR'S SEAT OF THE MOBILE MACHINE IN DEPEND OF THE VIBRATION REDUCTION STRATEGIES

49 PS2

26 Mariusz Chwist, Stanislaw Szwaja, Karol Grab-Rogalinski,

Anna Poskart TORGAS CONDENSATE COMBUSTION IN THE SI ENGINE

49 PS2

27 Janusz Cwiklak

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF A BIRD STRIKE AGAINST A HELICOPTER WINDSHIELD

49 PA2

28

Adam Czaban NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF BEARING MATERIAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT ON HYDRODYNAMIC

LUBRICATION OF A CONICAL SLIDE BEARING

50 PA11

29 Miroslaw Dereszewski, Grzegorz Sikora

PROCESSING OF LONG LASTING SIGNALS OF TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS, MEASURED USING INCREMENTAL ENCODERS

50 PS2

30

Miroslaw Dereszewski, Sebastian Drewing DECOMPOSITION OF HARMONIC WAVELETS OF TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS AS BASIS FOR EVALUATION OF COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

50 PS2

24

31

Do Van Doan, Lech Murawski THE ERRORS OF THE NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

MOUNTED ON THE PLATE

51 PA12

32

Przemyslaw Dobrzanski, Rafal Molak TOOLING DEVELOPMENT FOR THERMOPLASTIC

COMPOSITES THERMOFORMING PROCESS BASED ON FEM ANALYSIS – A RIB CASE STUDY

51 PS1

33 Roman Domanski, Pawel Grygorcewicz

THERMAL ANALYSIS AND THERMOVISION LABORATORY TESTS OF ELECTRIC BRAKES

51 PS1

34

Kamil Duda, Andrzej Pietak PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL COMPOSITIONS OBTAINED FROM DIESEL FUEL AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF

FATTY RAW MATERIAL

52 PS2

35 Kamil Duda, Michał Smieja, Maciej Mikulski, Jacek Hunicz

INFLUENCE OF BIODIESEL ORIGIN ON THE EXHAUST GASSES CONCENTRATION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

52 PS2

36 Krzysztof Dudzik, Burkhard Ziegler

THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLICATION OF THE ACOUSTIC EMISSION METHOD FOR MONITORING FRICTION PROCESSES

52 PS2

37

Olha Dvirna ENGINEERING SUPPORT OF THE QUALITY OF SURFACE

LAYER OF TAB GROOVES IN THE DISCS MADE FROM HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL

53 PS2

38

Tomasz Cyryl Dyl THE EFFECT OF PARAMETERS BURNISHING ROLLING –

PRESSURING PROCESS IN ASPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY SURFACE LAYER OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL

53 PS2

39

Tomasz Cyryl Dyl THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY OF THE CUTTING EDGE

AND MACHINING PARAMETERS OF DUPLEX CAST STEEL AFTER TURNING

53 PS2

40

Wojciech Dziegielewski, Urszula Kazmierczak, Andrzej Kulczycki Dariusz Ozimina

IMPACT OF THE ADDITIVES USED IN MINERAL JET FUELS ON THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC FUELS FOR

TURBINE AIRCRAFT ENGINES

54 PA4

41 Tadeusz Dziubak, Leszek Bakała

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE MATERIAL FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS WITH NANOFIBERS ADDITION

54 PA8

42 Johannes Ettl, Klaus Thuneke, Edgar Remmele

MONITORING OF RAPESEED OIL FUELED AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

54 PL3

43

Marcin Frycz ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ON THE INNER SURFACE OF THE SLEEVE OF A SLIDE JOURNAL

BEARING LUBRICATED WITH FERRO-OIL

55 PS2

44 Elzbieta Gadalinska, Maciej Malicki

X-RAY STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION. POSSIBILITIES AND EXAMPLES

55 PA6

45 Cezary Galinski

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AN AIRPLANE FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION TESTING AT HIGH ALTITUDES

55 PA7

46

Mateusz Gandyk, Piotr Haller, Antoni Jankowski COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSION RATIO

AND BORE DIAMETER INFLUENCE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND KNOCK INTENSITY

56 PS1

25

47 Marek Gasiorowski, Robert Szczepaniak, Sebastian Stabryn

A MOBILITY ANALYSIS OF USING THE RHEX-TYPE MOBILE ROBOT IN VARIOUS SURROUNDINGS

56 PS1

48 Artur Gawlik, Damian Brewczynski, Konrad Bobowski

ANDROID APPLICATION USED IN DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM OF ENGINEERING DEVICES AND MACHINES

56 PS2

49

Bartosz Gawron, Tomasz Bialecki, Artur Krol THE EFFECT OF ADDING 2-ETHYLHEXANOL TO JET FUEL ON THE PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS

OF A MINIATURE TURBOJET ENGINE

57 PS1

50

Maciej Gis, Jakub Lasocki ADVANTAGES OF USING HYBRID VEHICLES BASED ON

EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON THE CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER IN THE WLTC TEST

57 PA15

51 Wojciech Gis, Maciej Gis

HYDROGENIZATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT ON THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN, POLAND AND JAPAN

57 PA14

52

Maciej Gis, Mateusz Bednarski, Piotr Wisniowski COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEDC AND WLTC

HOMOLOGATION TESTS FOR VEHICLE TESTS ON A CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER

58 PS2

53

Tomasz Gonciarz EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR IMPROVING THE

MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFTS. MODELING YACHT PROPULSION

58 PA14

54

Mariusz Graba, Jaroslaw Mamala, Andrzej Bieniek, Adrian Ulfik COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF

VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS

58 PS2

55

Mariusz Graba, Jaroslaw Mamala, Krystian Hennek, Krzysztof Praznowski

POSSIBILITIES OF USING A WIRELESS TELEMETRY SYSTEM OF A RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (OFF-ROAD)

59 PS2

56

Kamila Grabowska HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTONOMOUS

UNDERWATER GLIDER PERFORMED BY THE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

59 PS2

57 Michal Gruca, Stanislaw Szwaja, Michal Pyrc

FLAME PROPAGATION IN GAS FEEDING PIPELINES TO THE IC ENGINE

59 PS2

58

Pawel Grygorcewicz ISSUES DURING ASSEMBLY NEW TYPE OF ELECTRIC BRAKE

PROTOTYPE AND INITIAL TESTS OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

59 PS1

59

Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz IMPACT OF THE TYPE OF QUENCH AGING AFTER

HYPERQUENCHING ON THE MECHANICAL STRENGHT PROPERTIES OF AW-7020 ALLOY

60 PS2

60 Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz, Katarzyna Panasiuk, Leslaw Kyziol

RESISTANCE TO AGING RESEARCH IN SEA WATER COMPOSITES WITH THE POLYESTER-GLASS RECYCLATE

60 PS2

61 Jerzy Herdzik

CHOSEN PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT AND VESSEL’S FUELLING BY LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS

60 PA14

62 Jerzy Herdzik

THE IMPACT OF METHANE SLIP FROM VESSELS ON ENVIRONMENT

61 PS2

63 Agnieszka Jach, Mateusz Zbikowski, Andrzej Teodorczyk

LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY PREDICTIONS OF SINGLE-FUEL MIXTURES OF C1-C7 NORMAL HYDROCARBON AND AIR

61 PA14

26

64

Agnieszka Jach, Rafal Pyszczek, Lukasz Jan Kapusta, Andrzej Teodorczyk

CFD SIMULATIONS AS A SUPPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN A RAPID COMPRESSION EXPANSION MACHINE

FACILITY

61 KN

65 Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Wojciech Tutak, Karol Grab-Rogalinski

MODELING OF THE OVER-EXPANDED CYCLE COMBUSTION ENGINE

62 KN

66 Edyta Janeba-Bartoszewicz, Adam Rojewski

ANALYSIS OF HAZARDS OCCURRING DURING THE USE OF HYDRAZINE

62 PS2

67 Grzegorz Jastrzebski, Leszek Ulanowicz

METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE TAKE-OFF SPEED OF LAUNCHERS FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

62 PS1

68

Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASING A TURBULENCE BY THROTTLED AXISYMMETRIC STREAM FOR A FLUID FLOW

INSIDE CLOSED DUCT

63 PS2

69

Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A HEAT TRANSFER IN

ECONOMIZER DEDICATED FOR 250 KW POWER SOLID FUEL HEATING BOILER

63 PS2

70 Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF A FLUID FLOW INSIDE A REVERSING CHAMBER

63 PA12

71

Romualdas Juknelevicius, Stanislaw Szwaja, Michal Pyrc, Michal Gruca, Saugirdas Pukalskas

CO-COMBUSTION OF RME – DIESEL AND NExBTL – DIESEL BLENDS WITH HYDROGEN IN THE COMPRESSION IGNITION

ENGINE

64 KN

72

Romualdas Juknelevicus, Roopesh Kumar Mehra, Fanhua Ma, Stanislaw Szwaja

IN-CYLINDER COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF A SI ENGINE FUELED WITH HYDROGEN ENRICHED COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS

(HCNG): ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS

64 PL4

73 Piotr Kalina

SELECTION OF TURBOCHARGER FOR THE T3.251 ENGINE 64 PS1

74

Marcin Kaliszewski, Pawel Mazuro MECHANICAL AND THERMAL STRESSES ISSUES RELATED TO

A SIZE OF A FOUR-STROKE PISTON BASED ON A RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 430 460 EEV ENGINE

64 PS2

75 Marcin Kaliszewski, Pawel Mazuro

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 460 EEV FOUR-STROKE PISTON

65 PA12

76 Mirosław Karczewski, Leszek Szczech, Filip Polak

ENERGETIC BALANCE OF UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE HYBRID POWER TRANSMISSION

65 PS2

77

Tadashige Kawakami THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING ON THE COMBUSTION

CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION FIELD USING IMPINGING INJECTION

65 PA13

78 Michal Kawalec

SLIT-SPACER INJECTOR FOR LIQUID AND GASEOUS PROPELLANTS

66 PS1

79

Kristina Kilikeviciene, Antanas Fursenko, Artūras Kilikevicius, Darius Vainorius, Jonas Matijosius, Alfredas Rimkus, Akos Bereczky EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION OF

A DIESEL ENGINE

66 PA10

80

Andrzej Komorek, Jan Godzimirski THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED ADHESIVE PROPERTIES AND

THE MANNER OF SURFACE PREPARATION UPON IMPACT STRENGTH OF BLOCK ADHESIVE JOINTS

66 PS2

27

81 Karol Korcz

MARITIME RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DISTRESS ALERTING 66 PS2

82

Grzegorz Kowaleczko, Andrzej Zyluk, Mariusz Pietraszek, Mirosław Wijaszka

THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AERIAL BOMB

66 PS1

83

Grzegorz Kowaleczko, Andrzej Zyluk, Mariusz Pietraszek, Tomasz Klemba

INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOMB-FLUGER SYSTEM ON ITS DYNAMICS

67 PA4

84

Jerzy Kowalski, Jan Nagorski, Grzegorz Sikora EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL NOZZLE GEOMETRY ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE

MARINE 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

67 PA13

85

Rafal Krakowski ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SIMULATED FAILURE OF

A RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR USING COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

67 PS2

86

Rafal Krakowski TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS

SOLUTIONS OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINE OF SHIPS SAILING IN THE CONTROL EMISSION

AREAS (ECA)

67 PS2

87 Wojciech Krauze, Mateusz Michalski

FIBER PLACED COMPOSITE SANDWICH STRUCTURES WITH AUTOMATED LAYUP OVER THE HONEYCOMB CORE

68 PS1

88 Mariusz Krawczyk, Albert Zajdel

AUTOMATIC TAXI DIRECTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT

68 PS1

89

Bartlomiej Krok, Norbert Grzesik, Konrad Kuzma THE USE OF FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM FOR AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM IN THE AIRCRAFT

ZLIN 143LSi

68 PA5

90 Andrzej Krzysiak

NECESSARY WIND TUNNEL TESTS CONDITIONS OF PROPER TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS

69 PA3

91

Aneta Krzyzak, Mateusz Mucha, Daniel Pindych, Damian Racinowski

ANALYSIS OF ABRASIVE WEAR OF SELECTED AIRCRAFT MATERIALS IN VARIOUS ABRASION CONDITIONS

69 PS1

92

Piotr Kucybala, Artur Gawlik, Janusz Pobedza, Pawel Walczak THE USEGE OF A THERMOCLIMATIC CHAMBER FOR

TECHNOCLIMATIC TESTS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES AND MOBILE MACHINES

69 PA7

93 Leslaw Kyziol

STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN AN ANISOTROPIC BEAM SUBJECTED TO LOAD

70 PS2

94

Leslaw Kyziol, Katarzyna Panasiuk, Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz THE INFLUENCE OF GRANULATION AND CONTENT OF

POLYESTER-GLASS WASTE ON PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES

70 PS2

95 Bogdan Landowski, Daniel Perczynski

A STOCHASTIC MODEL OF CHANGES IN THE OPERATIONAL STATES OF MEANS OF TRANSPORT

70 PS2

96 Bogdan Landowski, Michał Sojka, Lukasz Muslewski

THE POSSIBILITY OF MODIFYING THE LUBRICITY OF TRANSMISSION OILS IN INDUSTRIAL GEARS

71 PA11

97

Kazimierz Lejda, Dariusz Kurczynski, Piotr Lagowski, Michal Warianek, Tomasz Dabrowski

THE EVALUATION OF THE FIAT 0.9 TWINAIR ENGINE POWERED BY PETROL AND LPG GAS WORK CYCLES

UNIQUENESS

71 PA13

28

98 Marcin Lenarczyk, Roman Domanski

THERMAL BARRIER CONCEPTS AGAINST CONTINUOS LASER IRRADIATION

71 PL1

99

Malgorzata Linek APPLICATION OF SIMILARITY METHOD OF DISTANCE

COURSES DESCRIBING THE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN CEMENT CONCRETE AFTER FROST RESISTANCE TEST

71 PS2

100

Malgorzata Linek, Piotr Nita APPLICATION OF SIMILARITY METHOD OF DISTANCE

COURSES DESCRIBING THE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN TYPICAL CEMENT CONCRETE

72 PS2

101

Anita Linka, Agnieszka Wroblewska PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AS A TOOL FOR CREATING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FIGURES OF GLIDER

AEROBATICS

72 PS2

102

Tomasz Lusiak, Robert Babel THE INITIAL ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF A 3D PRINTED MODEL OF AN AIRCRAFT

72 PA12

103 Jaroslaw Mamala, Mariusz Graba, Andrzej Bieniek, Krystian Hennek

DEVICE FOR CONTROL THE VALVETRAIN AND CYLINDER PRESSURE OF A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

72 PA15

104

Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon, Lukasz Muslewski, Jerzy Kaszkowiak, Leszek Knopik

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED OPERATING PARAMETERS OF ENGINE POWERED BY A MIXTURE OF BIOCOMPONENTS AND

DIESEL OIL

73 PA9

105 Natalia Marszalek

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF TURBOFAN ENGINE FUELED BY HYDROGEN

73 PS2

106 Max Mason, Miroslaw L. Wyszynski, Owen Jordan, David Gibson

COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF THE FUEL INJECTION AND COMBUSTION IN A DIESEL K6 ROTARY ENGINE

73 PS2

107

Jerzy Merkisz, Ireneusz Pielecha, Maciej Andrzejewski, Pawel Daszkiewicz, Wlodzimierz Stawecki

LEGAL CONDITIONS IN THE ASPECT OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM EXHAUST SYSTEMS OF RAIL VEHICLES

ENGINES

74 PS2

108

Andrzej Miszczak ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHANGES IN THE

VALUE OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT IN THE DIRECTION OF OIL FILM THICKNESS ON THE JOURNAL

BEARING LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

74 PA11

109 Lech Murawski

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CALCULATION METHODS OF THE MARINE PROPELLER'S BLADE THICKNESS

74 PS2

110 Lukasz Muslewski, Bogdan Landowski, Michał Pajak, Michal Sojka

ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN TRAFFIC RULES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR IMPACT ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY

75 PS2

111

Lukasz Muslewski, Michal Sojka, Bogdan Landowski, Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon

POSSIBILITIES OF EXTENSION OF GEAR OIL SERVICE LIFE IN RAIL VEHICLES

75 PS2

112 Kohei Nakashima, Masato Mizuno, Hiroaki Usami

MEASUREMENT OF AXIAL MOTIONS OF PISTON RINGS IN A TWO-STROKE ENGINE BY USING BACK LIGHT OF LED

75 PL4

113

Hoang Nguyen AN IMPROVED FUZZY FAILURE MODES AND EFFECT

ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM RISK ESTIMATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY

75 PA7

114 Mateusz Nowak, Pawel Fuc, Maciej Andrzejewski, Lukasz Rymaniak

ANALYSIS OF LDV OPERATION MANNER IN TERMS OF ITS ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL INDEXES

76 PS2

29

115 Zbigniew Otremba, Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik

SPECTROFLUORIMETRY OF CHOSEN DISTILLATES OF OIL AFTER PYROLYSIS OF SCRAP TIRES

76 PS2

116

Pawel Ruchala, Kamila Grabowska, Przemyslaw Malachowski, Lucas Santos, Daniel Back

USE AND CALIBRATION OF 5-HOLE PRESSURE PROBES TO MEASUREMENT OF AIRFLOW VELOCITY

76 PS1

117 Zbigniew Pawelski, Zbigniew Zdziennicki, Grzegorz Uszpolewicz

PROPERTIES OF A THREE DISC CYKLOID GEAR AS A RESULT OF BENCH TEST

77 PA15

118

Zbigniew Pawelski, Zbigniew Zdziennicki, Grzegorz Uszpolewicz, Grzegorz Mitukiewicz, Janusz Ormezowski

IMPACT OF THE GEOMETRY ACCURACY OF THE CYCLOIDAL GEAR OUTPUT SHAFT WITH PINS OF THE EFFICIENCY AND

VIBRATIONS

77 PS2

119 Malgorzata Pawlak, Michal Kuzniar

ANALYSIS OF THE WIND DEPENDENT DURATION OF THE CRUISE PHASE ON JET ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS

77 PS2

120

Robert Placek, Pawel Ruchala TURBULENT STRIPS AND THE MODEL QUALITY INFLUENCE

ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAMINAR AEROFOIL IN TRANSONIC FLOW REGIME

78 PS1

121 Filip Polak

E-REV’s HYBRID VEHICLE RANGE MODELING 78 PS2

122 Susana Porras, Mateusz Mucha

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES STUDY OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLIMERIC MATERIALS USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES

78 PA2

123 Konrad Prajwowski, Lukasz Mozga

HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERIES DIAGNOSTIC 79 PA7

124 Rafał Prusak, Zbigniew Skuza, Marek Kurtyka, Zbigniew Rembiesa

POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS-TO-FUEL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT

79 PS2

125

Pawel Przybylek, Marzena Korbela, Robert Szczepaniak, Andrzej Komorek, Aneta Krzyzak, Robert Babel, Wojciech Kucharczyk

THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF NANOTUBES UPON THE THERMO-PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE ARAMID-

REINFORCED COMPOSITE

79 PS1

126

Rafal Pyszczek, Pawel Mazuro, Andrzej Teodorczyk, Mateusz Debski

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A 2-STROKE OPPOSED-PISTON ENGINE

80 PA9

127

Alfredas Rimkus, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Romualdas Juknelevicius, Jonas Matijosius, Donatas Kriauciunas

EVALUATING COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGINE OPERATING ON DIESEL

FUEL ENRICHED WITH HHO GAS

80 PL1

128

Rafal Rogoz, Jakub Bachanek, Lukasz Boruc, Andrzej Teodorczyk NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BACK PRESSURE

INFLUENCE ON UREA-WATER-SOLUTION MIXING PERFORMANCE IN CLOSE COUPLED SCR SYSTEM

80 PA9

129 Adam Rojewski

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ENDPLATES INFLUENCE ON THE WING IN GROUND EFFECT LIFT FORCE

81 PS2

130 Adam Rojewski, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz

JET AIRCRAFT DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS 81 PS2

131 Adam Rojewski, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz

DIAGNOSTICS AND ANALYSIS OF JET ENGINE MALFUNCTIONS

81 PS2

132 Mathias Romanczyk, Witold Elsner

THE IMPORTANCE OF MIXTURE PREPARATION FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT AND POWER GAS ENGINES

81 PA13

30

133

Farzad Shokrollahi, Miroslaw Wyszynski, Juha-Pekka Sundell STUDY OF THE INFLUENCES OF BLENDING DIFFERENT

PROPORTIONS OF PROPANE INTO METHANE ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS AT THE KNOCK

THRESHOLD BY USING RCM

82 KN

134 Adam Sieradzki

GURNEY FLAP AND T-STRIP ALTERNATIVES IN APPLICATION TO TYPICAL AIRCRAFT STEER SURFACE

82 PA3

135 Lech Sitnik, Radoslaw Wrobel, Szymon Fryda

WAVELET TRANSFORM IN ENGINES’ VIBROACUSTIC DIAGNOSIS

82 PS2

136 Lech Sitnik, Zbigniew J. Sroka, Radoslaw Wrobel

A METHOD OF ENGINES’ DIAGNOSIS IN OPERATION 82 PA15

137

Grzegorz Skorek FRICTION LOSSES IN A LINEAR HYDRAULIC MOTOR AS

A RESULT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONTROL STRUCTURE AND OIL VISCOSITY

83 PA8

138 Grzegorz Skorek

INFLUENCE THE APPLIED CONTROL STRUCTURE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE HYDROSTATIC SYSTEM

83 PS2

139 Zbigniew Skorupka

ADAPTIVE LANDING GEAR CONTROL SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS 83 PS1

140 Zbigniew Skorupka

LABORATORY TESTS OF STAND-ALONE HYDRAULIC PIEZO-VALVE

84 PS1

141 Zbigniew Skorupka, Agnieszka Sobieszek

STRAIN GAUGE PIN BASED FORCE MEASUREMENT 84 PS1

142 Zbigniew Skorupka, Andrzej Tywoniuk

HEALTH MONITORING IN LANDING GEARS 84 PA6

143 Zbigniew Skorupka, Ryszard Harla

INVESTIGATIONS ON LANDING GEAR SHOCK ABSORBER ACTIVE FORCE CONTROL

85 PS1

144

Maria Skretowicz, Radoslaw Wlostowski, Cezary Kozlowski EVALUATION OF INTERIOR AIR QUALITY IN TERMS OF

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMISSION INSIDE A NEW PASSENGER CAR CABIN DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE

85 PS2

145

Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PARAMETERS ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE

85 PA10

146

Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION

PARAMETERS ON THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE

86 PA10

147 Michal Smieja, Kamil Duda, Jaroslaw Mamala

LoRa WAN NETWORKS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 86 PA7

148 Agnieszka Sobieszek, Zbigniew Skorupka

STRAIN GAUGE MEASURING PLATE FOR DYNAMIC TESTS 86 PS1

149 Jaroslaw Stanislawski

SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS OF ROTOR FOR HIGH-SPEED COMPOUND HELICOPTER

87 PA3

150

Jaroslaw Stanislawski PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND SIMULATION OF

ROTOR OPERATION FOR HIGH-MOUNTAIN RESCUE HELICOPTER

87 PS1

151

Wit Stryczniewicz ROBUST OPTICAL FLOW ESTIMATION APPLIED TO PARTICLE

IMAGE VELOCIMETRY IMAGES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

87 PA6

152

Waldemar Swiderski INFLUENCE OF THERMAL SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS ON

DEFECT DETECTION IN GFRP BY ACTIVE OPTICAL THERMOGRAPHY

88 PA15

31

153 Gyorgy Szabados, Akos Bereczky

USE OF BIOFUELS IN A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE - COMPREHENSIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS

88 PA10

154

Robert Szczepaniak, Robert Babel, Anna Grzywacz, Wit Stryczniewicz, Grzegorz Kowaleczko

THE EFFECT OF USING THE KLINE-FOGLEMAN MODIFICATION UPON THE COEFFICIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF

AERODYNAMIC FORCES IN THE AIRFOIL

88 PA5

155

Robert Szczepaniak, Robert Babel, Kamil Sawicki, Sebastian Stabryn, Aneta Krzyzak, Marek Gasiorowski, Tomasz Lusiak

OBTAINING 3D GEOMETRY OF THE BLADE IN A TRAINING AIRCRAFT FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF ICING

CHARACTERISTICS

89 PA5

156 Adam Szelezinski, Adam Muc, Lech Murawski

TIME - FREQUENCY DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2D IN THE QUALITY ASSESMENT OF WELDED JOINTS

89 PS2

157

Adam Szelezinski, Adam Muc, Lech Murawski VIBRODIAGNOSTIC OF WELDED THIN-WALLED PLATES WITH

THE USAGE OF LASER SENSORS IN NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

89 PS2

158

Artur Szilagyi, Akos Bereczky COMPARISON OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A PLUG-

IN HYBRID AND A FULL ELECTRIC CAR USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

89 PL4

159 Janusz Sznajder

SIMULATION OF RIME ICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AIRFOIL

90 PA3

160

Agnieszka Aleksandra Szokalo, Marcin Rychter LEVEL OF MANIPULATION OF DIGITAL RECORDING DEVICES

IN LIGHT OF INTRODUCING ERRU SYSTEM IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

90 PS2

161

Agnieszka Aleksandra Szokalo, Marcin Rychter ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF OBD II / EOBD CONGESTION

DIAGNOSTICS IN THE LIGHT OF VEHICLES OPERATION AND THEIR TECHNICAL CONDITION

90 PS2

162 Magdalena Szwaja, Pawel Mazuro, Stanislaw Szwaja

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION EVENTS IN THE NATURAL GAS FUELED SI ENGINE WITH VVT

91 PS2

163 Reinhard Tatschl, Peter Priesching, Jurgen Schneider

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF COMBUSTION AND KNOCK ONSET IN GAS ENGINES

91 PL3

164 Marcin Tkaczyk

CFD TESTS OF THE EXHAUST SYSTEM OF A SPORTS MOTORCYCLE

91 PA9

165

Rastislav Toman, Ivaylo Brankov MULTI-PARAMETRIC AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE

THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF A SPARK-IGNITION RANGE EXTENDER ICE

92 PA10

166 Justyna Tomaszewska, Paweł Krzysiak, Mariusz Zieja, Marta Woch STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND-RELATED INCIDENTS AT

AIRPORTS 92 PA4

167 Adam Torok, Mate Zoldy, Edit Csefalvay

EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ON AIR-FUEL RATIO

92 PA14

168 Wojciech Tutak, Arkadiusz Jamrozik

COMBUSTION OF MIXTURE OF DIESEL FUEL WITH GASOLINE IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

92 PS2

169

Mirosław Tyliszczak, Anna Lesnau ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING WASTE FROM

PLASTICS TO RECEIVE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FUELS BY THE METHOD OF PYROLYSIS

93 PS2

32

170 Andrzej Tywoniuk, Zbigniew Skorupka

WIND POWER PLANTS – TYPES, DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLES

93 PA6

171

Leszek Ulanowicz METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE STATIC FRICTION DEGREE IN THE SLIDE PAIR OF THE MINIATURISED ELECTROHYDRAULIC

SERVOMECHANISM

93 PS1

172

Tanay Sıdkı Uyar PLANNING AND BUILDING 100 % RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE WITH THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE

FUTURE

94 PL3

173

Agnieszka Wieczorek, Mariusz Giernalczyk OPTIMIZATION OF GASSING-UP OPERATION BASED ON

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO TWIN ETHYLENE CARRIERS

94 PS2

174 Krzysztof Wierzcholski

THE METHOD OF LUBRICATION FOR VEGETABLE GREASE 94 PA8

175 Małgorzata Wojtas, Agnieszka Sobieszek, Tomasz Szczepanik INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE GYROPLANE ROTOR BLADES -

FATIGUE TESTS 95 PS1

176 Malgorzata Wojtas, Lukasz Czajkowski, Agnieszka Sobieszek

THE INFLUEpolNCE OF THE BLADES LEADING EDGE ANTI-EROSION PROTECTION ON MAIN ROTOR PERFORMANCES

95 PS1

177 Paulina Wozniak

PROPERTIES OF CORROSIVE COATED COATINGS MULTI-GROOVE HARDFACING ON STAINLESS STEEL

95 PS2

178 Marek Wozniak, Damian Batory, Krzysztof Siczek

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE OF THE COOLING AGGREGATE IN VEHICLE WITH COLD STORAGE CHAMBER

96 PS2

179 Agnieszka Wroblewska, Anita Linka

THE USE OF CARBON NANOTUBES TO OPTIMIZE THE AERODYNAMIC OF THE AEROBATIC GLIDER WING

96 PS2

180 Wojciech Wronicz

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN RIVETED LAP JOINT UNDER TENSION

96 PS1

181

Zhuyong Yang, Niranjan Miganakallu, Sandesh Rao, Jaideep Harsulkar, Jeffrey D. Naber, Yashodeep Lonari, Stanislaw Szwaja

INVESTIGATION OF KNOCK SUPPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS IN A BOOSTED METHANE – GASOLINE

BLENDED FUELED SI ENGINE

97 PL1

182 Mate Zoldy, Sandor Vass

DETAILED MODELLING OF THE INTERNAL PROCESSES OF AN INJECTOR FOR COMMON RAIL SYSTEMS

97 PA10

183 Andrzej Zoltowski

TESTING OF AN ENGINE FUELLED WITH RAPESEED OIL 97 PA13

184 Andrzej Zoltowski, Paulina Luiza Grzelak

EMISSIONS FROM ENGINES FUELLED WITH BIOFUELS 98 PA9

185 Daria Zuk, Norbert Abramczyk, Anna Lesnau

THE USE OF PARAMETRIC STRUCTURE MODELING IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

98 PS2

186 Paweł Zurawski, Norbert Grzesik, Konrad Kuzma

AIRCRAFT DOCKING GUIDANCE SYSTEM TO THE GATE, USING FUZZY LOGIC

98 PA2

187

Marek Swierczewski, Grzegorz Slawinski, Piotr Malesa INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL SPACE FRAME IN BODY SHELL ON

CHANGE OF ITS RESPONSE AS A RESULT OF IMPULSE FORCING

98 PS2

33

Book of Abstracts

Norbert Abramczyk, Daria Zuk

EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF AGING AFTER SUPERSATURATING ON HARDNESS AND AW-7020 STOP STRUCTURE

Aluminum alloy AW-7020 is characterized by high fatigue strength. It is used primarily in welded constructions, which should be characterized by high strength and resistance to cyclically variable operational loads. They have found wide application in light welded ship constructions, bridge carrying elements, cranes, hoists, vehicles, roof beams in roof constructions, and security barriers. The paper attempts to determine the influence of selected types of applied heat treatment on the structure and hardness of the AW-7020 alloy used in the shipbuilding industry. Heat treatment processes have been described in the aspect of improving the mechanical and strength properties of the tested alloy and its impact on ductility. Several supersaturation and aging sequences were used in the course of the study. The results of hardness tests of aluminum alloy after its earlier supersaturation and aging (natural and artificial) have been presented. Photographs of internal structures in individual sequences were taken. The obtained hardness measurement results and analysis of structures in individual states were compared with the delivery condition. To illustrate selected heat treatment processes, transient tests were also performed to accurately verify the effect of aging after saturation on hardness and changes occurring in the material structures. The results of the material tests showed that the type of heat treatment after saturation is of significant importance for the hardness and structures of the AW-7020 alloy. As a result of the research, it was proved that the tested alloy obtained in the artificial aging process more favorable strength properties, in a shorter period of time, compared to the use of the natural aging process.

Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk, Zbigniew Burciu MANOEUVRING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PUSH TRAIN WITH AN AUXILIARY STEERING DEVICE

The carried out and planned studies on the revitalisation of Odra and Vistula rivers in Poland and restoration of regular inland navigation put a great attention into environmental issues related to the operation of inland waterborne transport means. The design and operational parameters of inland ships and convoys are dependent on waterways dimensions and their influence on the environment. The paper presents problems related to manoeuvring performance of the push train which is the most popular inland waterborne means of freight transport in Poland and in Europe. The alternative auxiliary steering device improving push train manoeuvrability has been tested on the physical model of a push barge. The active bow steering device consisted two bow rotors has the influence on the operational safety of the push train with respect to improved manoeuvring characteristics and decreased impact on the environment, port and lock facilities, ships and boats in narrow passages. The results of model tests presented in the paper allowed for estimation of turning ability of the push train with and without bow rotors. A significant difference was observed with respect to the manoeuvring area, distances of advance, tactical diameter and time of the manoeuvre.

Miroslaw Adamski, Jacek Miezaniec, Ariel Adamski APPLICATION OF DRONES IN PROTECTION OF STATE BORDER

An unmanned aerial vehicle is a flying apparatus that does not require a crew member on board to complete a task. Its piloting is done by means of indirect control. UAVs also have the ability to perform autonomous flight on a pre-programmed flight path. The purpose of the study was to use the unmanned aircraft "Fly Eye" by WB Electronic used by the Border Guard to patrol the state border in 103 TRA zone on the section of the Republic of Poland with the Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation. The TRA zones constitute a specially designated area for the use of the Border Guard and the army, in order to carry out flights there beyond the scope of the pattern for training purposes and to patrol the state border. The article also contains information of the Border Guard formation and the characteristics of the unmanned aerial vehicle "FlyEye". In order to ensure the safety of the UAV flight, the test was carried out in the TRA zone, which is used for special use for the Border Guard formation and the army.

34

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski THE MAGNETIC FIELD CURVATURE CORRECTION ALGORITHM DEDICATED FOR HELMET MOUNTED CUEING SYSTEMS – PART I

The paper presents the new built in Poland helmet mounted cueing system NSC-1 Orion with a magnetic method, dedicated to the multi-purpose helicopters W-3PL Gluszec. This system uses the magnetic field generated by the system of three mutually orthogonal electric coils. The principle of operation of this system is described and the method of determining the angular position of the pilot's helmet relative to the helicopter's cabin using the reference magnetic field and the directional cosines matrix are discussed. Electrical flat coils, constructed in the Polish Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), generating a magnetic field with curved symmetry axis characteristics, causing errors in determining the angular position of the pilot's helmet are shown. As a way to minimize these errors, an original proprietary algorithm for correcting the negative impact of the magnetic field curvature generated by the on-board system has been presented. Mathematical relations describing the presented correction process as well as selected results of simulation and experimental investigations in the area of inaccuracy of the "before" and "after" systems of applying the developed algorithm were given. Inaccuracies determined from computer simulations of the developed mathematical relations were compared with experimental data from magnetic field measurements using the integrated three-axis sensor ADIS-16405, used in the laboratory of the AFIT Avionics Division for helmet control of the angular position of the moving observation and sighting head and reflector-search light.

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski THE MAGNETIC FIELD CURVATURE CORRECTION ALGORITHM DEDICATED FOR HELMET MOUNTED CUEING SYSTEMS – PART II

The paper presents the new built in Poland helmet mounted cueing system NSC-1 Orion with a magnetic method, dedicated to the multi-purpose helicopters W-3PL Gluszec. This system uses the magnetic field generated by the system of three mutually orthogonal electric coils. The principle of operation of this system is described and the method of determining the angular position of the pilot's helmet relative to the helicopter's cabin using the reference magnetic field and the directional cosines matrix are discussed. Electrical flat coils, constructed in the Polish Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), generating a magnetic field with curved symmetry axis characteristics, causing errors in determining the angular position of the pilot's helmet are shown. As a way to minimize these errors, an original proprietary algorithm for correcting the negative impact of the magnetic field curvature generated by the on-board system has been presented. Mathematical relations describing the presented correction process as well as selected results of simulation and experimental investigations in the area of inaccuracy of the "before" and "after" systems of applying the developed algorithm were given. Inaccuracies determined from computer simulations of the developed mathematical relations were compared with experimental data from magnetic field measurements using the integrated three-axis sensor ADIS-16405, used in the laboratory of the AFIT Avionics Division for helmet control of the angular position of the moving observation and sighting head and reflector-search light.

Miroslaw Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Ariel Adamski, Andrzej Szelmanowski STUDY OF THE PILOT’S ATTENTION IN THE CABIN DURING THE FLIGHT

The pilot, while performing certain tasks or being in the battlefield environment, works in a time-lag and is forced to properly interpret the information and quickly and correctly take action. Therefore, the instruments in the cabin should be arranged in such a way that they are legible and the operator has always easy access to them. Due to the dynamics of the aircraft and the time needed to process the information by the pilot, a reaction delay occurs, resulting in the plane flying in an uncontrolled manner even up to several hundred meters. This article discusses the VFR and IFR flight characteristics, the pilot's attention during flight, cabin ergonomics and the placement of on-board instruments having a significant impact on the safety of the task performed in the air. In addition, tests have been carried out to determine exactly what the pilot's eye is aimed at while completing the aerial task.

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Alexey Andreichyk, Sergei Kharytonchyk, Sergey Kochetov, Alexey Shmelev

AERODYNAMICS OF ARTICULATED MULTILINK TRUCKS

Development of new generations of supersize heavy-duty highway trucks for cargoes transportation on long and super long distances between Europe, Asia and Far East is more actual now. New trucks shall reduce amount of transport on roads and quantity of drivers, involved in the transportation, will raise economic efficiency and safety of transportations and reduce fuel consumption, CO2 and harmful emissions. Multilink trucks (number of trailed links is three and more and the total truck length is above 40 m) are to achieve designated purposes and thus are under the scope in the article. The advantages of multilink trucks are formed mainly by reducing the cost of power to overcome the aerodynamic resistance of each co-trailer unit in comparison with the head element. However, the air flow in every trailer-trailer gap has been not studied for articulated vehicles such as multilink highway trucks. This zone of the truck is characterized by a rather large length and height, and the condition of the air mass is influenced by air flow from the roof, side panels and area under the bottom of a truck links. A study of this task will help us to analyze aerodynamic losses mechanics in the trailer-trailer gap and to come to new effective and substantiated decision allowing power loss and thus fuel consumption reduction. The study lists the general calculation method evaluating the aerodynamic characteristics of the multilink truck on the base of numerical simulation of fluid dynamics using Flow Vision software. During calculation there were determined speed distribution and power lines along the truck, the distribution of pressure on the truck surface, power and full drag coefficient. The results obtained allowed numerically evaluate the effect of the distance between the links on fuel consumption for multilink trucks and define the desired changes in their design

Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik, Bartosz Pszczolkowski, Malgorzata Tanska VEGETABLE OILS AS ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE THE LUBRICITY OF LOW-SULPHUR FUELS

The aim of the study was to determine the sulphur content in 33 samples of oils pressed from different species of vegetable. The unconventional oil samples were purchased from commercial store. Oils was analysed in terms of sulphur content according to the method using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with wave dispersion, that is described in the PN-EN ISO 20884, 2012 standard. Obtained results of sulphur analysis were presented as the arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (from three replicates) and statistically analysed using the Statistica 13.0 PL program. In order to indicate significance of differences between oils analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test of p ≤ 0.05 significance level was used. The statistical analysis indicated significant differences in the content of sulphur content in the analysed vegetable oils, which could affect the lubricity of prepared fuel blends and in some cases significantly increase the sulphur content above acceptable value 10 ppm. It was concluded that vegetable oils can be a suitable raw material improving the lubricating properties of low-sulfur diesel oils. However, due to significant differences in the sulphur content in the analyzed samples, the content of this element should be analyzed beforehand in order to eliminate the possibility of exceeding the permissible level of sulphur in transport fuels.

Emil Augustyn, Adam Kadzinski INNOVATIVE MODEL OF THE TACTICAL AIRCRAFT OPERATING SYSTEM

The Tactical Aircraft Operating System (system of a tactical aircraft operational usage) constitutes the main research area of this paper. The authors present this system via an innovative model of the anthropotechnical system in a format of an aggregated analyses domain. This model constitutes a detailed explication of a fragment of the existing Tactical Air Force System metamodel at its level that concerns the Tactical Aircraft Operation Systems. The aggregated analyses domain of the tactical aircraft operating is built of seven single analyses domains and each of them includes series of processes, operations and events related to the airman’s aviation activities cycle, when during the air mission, an aircraft operating cycle is carried out. The subsequent individual analyses domains are connected to each other by an airman-aircraft anthropotechnical pair. The introduced method of modelling the Tactical Aircraft Operating System ensures the desired generality, comprehensiveness, coherence and transparency of such the model, that allows to its implementation for various types of tactical aircraft and tactical air force bases. In principle, within the presented considerations, the model is described in relation to the single aircraft operating cycle that is carried out by one airman during the one air mission. However, the authors took care of such the model structure, that allows to its implementation in more complex aircraft operating cycles (more than one aircraft and one airman). Apart from the analyses domains which are closely related to the essential aircraft operating, the model also includes the analyses domains associated with the air mission(-s) preparations and summaries. The model of Tactical Aircraft Operating System is described by the authors in a textual form, as well as in a tabular form. The being presented concept constitutes an attempt of formal notation the model of Tactical Aircraft Operating System in which each of the individual analyses domain can be treated as an area of interests for risk management processes within the Tactical Air Force Systems.

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Jakub Bachanek, Rafał Rogoz, Andrzej Teodorczyk NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTION INFLUENCE ON SCR AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEMS EFFICIENCY

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is well known method for reducing NOx emission in diesel engine exhaust gas. Urea-water solution (UWS) injected into hot stream decomposes due to thermolysis into ammonia and isocyanic acid which hydrolyses further into more ammonia and carbon dioxide. Resultant ammonia is the NOx reductor, producing water vapour and carbon dioxide from the reduction reaction. To provide sufficient NOx reduction efficiency, UWS needs to be properly atomized and mixed with exhaust gas. However, due to more and more restrictive emissions regulations provided by European Union and Close Coupled trend of aftertreatment systems in vehicles the design process is very complex and demanding. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are integral part of product development, allowing save time and reduce costs of preparing prototypes for further tests. However, it is necessary to understand all the processes and problems connected with NOx reduction in SCR system. Strong turbulent flow of hot stream gas, urea-water solution spray injection, droplets interaction with wall, wallfilm generation are included. The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of heat transfer modelling inside a mixing elements of SCR system on urea mixing uniformity and wallfilm deposit on the walls of the system. Simplified and more complex approach are compared with no heat transfer cases. All the simulations were conducted using AVL FIRETM software. Results showed that wall heat transfer may have an impact on mixing efficiency and wallfilm formulation. It is necessary to take into account the effect of mixing elements heat conduction in CFD simulations during the aftertreatment design process.

Daniel Back da Trindade, Pamela Bugala, Domenico Simone REVIEW OF LOSS MODELS FOR HIGH PRESSURE TURBINES

This paper presents a literature review about the physical analysis of the loss models which are used in off-design procedure for high pressure turbines. A high pressure turbine is designed to have maximum performance at design point. However, engines are operating in different conditions, and the comprehension of off-design conditions is very important. The loss mechanisms are very complex and predictions considering empirical methods are a good approach to have preliminary results. Based on these results, different researches have proposed theories about the loss mechanisms, and over the time, these models have been modified to describe better the phenomena involved between blades and flow. Once the physical mechanisms behind the loss models are known, it is possible to compare them and understand the reason why the results given for some methods present a higher agreement to experimental or numerical data. In this framework, 2D numerical simulations of the flow around the blades of an axial high pressure turbine with different off design conditions have been realized, by using ANSYS FLUENT® code, to show the losses described by some of these models. Using these simulations a loss model has been selected and implemented in Matlab® to compare its results with the experimental data found in literature.

Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba LIGHT ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF PETROBALTIC OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION PRESENT IN SEAWATER

In the paper the characteristic of crude oil “Petrobaltic” potentially present in the Baltic Sea water masses is considered in relation to the protection of marine environment. The main spectroscopic method to characterize various oils (crudes and refinery products like fuels and lubricating oils) is fluorescence. However, the absorbance measurements of oils are necessary due to the partial overlapping the spectra of natural seawater components and oil substances. Therefore, properties of crude oil are considered to expand the basis of spectroscopic properties of oils - typical marine organic pollutants - based on absorption measurements. Oils potentially found in the marine environment are, in addition to surface forms, also in-depth ones as oil-in-water emulsion. Therefore, in the paper crude oil as oil-in-water emulsion form is considered. As a solvent demineralised water with salinity corresponding to Baltic Sea salinity was used. Several concentrations of dispersed crude oil were prepared. The absorbance spectra in the UV and visual range of the light in the range from 240 to 600 nm, for each prepared samples are discussed. Based on the Lambert-Beer law for each wavelength of excitation, in the range 240-600 nm, the specific parameter absorption coefficient was determined. Obtained results indicate the rapid decreasing of the absorbance for this kind of oil in the wavelength range from 240 nm to 420 nm. However, in the shape of absorbance spectra is observed the characteristic wide and flat peak located at 260 nm for excitation wavelength, which could be a specific point for this kind of oil.

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Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba FLUORESCENCE SYNCHRONOUS SPECTRA USED FOR WATER POLLUTED WITH DISPERSED CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISATION

Oil is defined for both crude oil and refinery products like fuels and lubricants. For this reason, methods are sought to distinguish the type of oil, especially if it is found in the marine environment. Oil after penetration into the water remains in its surface or penetrates deeper. In the subsurface phase, the oil undergoes the influence of waves and the use of a substances that increases transport of oil into the water masses - the so-called dispersants. The paper reports the efforts to identify methods of characterizing the water containing the oil emulsion in a very low concentration (a few to several tens of ppm), the amount practically invisible to the eye. Due to that it was decided to examine the effect of emulsion concentration on the possibility of its objective characterization using synchronous fluorescence spectra. For this study crude oil extracted from the Polish Marine Areas (so-called ‘Petrobaltic’) was used. In the work the description of transformation of synchronous spectra under influence of the changing concentration of oil is presented. Mathematical similarity of spectra at four concentrations was analyzed. It has been shown that the stabilization of the shape of synchronous spectra occurs at sufficiently low oil concentrations. It allows to concluded that synchronous spectra should be determined for so low concentrations until the shape of the spectra will be stabilized.

Emilia Baszanowska, Zbigniew Otremba PROPERTIES OF THE BALTIC CRUDE OIL IN THE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION ORM:EXCITATION-EMISSION SPECTRA

Due to the fact that marine environment contamination by oil substances are not uncommon, it is necessary to improve the ability of determine their origin. Therefore, research on the possibility of recognizing the type of oil using its individual characteristic manifested in the processes of fluorescence excitation have been undertaken. Oil pollutants present in seawater mainly coming from ship drives, tankers, pipelines or sea bottom seeps, moreover oil leaks from offshore extraction equipment also are possible. For this reason the crude oil extracted from the Baltic Sea deposit in the Polish Maritime Areas has been chosen for tests. Fluorescence properties of water containing small amounts of oil (concentrations from 5.59 to 55.4 ppm) in the form of oil-in-water emulsion were tested. Individual samples were assigned matrices of fluorescent values for different wavelengths, while excited by monochromatic light also for different wavelengths. The obtained matrices were visualized as a contour maps and 3D charts. For considered concentrations of crude oil dispersed in water, the wavelength-independent fluorescence maximum was determined. Obtained result indicate that in the studied wavelength range, the total fluorescence intensity is proportional to the oil concentration only for the lowest oil concentrations. The analysis of the objective parameter of the difference between the shapes of spectra indicates the similarity of the spectral shape for the lowest oil concentrations. This results are the methodological suggestion, that for the purpose of identifying the type of oil dispersed in water, spectra should be determined for sequences of different dilutions, until the excitation-emission spectra shapes become independent from the oil concentration.

Tomasz Bialecki, Wojciech Dziegielewski, Bartosz Gawron, Urszula Kazmierczak, Andrzej Kulczycki THE ROLE OF MOLECULARLY ORDERED STRUCTURES IN ENERGY TRANSPORT ENHANCEMENT DURING COMBUSTION PROCESS - A NEW CONCEPTION OF A REACTION MECHANISM OF FUEL COMPONENTS OXIDATION

This paper presents the results of investigations focused on the role of molecularly ordered structures (molecular clusters) on combustion process. The proposed new mechanism of the reactions initiation takes into account the role of molecular clusters in energy (heat and energy of electrons emitted by the surface of the walls of combustion chamber) conductivity regulation. Literature survey shows that molecular clusters created by aromatic hydrocarbons are responsible for particulate matter. The combustion process itself is not uniform in whole combustion chamber. Such diversity, caused mainly by heterogeneous thermal state of combustion chamber is recognized as significant reason to create various products of combustion including carbon oxides, carbon dioxides and nitrogen oxides. Jet fuel and its blends with n-butanol and biobutanol in concentration from 10 to 75 % (V/V) were subjected to laboratory tests. Such blends were also tested on the test rig with a miniature turbojet engine – MiniJETRig. Engine operating parameters and carbon oxide emission were measured. The relations between electrical conductivity and parameters of engine test (e.g. temperature in selected points in combustion chamber) were assessed. Engine tests were carried out according to specific profile of engine test, which models different engine operating modes. The results of experimental investigations, shown in the paper, initially confirm the proposed mechanism of the oxidation reactions initiation during combustion process.

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Jozef Blachnio, Artur Kulaszka, Jerzy Perczynski THE IMPACT OF UNEVENNESS AND INSTABILITY OF FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE ON THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF GAS TURBINE BLADES

Gas turbines are used in the power sector, aviation, pump houses and other technical systems. Such a broad range of application is associated with favourable indicators: high power, rather low weight per unit of power, significant efficiency, as well as high durability. All of these indicators greatly depend on the combustion chamber flue gas temperature. It is important for the flue gas temperature to be uniform around the turbine perimeter and stable over time. This condition is extremely important also in the case of frequent temperature variations associated, e.g. with a variable operating range of a manoeuvre aircraft turbojet engine. The paper analyses the causes for the unevenness and instability of combustion chamber flue gas temperature. The impact of the fuel quality, the technical condition of the fuel supply system, as well as the operating conditions of the combustion chamber-turbine assembly was shown. The issues regarding the presence of various types of damage to turbine elements, their blades in particular, were defined. The main cause behind the damage is the unevenness and instability of flue gas temperature, resulting in the presence of overheating, creeping, thermal fatigue, high-temperature corrosion of blade material. The forms of that damage, especially the first turbine stages, were presented. Blade material microstructure test results showed increased layer thickness, grain-size, and especially, adverse modification of the strengthening y’ phase in the temperature function. It was concluded that periodic diagnostics of turbine blades with the optical method enables the non-invasive evaluation of their technical condition and drawing conclusions in terms of their durability.

Mateusz Bor, Marek Idzior, Wojciech Karpiuk, Rafal Smolec ANALYSIS OF THE PROCEDURE OF EVALUATION OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF A HIGH-PRESSURE COMMON RAIL FUEL PUMP USING A TEST BED

Piston displacement pumps use in common rail fuel injection systems generate very high pressure, reaching even 300 MPa. Maintaining such a high pressure is possible thanks to very precise machining resulting in as little clearance between the piston-cylinder assembly. Due to very high forces operating in the systems and relatively unfavourable lubrication conditions resulting from using fuel as lubricants, the pumps are subject to wear and consequently lose their operating parameters. The high cost of production of the pumps, resulting from their technological advancement, forced their manufacturers to introduce technologies for diagnosing and regenerating them. The diagnostics consists in removing the pump from the engine and having it verified using a test bed. The first stage consists of evaluating the pump’s flow at null pressure, follow by evaluation of its maximal delivery for the pressure of 100 MPa. The obtained values are compared to the values achieved by a new pump. The effect of negative evaluation on a test bed is the disassembly of the pump, verification of the condition of its parts and replacement of the damaged elements. The authors examined new and used pumps on a tested, aiming to determine the characteristics of delivery of a pump for various pressures. The objective of the research was to identify the actual points in the pump's operation at which the delivery drops the most due to the wear. The highest difference in delivery was found to exist for the maximal compression pressure. The obtained results were analysed and the possibility of changing the pump diagnostics procedure with the use of a test bed was determined.

Mateusz Bor, Wojciech Karpiuk, Rafal Smolec, Mikolaj Spadlo EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF SELECTED DAMAGE TO A CAR ENGINE TURBOCHARGER USING THE EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA)

The subject of the paper is the identification of factors behind the incorrect operation of a car turbocharger that, in longer perspective, lead to the damage of the device. Due to the operating principle and design features, the device works with many engine systems – intake, exhaust, lubrication systems and also, increasingly more often, with the cooling system. A multitude of relations, complexity and working conditions are reasons due to which the device is sensitive to disturbances of quality parameters of the working media (e.g. oil). In the article based on the selected causes of damage of turbochargers, we focused on the following initiating event, concerning the bearings lubrication system which is clogged oil strainer. The authors aims at performing an analysis allowing to increase the detectability of emerging malfunctions that lead to deterioration of operating conditions of the device. For this task tool such as ETA (Event Tree Analysis) was used. It is a tool for assessing system and process safety. It facilitates detecting potential risks, as well as relations existing between actions or events. This method explores the path from the initiating event to the outcome (most often representing the immobilization of the tested object), with particular emphasis on intermediate stages affecting the technical condition of the object. Unlike the FTA analyses, which have a deductive nature, the ETA analysis is inductive. The analysis of the obtained results, supported with validation by means of ETA, allowed to prove that, given the current state of knowledge and advancements in technology, it is possible to apply additional sensors for monitoring the operation of a turbocharger. The proposed modifications were considered to be minor design changes that significantly increase the reliability of the device.

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Henryk Borowczyk, Jozef Blachnio DATABASE OF EXPERT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM IN THE FIELD OF TURBINE BLADES NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

The article presents selected problems in the synthesis of the database of expert diagnostic system of gas turbine blades in the field of non-destructive testing. The source of data are optical methods and computed tomography methods. Optical tests can be carried out on the blades of the turbine built in the engine and after their disassembly. Optical tests provide diagnostic information in the form of an image of the blade surface. This makes it possible to identify damage based on changes in the attributes of the image of the blade surface. Computer tomography methods are applied on disassembled blades. Assessment of the technical condition of the blade is made on the basis of individual two-dimensional X-ray scans or on the basis of a three-dimensional image of the blade generated by the computer software from the set of X-ray scans taken during the full angle rotation. The computed tomography data set includes a small number of points on the timeline of operation, hence the correlation of results with optical methods is difficult. Integration of diagnostic data from two or more sources into one expert system requires standardization of data. One possible approach is the use of multi-valued encoding of 2D and 3D image attributes. In this way a multi-valued diagnostic model of the blade is obtained, which can be processed by information theory methods to optimize the set of attributes.

Grzegorz Boruta, Wojciech Napadlek THE PRELIMINARY RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF GREASE MICROCONTAINERS MADE ON THE SURFACE OF THE SLIDE ASSOCIATION ON THE VIBRATION SIGNAL RECORDED FOR THIS ASSOCIATION

There is shown the construction of an elaborated test stand for the test research of sliding friction associations. The following properties of tested friction associations are described: type (chemical composition) and hardening of applied materials, as well as the results of the analysis of topography of their collaborating surfaces (base material and then after creating grease microcontainers in it). The methodology and the range of performed researches are described. The researches were conducted using the accelerometer A0760GP and the industrial measurement device Emerson CSI 2130. On the basis of recorded vibration signals, their amplitude spectra were determined. These spectra were being compared and analyzed in reference to the possibilities of application of measurements of vibration signals to indication of the process of association wear. It was found that the process of wear of the tested sliding association without lubrication from grease microcontainers is visible as the change of form of vibration signals recorded for this association as even over-a-dozen-fold changes in the value of amplitudes of some special harmonic components of those signals, especially high-frequency components within the analyzed range of frequencies. It was also found that the application of the grease microcontainers on the surface on which rollers slide (not roll) allowed to acquire a significant reduction of the process of wear of the tested slide association, showed by the slower pace of growth of the value of all harmonic components, especially high-frequency components within the analyzed range of frequencies. At the end there were provided directions of further researches.

Pamela Bugala DEVIATION ANGLE MODELS IN OFF-DESIGN HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINES

In the article, a set of deviation angle models, which are used to predict the off-design performance high pressure turbines, has been presented, basing on a literature study. The deviation angle is a deviation between the actual flow angle and the blade inclination angle. It is an essential parameter in turbine performance evaluation. This angle shall be obtained accurately in 1-D design and evaluation, so as to ensure the validity of blade profiling and calculation results. If deviation angle is ignored, the turbine will produce a lower change of tangential velocity, and consequently a lower torque, output work and enthalpy drop than intended by the designer. For this reason, the deviation angle model needs to be established. There exists a number of different deviation models, resulting in varying degrees of flow deviation when applied. In the article, correlations for gas outlet angle, dependent on the Mach number at outlet and determined by the blade loading towards the trailing edge has been presented. The main difficulty in establishing the deviation model is a continuity in defining the angle for all speed ranges (both subcritical and supercritical). Each of the models presented in the article deals with this problem in a different way. A few deviation models, briefly discussed in the paper, are based on experimental data and one is based on analytical approach.

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Paulina Bury, Aleksander Gorniak, Anna Janicka, Maciej Zawislak, Daniel Michniewicz VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REMOVAL FROM VEHICLE INTERION BASED ON PHOTOCATALITIC SOLUTION

The paper presents results of research work which aim was development of solution for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal from vehicle indoor air. VOCs, especially benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX), are air pollutants responsible for many civilizational diseases because of its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Concentration of those substances can be even few times higher in microatmosphere of vehicle cabin than in other indoor atmospheres. The aim of the scientific cooperation between Dr.Schneider Automotive Polska and the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WUST) is research on innovative (international range), product development – photocatalytic reactor characterized by Volatile Organic Compounds, especially BTX removal properties. The BTX reduction effectiveness, caused by photocatalytic reactor application in vehicle ventilation system, was subjected to in-depth analysis. The results showed difference not only on maximal benzene, toluene and xylene reduction (separately) but also in the pattern of response surface. In some tested parameters the hazardous compounds (as a BTX sum) were reduced for almost 70%. The photocatalytic reactor seems to be prospective solution for air quality improvement in any vehicle cabin.

Wojciech Chajec METHODS OF MODERN AIRCRAFT AEROELASTIC ANALYSES IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION

The aeroelastic phenomena analysis methods used in the Institute of Aviation for aircraft, excluding helicopters, are presented in the paper. In industrial practice, a typical approach to those analyzes is a linear approach and flutter computation in the frequency domain based on normal modes, including rigid body modes and control system modes. They are determined by means of the finite element method (FEM) model of structure or a result of ground vibration test (GVT). In the GVT case, relatively great vibration amplitudes are applied for a good examination of a not truly linear structure. Instead or apart from the measure of generalized masses, a mass theoretical model is used for mode shapes cross orthogonality inspection and improvement. The computed or measured normal mode sets are the basis for flutter analysis by means of several tools and methods, like MSC.Nastran and ZONA commercial software as well as our own low-cost software named JG2 for the flutter analysis of low speed aeroplanes and for a preliminary analyzes of other aircraft. The differences between the methods lie in determining normal mode set, unsteady aerodynamic model, flutter equation formulation, time of analysis, costs, etc. Examples with results comparison obtained by means of distinguished methods are presented. Some works in the field of aeroelastic analysis with nonlinear unsteady aerodynamic in the time domain using Tau-code and ANSYS Fluent software were also performed. Aeroelastic properties of deformed structures, like a sailplane with deflected wings, can be also analyzed. The simplest way of this analysis is the semi-linear approach in which the deflections modify the aircraft geometry for normal modes determination.

Stefan Chwastek FINDING GLOBALLY OPTIMAL ASSOCIATION OF CRANE MECHANISMS BY THE METHOD OF EXHAUSTING ALTERNATIVE DRIVE SYSTEMS STRUCTURES

During certain crane operations: hoisting/lowering the payload connected with a slewing jib, Euler and Coriolis forces are generated whose impacts should be minimized already at the stage of selection of the system parameters and mechanism structure. The Machine and Mechanism Theory provides a method of enumerating kinematic chains which involves identification of all possible alternatives of kinematic structures with respect to the required number of degrees of freedom and field of work. This article outlines a methodology of selecting optimal structure from a set of possible solutions. By introducing a certain quality criterion, such as the minimum force or minimum energy, most often in the form of quadratic functionals, a set of parameters optimized for the full range of motion is determined for each structure. Accordingly, each structure is assigned a value of the optimum quality index. The method was illustrated for a one-link crane with bilateral constraints (e.g. lever mechanisms), and comparison was made with mechanisms in rope installations, optimized in previous works. For each of the optimized crane mechanisms, a separate optimization task was formulated by defining a specific objective function: 1) counterweight mechanism → minimum boom lifting force, 2) boom lifting mechanism → minimum boom pull force. Optimization tasks were formulated assuming the ideal stiffness of the structure in quasi-static conditions. Effectiveness was verified under dynamic impact conditions, taking into account rope flexibility. Finding globally optimal design solution it comes to the best combination of different mechanisms allows the dynamic overload values to be significantly reduced at the stage of design of the steel structure, resulting in a lighter and cheaper structure.

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Stefan Chwastek, Janusz Pobedza EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ACTIVE PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION OF THE OPERATOR'S SEAT OF THE MOBILE MACHINE IN DEPEND OF THE VIBRATION REDUCTION STRATEGIES

Low speeds of heavy mobile machines combined with large inertia result in the excitation of low frequency vibrations. Dissipation of vibration energy in the case of unsprung machines is performed only through tires, which slightly reduces the intensity of vibrations. Effective reduction of vibrations of mobile machines is possible only with active or semi-active methods. In unsprung mobile machines, on the way of propagation of vibrations between the source of vibrations and the protected object (machine operator), are vibroisolation systems located. These are most often controlled seat suspensions. In the case of the active suspensions, it's necessary to provide external energy, e.g., in the form of compressed air. The compressed air has the advantage that it is generally available in working machines as the working fluid and has its environmentally friendly properties (leaks do not contaminate the environment). This article is the result of the continuation of work on active methods of vibro-activity lowering in mobile machines, which resulted in, among others, elaboration of simulation model of the active operator's seat suspension with controlled pneumatic actuator and its experimental identification. In particular, was verifying the effectiveness of the adopted solution and made the identification the friction model and thermodynamic phenomena in the controlled pneumatic cylinder. The aim of this work is parametric optimization of the suspension system and searching for the optimal control strategy. Experimental tests were carried out under conditions of harmonic excitations, coming from the electromechanical vibration exciter with controllable pitch and frequency. Data acquisition system and control circuit of the proportional directional control valve, supplying compressed air to the actuator were implemented using Matlab-Simulink Real-Time software.

Mariusz Chwist, Stanislaw Szwaja, Karol Grab-Rogalinski, Anna Poskart TORGAS CONDENSATE COMBUSTION IN THE SI ENGINE

The article presents results from IC engine tests on combustion of alcohol fuel with the addition of torgas condensate. Torgas is a by-product created from the torrefaction of Sida hermaphrodita. It was obtained from torrefaction carried out at a temperature of 400°C. Torgas was condensed in a tubular cooler. The basic fuel was butanol. This fuel was chosen, because regular hydrocarbon based fuels got delaminated while blended with torgas condensate. The condensate dissolves in alcohol therefore the choice was justified. In the mixture the volume ratio of alcohol to condensate was 4:1. The combustion was carried out in a spark-ignition, single-cylinder engine with a cubic capacity of 650 cm3. The engine was able to vary its compression ratio. The engine worked at full load at maximum open throttle. The engine body was heated to a temperature of 95°C and this temperature was maintained throughout the testing period. The engine was running at 850 rpm. The first stage of the experiment included determination of the optimal ignition angle for butanol as a reference fuel and for a mixture of butanol and torgas condensate. The optimal spark angle was estimated based on the maximum indicated work. Three compression ratios, i.e.: CR=8.8, 10 and 11.2 were used. All tests were performed for a stoichiometric air fuel ratio. The obtained in-cylinder pressure diagrams for the reference fuel and the fuel with the addition of condensate were compared with each other. The rate of pressure increase inside the cylinder was calculated. For all tests, the following exhaust components were measured: CO2, CO and HC.

Janusz Cwiklak NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF A BIRD STRIKE AGAINST A HELICOPTER WINDSHIELD

The article presented simulation results of a bird strike with a helicopter windshield of small helicopter category. It turns out that there are no certification requirements regarding windshield of this category. Therefore Agusta A109 helicopter as a representing this helicopter category has been chosen for researcher. The simulations were conducted on the basis of LS-DYNA software by means of the SPH method for bird model shape of cylinder with hemispherical endings for the speed of Vc = 285 km/h. The analyses regarded various angles of the bird model impact into windshield. As a result of the simulations comparative analyses in the aspect of time curves of the kinetic energy, velocity and windshield deformation were achieved. The analysis shows that at smaller angles of attack, the bird's model has a higher speed at the moment of impact, and thus greater kinetic energy, because it did not lose speed as a result of the collision. In addition, the deflection of the windshield is smaller. In some cases, the deflection of the windshield may be observed, which indicates the elastic response of the system. In case of impact in the normal direction to the surface of the glass, the bird's model practically pierces it. The use of a thicker pane translates into less deformation of the pane, but causes its destruction at the connection point with the helicopter carrier structure.

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Adam Czaban NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF BEARING MATERIAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT ON HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF A CONICAL SLIDE BEARING

One of the main parameters affecting the hydrodynamic lubrication of slide bearings is the viscosity of lubricating oil. Many studies show, that significant changes in the viscosity of oil occur along with changes in its temperature. The influence on the temperature distribution in the lubrication gap of the slide bearing have a variety of factors, and one of them is the amount of heat exchanged between the lubricant and the environment. The temperature of the lubricating oil of operating bearing, is usually higher than the ambient temperature. In addition to the convection, which occurs during the flow (heat exchange related to the oil supply and discharge system) some amount of heat is transferred to the bearing sleeve material (and also to the bearing shaft), and then it is conducted to sleeve outer surface. The amount of heat transferred through the bearing sleeve is mainly dependent on the difference of temperatures between inner and outer sleeve surfaces and also depend on the heat conduction coefficient of sleeve material. This paper presents the results of modelling of the influence of amount of heat conducted through the bearing material, on the hydrodynamic lubrication of a conical slide bearing. The study concerned various values of the heat conduction coefficient of the bearing material to investigate its influence on the temperature values of lubricating oil, and thus, on its viscosity, on the distribution of hydrodynamic pressure and on the calculated values of bearing load carrying capacities and friction forces.

Miroslaw Dereszewski, Grzegorz Sikora PROCESSING OF LONG LASTING SIGNALS OF TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS, MEASURED USING INCREMENTAL ENCODERS

The paper describes processing method of a signal, coming from torsional deflections of an internal combustion piston engine’s crankshaft, registered using two optical encoders ETNP-10. Standard measurement and recording set ETNP-10 enables recording of Instantaneous Angular Speed values encompassing 10 revolutions of the crankshaft, what is equal to 5 cycles of four stroke engine. That time duration is sufficient for analysis of changes of angular speed caused by, for example, malfunction of fuel injection valve, but is insufficient in case of observation characterized by low frequency changes with period of fluctuations, lower than 0.8 sec. Short time for recording makes impossible following of instantaneous angular speed deviations caused by magnitude modulation of engine’s load value. In the paper is presented an algorithm written in Matlab environment, which allows processing of the data recorded using the recorder DAS 1600 Sefram. The recorded this way signals have around 26 seconds duration of engine work. Data acquired from two encoders mounted at opposite sides of the shaft, in form of square magnitude signals are transformed into instantaneous speed and subsequently to instantaneous angular shift, what is basis for torsions calculation. In the paper is also presented method of elimination of systematic error due to assumed method of averaging. Finally , some examples of results of torsional deflection measurement and analysis are presented.

Miroslaw Dereszewski, Sebastian Drewing DECOMPOSITION OF HARMONIC WAVELETS OF TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS AS BASIS FOR EVALUATION OF COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

The aim of analysis presented in the paper are results of measurements of torsional deflections of a crankshaft of three cylinder internal combustion diesel engine. The wavelets of the run of torsional twists were processed by decomposition to harmonics using FFT. In order to exactly recognize all dynamic aspects of gas forces acting during working stroke, decomposition was done in two ways: first one relaying on records encompassing one working cycle (two revolutions), the second one based at separated periods encompassing angular an interval from TDC (Top Dead Centre) of one cylinder to TDC of subsequent in firing order. For three cylinder engine width of the interval is 240 degrees of crank angle. In order to obtain reliable results, torsional deflection signals acquisitions were recorded numerous times including changes of outer conditions (temperature, atmospheric pressure) and different values of the engine loads. The main goal of conducted experiments was looking for an answer of a question if exist any differences between frequency spectrums of harmonics of run of full cycle ( two revolutions) and the same cycle divided by three separate intervals. Analysis were conducted in order to state any possibility of diagnostic signals acquisition caused by abnormalities of combustion process. Results were presented in form of comparison of frequency spectra taken from full cycle and divided intervals.

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Do Van Doan, Lech Murawski THE ERRORS OF THE NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANTILEVER BEAM MOUNTED ON THE PLATE

The safety, comfort of the crews, stability, economics of the equipments when ship operating is the leading requirement in the field of designing and manufacturing marine structure and machinery. As a result, all parts of the ships must be tested and inspected to meet the basic safety requirements of the shipping association. The design, manufacture, testing in the maritime field in general and shipbuilding sector in particular are expensive, time consuming: such as aerodynamic experiments of the engine, collision test, ship maneuvering, vibration test and balance of deck beams, hull beams, hatch covers, shafts ...thus experimental works are sometimes impossible. Along with the development of computer science, many numerical models and software programs have been developed to solve these difficult problems. There are many numerical modeling methods, starting with the finite difference method, the boundary element method, the finite element method, the no mesh method, the weight residue or the energy method. The Work will be limited to the analysis of the most popular numerical modeling method - finite element method using Patran and Nastran software. In the first step of our research, T-beam was analysed as a part of ship hull structure (thin-walled structure). The article goes into the analysis of the accuracy of selected numerical models for the natural vibration frequency of the T-beams mounted on the plate. After modeling, calculating the natural frequency of the T-beam using the Patran - Nastran software, the results were compared with the theoretical values. From that, we evaluate the dispersion and error of different numerical models and select the optimal numerical model. Optimal model will be used for modeling full ship hull with superstructure.

Przemyslaw Dobrzanski, Rafal Molak TOOLING DEVELOPMENT FOR THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES THERMOFORMING PROCESS BASED ON FEM ANALYSIS – A RIB CASE STUDY

Remarkable characteristics of high temperature thermoplastic (HTP) matrix used in composite materials reinforced with continuous fibres causes growing application in composite industry. Because of high processing temperature of some semi crystalline matrix there is limited number of technologies that can be used for part manufacturing. Press forming is an example of technology that allows to manufacture high quality complex parts made of HTP reinforced fibres composite. In order to manufacture part with acceptable quality and mechanical properties, uniform pressure distribution during the process is required. In this article tooling design process focused on uniform pressure distribution for manufacturing of supporting rib was presented. In order to satisfy this requirement, the rubber stamp was proposed as a tool for manufacturing. Typical press forming process defects were identified and the requirements for rubber stamp were described. It was assumed that the forming process has to begin at one point on mould surface and sequentially continue in all directions. For stamp material, the two components additive silicone was selected. The hardness of the silicone was equal 40 Shore A. The rubber mechanical properties was determined through the additional tests and used for stamp designing. The tooling was designed using FEM software ABAQUS 6.12. The sequence of stamp shape designing and optimization in order to meet the stamp requirements was presented. At the end the FEM rubber stamp designing recommendation were presented.

Roman Domanski, Pawel Grygorcewicz THERMAL ANALYSIS AND THERMOVISION LABORATORY TESTS OF ELECTRIC BRAKES

The purpose of this article was to show two thing thermal issues theory and thermovision tests in the laboratory. The main idea of this article was to describe the thermal issues theory of interesting problem base on the thermovision tests of new type electric brake prototype. After the creation of new product the designer needed to know how behave the prototype of the brake during tests with higher energy which could increase the temperatures on the object in our case of the electric brake prototype. The first step in that kind of issues was thermal analysis which is very useful to define and subscribe the thermal issues. The second step it was measurement of the temperature which was really significant during the electric brake tests. It was really important to check the temperature of engines. If there was some influence to the brake during braking. One of the method was using special thermal camera. The camera was checking the temperature during whole test after beginning the test to the end of the trial. The full spectrum of the temperature allowed the author to verify if there were some influence of temperature to the new electric brake prototype. The thermocouple were other type of sensors which was normally used in our laboratory methodology to check temperature during the test. The pyrometer was other type of the method which was used to measure the temperature after the test. The results of this measurement were subscribed in this article.

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Kamil Duda, Andrzej Pietak PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL COMPOSITIONS OBTAINED FROM DIESEL FUEL AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF FATTY RAW MATERIAL

Increased interest in development of alternative fuels used to power combustion engines is caused by excessive use of fuels obtained from mineral sources. Depletion of resources, political aspects as well as the negative impact on the environment are commonly discussed issues in relation to fossil fuels. On the other hand, biodegradability, lower toxic components emissions and interchangeability with mineral fuels are commonly described benefits related to biodiesel, interpreted as fatty acid methyl esters obtained from fatty raw material. Also the multiplicity of raw materials that can be used for production promotes popularization of the biodiesel. However the variety of raw materials can have significant impact on the number of physicochemical properties of alternative fuels due to the differences in molecular structures forming given type of raw material. The paper presents analysis of properties of different types of biodiesel and its mixtures with diesel according to the outlines presented in the quality standards for mineral and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels were produced in the laboratory setup from swine, poultry, rape and sunflower fatty raw material. Such parameters as: density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, acid value, oxidation stability, cold filter plugging point, sulphur content, water content and total contamination were examined, based on the results, the quality of the biofuels was evaluated. Study confirms that biofuels derived from plant origin fatty raw material present favorable results in the aspect water content, total contamination, acid value and cold flow properties, thus biofuels derived from animal origin raw fatty material presents lower density and sulphur content.

Kamil Duda, Michał Smieja, Maciej Mikulski, Jacek Hunicz INFLUENCE OF BIODIESEL ORIGIN ON THE EXHAUST GASSES CONCENTRATION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The use of renewable fuels can reduce consumption of fossil fuels as well as diversify the range of alternative energy carriers. The advantage of biofuels is that they can be obtained from waste materials. Biofuels derived from vegetable or animal raw fatty material, as a result of transesterification, are characterized by similar physicochemical properties to mineral diesel fuel in terms of quality standards, however the fatty acid composition of the raw material can significantly influence exhaust gas emissions. The aim of the research is to determine the impact of the origin of various renewable biocomponents on exhaust gasses concentration emitted by compression ignition engine. The tests were conducted on a Common Rail, direct injection engine, operating under steady state conditions. Two kinds of biofuels produced from different fatty raw materials (rapeseed oil and swine lard) were used. All the experiments were performed on fuels containing a total of 50% biocomponent shares admixed to commercial diesel fuel. The tested samples included both: binary and ternary mixtures. During the experiments the differences in: hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides concentrations were examined as a result of different fuel composition. The study shows that the best results were achieved for fuel containing both plant and animal biocomponents.

Krzysztof Dudzik, Burkhard Ziegler THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLICATION OF THE ACOUSTIC EMISSION METHOD FOR MONITORING FRICTION PROCESSES

This paper presents the methodology and research results of monitoring friction processes between couple of cooperating elements by acoustic emission method. The research was carried out at the lathing machine test stand of the Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen. The test stand included: lathing machine Proxon PD 210, shaft, made of austenitic stainless steel X2CrNi18-9 and steel plate, made of S235. The Friction process was monitored by an acoustic emission set made by Physical Acoustics Corporation (PAC). The PAC system includes: preamplifier USB AE Node, type 1283 with bandpass 20 kHz – 1 MHz, AE signal measurement sensor type VS 150M, with a frequency range 100 – 450 kHz, computer with AE Win for USB Version E5.30 software. During the study, the acoustic emission (AE) generated by friction between shaft and steel plate was recorded. The load of the plate was 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 and 10 N. The following parameters were determined: amplitude, number of events - hits, the effective value of the signal (RMS). The use of grease between the cooperating elements caused a significant reduction in friction and thus the power of the generated signal (10 to 30 times). In the case of dry friction, without grease, the maximum RMS value was recorded at 4N load and at the lubricant between the pair cooperating at 1 N load. The research has shown, that it is possible to monitor the friction process between cooperating elements using the acoustic emission method.

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Olha Dvirna ENGINEERING SUPPORT OF THE QUALITY OF SURFACE LAYER OF TAB GROOVES IN THE DISCS MADE FROM HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL

The main idea of the work is to create scientifically grounded technological conditions for treatment of tab grooves in the discs from heat resisting steel, which stipulate formation of roughness of treated surfaces at the level of design requirements, useful compressive residual stresses and a defective surface layer, which increases reliability of operation of interlock in the absence of any defects on the working surfaces of tab grooves of various types, under conditions of maximizing efficiency of their treatment method. Dependences of roughness of the treated surface on the technological factors of the broaching process Ra = f (V, S, γ, HRC) have been proposed. As a result of experimental studies, the nature of distribution of residual stresses, depth and degree of strengthening of the surface layer, depending on the technological conditions of the tab grooves treatment, has been established.

Tomasz Cyryl Dyl THE EFFECT OF PARAMETERS BURNISHING ROLLING – PRESSURING PROCESS IN ASPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY SURFACE LAYER OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL

In the manufacturing of machine elements was important to technological quality products. In surface engineering one of the economic and ecological treatments used for technological properties were burnishing rolling – pressuring process. This is a surface plastic forming a local plastic deformation based on the overall impression given by smooth and hard tool. In production engineering cylindrical outer surfaces (e.g. plugs propulsion shaft centrifugal pumps seawater) were finishing. You can therefore propose burnishing in exchange for abrasive machining. The paper presents the influence of parameters for burnishing rolling – pressuring process on the degree of relative strain hardening and surface roughness reduction ratio. Burnishing process carried out for 316L stainless steels. After the experimental study, it was determined that there was an increase in hardness and a decrease in roughness of the top outer cylindrical layer of stainless steel, which can be applied to the centrifugal pump shafts ship. Important question to determine in the article of the research was to received appropriate technological quality. The burnishing due the technological and economic aspect in the production of machine parts in exchange for the abrasive processing can be used. After the experiments, it was found that the technical parameters are influenced by the hardness and the roughness of the outer cylindrical surfaces and the material ratio curve a convex shaped, which, taking into account the load capacity of the surface will be directly affected by its resistance to wear and corrosion of the surface layer.

Tomasz Cyryl Dyl THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY OF THE CUTTING EDGE AND MACHINING PARAMETERS OF DUPLEX CAST STEEL AFTER TURNING

The development and research activity is connected to the production of newer and more functional products. Innovative processes are being developed and applied, services and projects are delivered. Products are work items that should be initially designed, then manufactured and finally sold and utilized. Examples of products may be airplanes, ships, cars, machine tools, gears, crankshafts, drive shaft, tubes as well as gasoline, electricity and gas, etc. The product must meet the expectations of the future user and is characterized by a set of functional features. In the case of machines and their capabilities and performance, for example, durability, reliability, resulting from the characteristics represented by the structural units forming the structure. The formation of the desired features of the surface layer in the technological process is an important problem due to the ability of the elements of kinematic pairs to fulfill the function as long as possible foreseen for them. The paper presents results of experimental studies of turning cast steel grade GX2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3-3. The aim of the research was to determine the geometry of the cutting edge and the technological parameters of cutting that are conducive to obtaining the roughness in the field of very accurate machining. It can achieve the appropriate technological quality of the workpiece surface. After these experimental studies was determined that there is a reduction roughness using suitable inserts. Turning were made for the duplex cast steel. The technological parameters of machining process were used: feed rate f = 0.1 ÷ 0.2 mm/rev, depth of cut ap = 0.5 mm, cutting speed vc = 50 ÷ 100 m/min. Turning was made using universal lathe CDS 500x1000 equipped with CCMT carbide tipped inserts.

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Wojciech Dziegielewski, Urszula Kazmierczak, Andrzej Kulczycki Dariusz Ozimina

IMPACT OF THE ADDITIVES USED IN MINERAL JET FUELS ON THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC FUELS FOR TURBINE AIRCRAFT ENGINES

Hydrocarbon containing synthetic fuels represent a promising alternative fuels. Despite different chemical compositions, their properties should be similar to properties of mineral fuels, as they are designed for the same drive units. The basic parameter related to the protection of the adequate service life of the power supply devices, including precision pairs, is lubricity. Lubricity depends on a number of factors, including these related to the chemical composition of fuel components and operating additives introduced into fuels in order to modify their properties. The preliminary results of research on the effect of additives: lubricating, anti-corrosion and anti-electrostatic once, on the lubricating properties of a synthetic fuel are shown in the paper. It was observed that there are relations between the content of additives and the dynamics of film formation. It is significant that this does not apply only to the lubricating additive, but also the additive, which protects the correct electrostatic balance by providing sufficiently high electrical conductivity of the fuel. This may indicate that the formation of a lubricating film remains in relation to the intensity of energy transport from the lubricated surface to the molecules of lubricating additives inside the film. The results shown in the paper preliminary confirm the hypothesis, that synthetic components of fuels change the concentration of ordered molecular structures (which are present in mineral part of fuels and which can be responsible for energy transport inside the lubricating film), what resulted in worse fuel ability to create protective film, and anti-electrostatic additive improves lubricity of blends of synthetic and mineral components.

Tadeusz Dziubak, Leszek Bakała EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE MATERIAL FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS WITH NANOFIBERS ADDITION

Nanofiber properties, and the possibilities of their application in industry, including car air intake filtration materials production for vehicle engines are discussed. The attention is paid to the standard filtration materials low efficiency in the range of dust grains below 5 μm. Filtration materials properties with nanofibers addition are presented. Filter paper test conditions, and methodology at the station with particle counter were developed. Filtration efficiency characteristics, and accuracy studies as well as filtration materials pressure drop differing in structure were made: standard paper, and materials with nanofibers addition. These are commonly used filter materials for car air intake systems production. Filtration materials with nanofibers addition test results show significantly higher efficiency values, and efficiency for dust grains below 5 μm in comparison with standard filter paper. It was found that there are 16 μm dust grains in the air flow behind the cellulose insert, which may be the reason for the accelerated wear of the engine's "piston-cylinder" association. Lower dust mass loading km values of filtration materials with nanofibers addition in relation to standard filter papers were observed.

Johannes Ettl, Klaus Thuneke, Edgar Remmele MONITORING OF RAPESEED OIL FUELED AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Pure plant oil fuels, used in compatible agricultural machinery contribute to sustainable food supply. Especially rapeseed oil fuel significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions up to 91 % and thus, lowers the carbon footprint of agricultural products. However, despite this advantage plant oil fuels are barely used in practice, because of technical, economical and sustainability concerns of potential users. It is the purpose of this work, to show the reliability, downtimes and the emission behavior of pure rapeseed oil compatible tractors in practice. As test fuel, cold-pressed rapeseed oil fuel, complying with the national German standard DIN 51605 was used. Emission testing on the tractor test stand is based on the standard procedure of EU guideline 2016/1628. Differing from type approvals, where engine test stands are used, here the measurement is done at the tractors with mounted engines. The power is measured at the power take-off (PTO) with a dynamometer. As testing cycle the Non-Road-Steady-Cycle (NRSC) and an adapted Non-Road-Transient-Cycle (10sNRTC) are applied. For real driving emission (RDE) measurements two state-of-the-art tractors are being used. By using a PEMS Semtech Ecostar, which was set up in a box for off-road use, the emission components CO, HC, NOX are measured. Investigation of the monitored 20 tractors (exhaust stages I, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV) for more than 60.000 hours, showed no considerable failures or damages. Generally, the limited exhaust gas components (NOX, CO, HC, PM) determined at a tractor test stand remained nearly at the same level over the operating time. Plant oil tractors with exhaust gas stage IV achieve the legal emission limits with rapeseed oil fuel during both, the NRSC and 10sNRTC. Results of RDE measurements also show that recorded emission values are within expected limiting values for both fuels. Conformity factors that relate actual emissions, measured with PEMS, to corresponding test cycle values, measured at the test stand are within approaching legitimacy.

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Marcin Frycz ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ON THE INNER SURFACE OF THE SLEEVE OF A SLIDE JOURNAL BEARING LUBRICATED WITH FERRO-OIL

This work is part of a broader comprehensive issue, which is the analysis of flow and operating parameters of journal slide bearings lubricated with ferro-oil. In this paper, the author presents the main assumptions and pivotal transformations of the analytical and numerical model for determining the temperature distributions on the inner surface of the sleeve of a slide journal bearing lubricated with ferro-oil. The rheological and magnetic values of ferro-oil parameters adopted in numerical calculations were based on the results of actual values obtained in the author's earlier research work. In the work there are presented the temperature distributions obtained by abovementioned method for two cases, i.e. for bearings lubricated with base oil and for bearings lubricated with ferro-oil with a magnetic particle concentration of 4%. The results are presented in the form of a complex of four complementary characteristics. The results of dimensionless temperature distributions for lubricating conditions with ferro-oil and base oil with assumed classical Newtonian properties taking into account the influence of the external magnetic field influence are presented as the basic ones. Next, the characteristics including three subsequent corrections of temperature distributions for the influenced work parameters are added. These are corrections of temperature distributions taking into account the influence of temperature changes on changes in the viscosity of ferro-oil and base oil. Then, corrections taking into account the influence of pressure changes on changes in viscosity and as the last corrections of temperature distribution which take into account non-Newtonian properties of lubricating agents. Finally, the paper includes a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the obtained results as well as observations and conclusions are presented in it.

Elzbieta Gadalinska, Maciej Malicki X-RAY STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN THE INSTITUTE OF AVIATION. POSSIBILITIES AND EXAMPLES

From the point of view of the airplane construction, its fatigue lifetime and exploitation process, the stress states and levels are of crucial importance. The most appropriate experimental methods to determine stress values are diffraction methods with different radiation type employed. These methods allow the determination of the elastic lattice deformation and distortion (effectively the stress state) from the displacement and broadening of the diffraction peak. Diffraction methods are widely known as the experimental methods for determining not only the stress values but also the elastic properties of polycrystalline materials (also of all alloys types used in the aerospace industry). The advantages of diffraction experiments result from their non-destructive character and the possibility to obtain absolute values of stresses in different phases of each type of crystal material (the measurements are performed selectively only for crystallites contributing to the measured diffraction peak, i.e. for the grains having lattice orientations for which the Bragg condition is fulfilled). In the frame of this work the laboratory possibilities of the Institute of Aviation in this area are presented as well as the exemplary results of stress measurements performed there.

Cezary Galinski PRELIMINARY STUDY OF AN AIRPLANE FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION TESTING AT HIGH ALTITUDES

Technology of photovoltaic cells and lithium batteries is being developed rapidly. As a result, attempts to build solar High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) airplanes are more and more frequent. In the future such airplanes may appear very useful for the economy because they may replace geostationary satellites in several applications. Unfortunately, data on altitude effect on photovoltaic cells and batteries performance are not easily available. Moreover, acquisition cost of cells is very high. Therefore, a tool for inexpensive testing of cells is needed. This paper shows a study of very light unmanned airplane that could be used as a testbed for this purpose. Weight assumptions are presented together with concept of geometry and aerodynamic characteristics. Propulsion system is proposed, so also airplane performance is estimated. Finally, results are discussed leading to the conclusion. It appears that unmanned airplane with maximum takeoff weight of 1.3 kg can climb to the altitude of 10 km within 4 hours during sunny summer day about the noon. However, only 30% of such days can be used because of strong winds blowing at high altitudes, quite small optimal airspeed of the airplane and constraints due to Air Traffic Management. Moreover, application of variable pitch propeller is recommended as well as some kind of takeoff assist. For example, towing or takeoff from the hill is desirable to avoid threats resulting from small climb rate.

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Mateusz Gandyk, Piotr Haller, Antoni Jankowski COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSION RATIO AND BORE DIAMETER INFLUENCE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND KNOCK INTENSITY

Processes of the combustion in combustion engines depends on cylinder bore and compression ratio. Compression ratio is a ratio of in-cylinder volume when piston is in bottom dead center to volume when piston is in top dead center. Theoretical engine efficiency is increasing together with compression ratio. However, in the real engine there are also other phenomena affecting the efficiency of the engine which could results in lower performance of engine with higher compression ratio. This study presents knock intensity and performance gain in engine speed function of the 0D-1D engine model with different pistons set. Knock intensity is founded by implementing in combustion process knock sub-model based on Douaud and Eyzat induction time correlation using different pistons geometry. Examined engine model is air restricted Formula Student motorcycle engine. Mounted in intake system air restrictor decrease knock intensity. Therefore compression ratio could be increased. It was noticed that bigger bore diameter could reduce knock intensity. Researches realized that bigger bore size could cause performance drop at high rpm when flow is chocked. Changing compression ratio changes performance characteristic. Growing compression ratio decrease torque on low engine speed and increase on high engine speed. Further characteristic of the engine could be tuned by matching pistons with modified bore size and compression ratio.

Marek Gasiorowski, Robert Szczepaniak, Sebastian Stabryn A MOBILITY ANALYSIS OF USING THE RHEX-TYPE MOBILE ROBOT IN VARIOUS SURROUNDINGS

Mobile robots are becoming increasingly popular, finding a great deal of applications, especially in situations where conventional mobility systems, such as wheels or tracks, prove ineffective. Exploration of an unknown environment or a place, in which Man is incapable of staying, for example exploring remote planets in the Solar System, is often linked with operating a device in a rough terrain. This requires an adjustment of the robot locomotion system to the ground. The problem of high mobility in diverse surroundings is still a major challenge. Therefore, the concept of mobile robots is extremely popular and is still being developed. Using this type of propulsion carries several advantages, namely the possibility of applicability of this type of solutions in an environment which is not easily accessible to wheeled vehicles (sandy, mountainous terrain, etc.). There is still a large interest of constructors and scientists in unconventional drive systems, adapted directly from nature, which often offers very efficient solutions. Quite frequently, designers copy the construction of animal locomotion system, attempting at implementing them in their designs. The aim of this article is to present an original construction, known as the RHex-type robot in the available literature. In addition, it presents a number of conducted investigations, which describe the platform’s mobility in various terrains, such as sands, rocks and rubbles, as well as the possibility to overcome the terrain obstacles. It ends with conclusions and potential application areas of this type of a design.

Artur Gawlik, Damian Brewczynski, Konrad Bobowski ANDROID APPLICATION USED IN DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM OF ENGINEERING DEVICES AND MACHINES

Users of machines and engineering devices force continuous improvement of their functionality and efficiency while reducing energy consumption. For this purpose, numerous sensors are installed in the machines in both drive systems and execution systems. Sensors are a source of information for control units and also allow reading parameters during diagnostic tests. The diagnostician should have the appropriate interface and knowledge of the operating principles of the tested machine. In order to facilitate the implementation of the diagnostic process even by less experienced service personnel, it is proposed to use a diagnostic interface based on the application developed in the Android system, which main element is a QR code scanner. The system uses Matlab-Simulink, data base and PHP script to work properly. This system allows performing a diagnostic test and identifying potential causes of device failure. The system has friendly interface where is implemented many useful things like graphs and visualization of device movement. The application reads the nominal operating parameters stored in the QR code of the machine and displays the next steps necessary to assess the technical condition of the object. On the basis of a comparison of registered and nominal machine parameters, the application indicates possible fault locations. The implementation of the database on an external server allows the application to run anywhere on android devices that have access to the internet. Through the registration process it is possible to create a database of employees who have access to the system. The diagnostic system for storing all information, such as employee data or current sensor measurement values uses the MySQL database. Preliminary tests of the application carried out during diagnostics of the hydraulic and mechanical system of the building manipulator confirmed the functionality of the developed system.

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Bartosz Gawron, Tomasz Bialecki, Artur Krol THE EFFECT OF ADDING 2-ETHYLHEXANOL TO JET FUEL ON THE PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A MINIATURE TURBOJET ENGINE

There are currently many studies undergoing in the field of using alternative fuels for supplying different types of propulsion units. The ASTM standard in the aerospace industry, allows using five different technologies of manufacturing synthetic components apart from standard oil-based fuel for the propulsion of turbine engines (as a blend up to 50% with conventional fuel). One of these is a technology associated with the process of converting alcohols (isobutanol) to jet fuel – Alcohol to Jet (ATJ). In this research performance and emission parameters were measured on laboratory test rig with miniature turbojet engine (MiniJETRig). The test rig has been created in Air Force Institute of Technology for research and development works aimed at alternative fuels for aviation. The miniature engine was fueled with conventional jet fuel – Jet A-1 and blend of Jet A-1 with 2-ethylhexanol. The results for this blend were compared with the results obtained for neat Jet A-1 fuel in terms of different engine operating modes, according to specified methodology. The conducted tests did not show significant differences in engine operating parameters (thrust, fuel consumption and thrust specific fuel consumption) and the values of CO, CO2 and NOx emission indices between the tested fuels. The engine tests took place in similar ambient conditions. Laboratory tests of selected physicochemical properties were also carried out for both fuel samples.

Maciej Gis, Jakub Lasocki ADVANTAGES OF USING HYBRID VEHICLES BASED ON EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON THE CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER IN THE WLTC TEST

Vehicles powered in alternative ways have an increasing share in the car market. Their use is becoming more and more justified considering the ever more stringent standards for the emission of harmful substances from the exhaust systems of internal combustion engines and the introduction of restrictions on vehicle traffic in city centers. The possibility of using in the propulsion systems only an electric motor or its simultaneous use with the internal combustion engine enables a significant reduction of emission of harmful exhaust gas pollutants. This applies in particular to urban areas, where there are numerous exceedances of acceptable air quality standards. This problem is most noticeable in larger cities in Poland, where there is a lot of traffic. It is therefore legitimate to promote alternative vehicles powered in alternative ways. Their dual power system gives the opportunity to significantly reduce the emission of harmful substances. Therefore, the article presents own research, carried out on a chassis dynamometer, using two passenger cars, one with a spark-ignition combustion engine and the second with a hybrid drive system containing a spark-ignition engine and an electric motor (system without the possibility of recharging batteries from external sources). Vehicles were characterized by similar mass and the same displacement volumes of internal combustion engines. The results of the tests made it possible to compare cars in terms of exhaust emissions. For testing purposes, a chassis dynamometer was used, on which the WLTC homologation cycle was repeatedly reproduced. This is a new driving cycle, which replaces the NEDC cycle used so far in the type approval procedure in the European Union.

Wojciech Gis, Maciej Gis HYDROGENIZATION OF ROAD TRANSPORT ON THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN, POLAND AND JAPAN

The article analyzes the activities within the EU and national (Sweden, Poland) concerning the introduction of hydrogen fuel in road transport. The advantages and disadvantages of this drive were addressed. A directional program of hydrogen propulsion technology motion was presented on the example of Sweden and Poland. The most recent activities in Sweden regarding the so-called Nordic Hydrogen Corridor European Project. The location of basic hydrogen refueling stations in Poland until 2030 was proposed (HIT-2-Corridors European Project). These stations should be located in both TEN-T corridors running through Poland, i.e. in 1 - Poznan 2 - Warsaw, 3 - Bialystok, 4 - Szczecin, 5 - the Lodz region, 6 - the Tri-City region, 7 - Wroclaw, 8 - the Katowice region, 9 – Krakow, to ensure the possibility of passing vehicles equipped with fuel cells (FCEV - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle) among others between Western Europe and Scandinavia. For comparison the article discusses FCEV development and initial hydrogen market creation in Japan. In the article is presented reasons for hydrogen society in Japan. The reasons are as follows: hydrogen is CO2 free, hydrogen can be produced from various sources, energy security – local production and consumption of energy, energy security – compensating for fluctuations in renewable energy production. In the article is presented Hydrogen/FCEV strategy Roadmap in Japan in context Hydrogen/FCEV Roadmap in China.

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Maciej Gis, Mateusz Bednarski, Piotr Wisniowski COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEDC AND WLTC HOMOLOGATION TESTS FOR VEHICLE TESTS ON A CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER

In 2015, the number of vehicles in the world exceeded 1.1 billion units. In the coming years, it is expected that the largest increase in the number of vehicles will take place in developing countries. This is a problem in particular in terms of emissions of harmful substances from vehicles. Considering that all manufactured vehicle models have to undergo a detailed homologation and meet the exhaust emission requirements before placing on the market, it is necessary to refine test procedures, including test cycles, in which vehicle emissions are determined. At present, the NEDC approval test is valid in Europe. It is a cycle reproduced on a chassis dynamometer in steady conditions. It consists of an urban section repeated four times and an extra urban part. From 2019, a new test procedure will take effect, which uses the WLTC cycle, also reproduced on a chassis dynamometer in fixed conditions. It is much more complex and better reflects the real traffic conditions. For a better illustration of the differences that occur between the current NEDC cycle and the new WLTC, the article presents a comparative analysis of both driving cycles. This is to present the justifiability of using a new driving cycle and to present its complexity. The article presents own research of a vehicle with a spark-ignition engine, which has been tested both in the NEDC and WLTC cycle. On the basis of the obtained data, it was possible to determine the differences in the emission of harmful exhaust gas components and indicate how the new homologation procedure affects the emissions from the vehicle.

Tomasz Gonciarz EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR IMPROVING THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFTS. MODELING YACHT PROPULSION

This paper deals with the problems of design improvement and the process of production preparation for recreational watercrafts. An original expert system was created to facilitate the design of mechanical equipment systems and to support the production of pleasure boats. This expert system contains information about issues related to the selection of appropriate mechanical equipment used in modern yachts. An expert system is a computer program, which contains information about a specific and usually narrow field of expertise. With the help of this kind of program it is possible to solve problems on the same level as a human expert. Like most expert systems, this program is built in such a way that the knowledge base is separated from the rest of the system. It contains two main modules: the knowledge base and the inference mechanism. This system provides conclusions in a descriptive form and in the form of numbers, and also presents explanations, diagrams, drawings, photos and videos. What is unique about this expert system is that a user with specialist knowledge in the field of yacht engineering can easily modify the knowledge base. With the development of technology it is easy to feed new information into the system. This system can become a major tool in design offices and plants producing yachts, because it can be easily expanded and adapted to individual needs.

Mariusz Graba, Jaroslaw Mamala, Andrzej Bieniek, Adrian Ulfik COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS

The growing number of vehicles moving on Polish roads equipped with various types of automatic transmissions prompted the authors of this publication to carry out research to assess the impact of the use of this type of transmission on the fuel consumption of these vehicles. The presented article presents a comparative analysis of the fuel consumption of vehicles of different manufacturers equipped with automatic transmissions moving in specially prepared driving cycles for research purposes. In the developed driving cycle, the vehicle speed was gradually increased every 10 km/h, maintaining each speed for a period of at least 30 seconds in order to stabilize the measurement results. The tests were carried out for various load stages of the drive system. Load differentiation was made by simulating driving in the prepared cycle for simulated different slopes of the road. The tests were carried out on the MAHA MSR500 chassis dynamometer, and the obtained results for the vehicle moving in automatic mode, where the transmission controller selected the gear ratio according to the programmed algorithm, were compared with the vehicle's fuel consumption for the vehicle gear selected by the driver in the driving cycle. The control software used to test the chassis dynamometer allows taking into account the increasing resistance of traffic along with the increase of vehicle speed, which greatly approximates the simulated conditions in the laboratory to the conditions on the road. The main purpose of this publication is to check whether using automatic transmissions or other control algorithm of these gears can achieve a reduction in fuel consumption.

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Mariusz Graba, Jaroslaw Mamala, Krystian Hennek, Krzysztof Praznowski POSSIBILITIES OF USING A WIRELESS TELEMETRY SYSTEM OF A RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (OFF-ROAD)

The development of electronic systems has significantly contributed to the rapid increase in the number of controllers working in vehicles, and thus the amount of data transferred between them. The large amount of information sent prevents the driver from directly mastering or understanding them, hence it was necessary to limit the displayed parameters on the instrument cluster to the most important ones, so that the driver can focus on driving. However, in motor sports and in various types of road tests or research, where the driver is supported by an additional team of engineers, information sent between vehicle controllers can prove extremely valuable. Most often, the whole staff of people responsible for conducted traction tests does not occupy the vehicle, so as not to disturb the conditions. Their analysis usually takes place in a designated service spot, in which case the parameters from the on-board data transmission network are usually transmitted by radio from the vehicle to the archiving system. Therefore, research into the development of wireless data transmission systems from vehicle controllers is also carried out at the Opole University of Technology. This article describes the possibilities of using a system built at the Opole University of Technology for wireless conduction of diagnostics and analysis of current operating parameters of a recreational All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). In addition, in the designed system, it is also possible to connect external sensors to analyze parameters normally not registered during the course on normal vehicle operation.

Kamila Grabowska HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER GLIDER PERFORMED BY THE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

AUV is abbreviation of the autonomous underwater glider. They are buoyancy propelled vehicles in order to move up and down in the ocean. Change of buoyancy is performed by pumping systems or movable internal mass. Their forward gliding motions are generated by hydrodynamic lift forces exerted on a pair of wings attached to a glider hull. In this work drag and lift characteristics of a glider were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach and results were compared with the literature. Flow behavior, drag and lift forces distribution at constant pitch angle 0 ° are studied for Reynolds

numbers varying around 105 for NACA0012 wing configurations. Glider velocity is 0.5 m‧s-1, pitch angle

is 0 °.

Michal Gruca, Stanislaw Szwaja, Michal Pyrc FLAME PROPAGATION IN GAS FEEDING PIPELINES TO THE IC ENGINE

Results from experimental investigation on flame propagation in a pipeline filled with gaseous combustible mixture consisted of hydrogen, methane or 20% hydrogen-methane is presented in the paper. The mixture was prepared in separate cylinders and premixed before filling the pipeline. The tests were conducted under various relative equivalence ratio – lambda from 1.0 to 3.0 at pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 25 C. Hydrogen and methane were selected because these gases are main combustible fractions in several gaseous engine fuels (e.g. natural gas, syngas, biogas). Additionally, the mixture 20% hydrogen and methane, as potential engine fuel, was also under investigation. Flame front was detected with aid of IR photodetectors. Hence, the flame speed was resulted from distance divided by time. As observed, the flame propagation speed was over 100 m/s for both hydrogen and methane premixed mixtures. It was several times higher if compared with the laminar flame speed for these gases. It can be explained by additional acoustic effects (standing waves) taking place inside the pipeline. Results from this investigation can be useful in design and construction of the gas feeding system in the gas fueled internal combustion engine.

Pawel Grygorcewicz ISSUES DURING ASSEMBLY NEW TYPE OF ELECTRIC BRAKE PROTOTYPE AND INITIAL TESTS OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

In this article the author focused on the two main issues. Firstly the assembly phase of the new type of electric brake prototype was described and secondly author introduced the initial tests of individual components. The assembly phase of the new prototype of the electric brake was very significant. In this stage the parts were fitted and mounted. The new functionality of new type prototype was checked and the designing was verified. If there were some mounting problems this was proper time to correct the dimensions and exchange parts. Sometimes the materials or even or heat treatment of some part were exchanged. In that kind of prototype it was really important to check electric parts like motors during the load. The most important issue was to find the best solution. The motors weight should have been as small as possible and the nominal torque should have been enough for normal working of prototype. In the initial tests of individual components the real parameters were tested and possibility of using the parts were checked too. During designing phase the parameters were defined and the tests results gave the answers for the possibility of real working on the object. The most important parameters there were the motors parameters and the possibility of mechanism force transmission

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Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz IMPACT OF THE TYPE OF QUENCH AGING AFTER HYPERQUENCHING ON THE MECHANICAL STRENGHT PROPERTIES OF AW-7020 ALLOY

The article attempts to determine the influence of selected types of the heat treatment on the strength properties of the AW-7020 alloy used in the shipbuilding industry. The text presents information on the applied types of heat treatment. There are presented the results of the static tensile test of the material after its earlier hyperquenching and aging (natural and artificial) as well as comparison to the test results of the alloy without heat treatment. To illustrate the nature of the supersaturation and aging process, a test was carried out for a series of samples in a transitional state. During the tests for all the samples were determined: elongation at rupture and reduction of area at fracture, strength limit Rm and proof stress Re0,2. The results of the tests showed that the choice of the type of aging after saturation has significant importance for the strength properties of the AW-7020 alloy. It has been shown that it is possible to significantly accelerate the achievement of higher strength properties of the tested alloy, replacing the natural aging of the material with artificial aging.

Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz, Katarzyna Panasiuk, Leslaw Kyziol RESISTANCE TO AGING RESEARCH IN SEA WATER COMPOSITES WITH THE POLYESTER-GLASS RECYCLATE

Composites are materials used for various types of constructions in the automotive industry, aviation, and shipbuilding. Due to the wide use of these materials, there is a problem with their recycling. Such material requires appropriate processing technology, which has been developed to obtain a recyclate with a specific granulation. The use of hand laminating technology made composites with the addition of polyester and glass recyclate with granulation of 1.2, as well as content: 0%, 20%, 30%. These types of materials are exposed to various types of atmospheric factors that affect their durability. Aging is defined as changes in the composite when exposed to atmospheric conditions, such as: sunlight, temperature, thermal cycles, water in various forms and wind. This article uses recycled polyester and glass composites to investigate the effect of aging in seawater on their strength properties. These tests can be used to pre-assess the applicability of newly developed materials as construction or protective coatings. They were carried out on a specially prepared station for accelerated tests, with elevated temperature (35 °C), as well as brine spray imitating sea atmosphere. The method is used to accelerate the aging processes occurring in composite materials. Samples were subjected to cycles of 5,30 and 60 days respectively. Samples were weighed and measured before and after each cycle. In order to investigate the effect of aging on strength properties, the composites underwent a static tensile test in accordance with the standard for plastics. Studies have shown that as a result of the aging process, the strength properties decrease slightly, which affects the favorable assessment of these materials as constructional.

Jerzy Herdzik CHOSEN PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT AND VESSEL’S FUELLING BY LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS

It was presented the possibilities and ways of methane transport by sea. They are still searched new better possibilities of methane transport especially when the gas mining is at the sea. The advantages of using methane as marine fuel are discussed because it seems to be ecological and cheaper one. The lack of LNG bunkering network for vessels is the biggest problem to share methane as a marine fuel. Only a few ports inside the Baltic Sea area give such possibility. Of course the network is under construction but the development goes too slowly to fulfill the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements on 2020 year. A challenge is to prevent failure during cargo operations, loading hose failure, pipe rupture, manifold leak, tank overflowing or rupture etc. The risk of failure is increased due to very low temperature of liquid methane and the quick temperature change of all elements of cargo system during operations. The aim of the work was to show the indicated problems of vessel’s fuelling by LNG. It was discussed the methane slip during cargo operations and fuelling. The misfires during burning processes into the engines are the biggest problem due to very narrow window of methane self-ignition. It happens the misfiring or knocking cycles. It disturbs the correct work of the engine, resulting in quick engine malfunction or damage.

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Jerzy Herdzik THE IMPACT OF METHANE SLIP FROM VESSELS ON ENVIRONMENT

It was presented the ways of methane leakages during transport by sea. Due to green-house (GH) effect of carbon dioxide on atmosphere it was mentioned the carbon cycle on the Earth. Carbon dioxide is the main GH gas and it was indicated the change of concentration during last sixty years. It was increased about 30%. The possible methane leakages from vessels may increase the total GH effect due to high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of methane and other hydrocarbons. The carbon dioxide emission from engines is about 30% lower that from liquid marine fuels (diesel oils and heavy fuels). The liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) seem to be a good ecological marine fuel. Due to methane leakages estimated on the level of 1-10% from mining to burning in the engines and the GWP on the level about 72-84 the look on methane as ecological fuel may change. It was calculated the equivalent effect (additional effect) of using methane as a marine fuel. Methane leakage on the level of 1-2.5% is equivalent to the same warming effect to the atmosphere as using popular marine diesel oils. So the leakage of methane during all operations should be as small as possible. In many cases it is a serious problem for calculating the real leakages so they may be only estimated.

Agnieszka Jach, Mateusz Zbikowski, Andrzej Teodorczyk LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY PREDICTIONS OF SINGLE-FUEL MIXTURES OF C1-C7 NORMAL HYDROCARBON AND AIR

The numerical modeling of combustion phenomena is an important task due to safety issues and development and optimization of engines. Laminar burning velocity (LBV) is one of the most important physical properties of a flammable mixture. Knowing its exact value if crucial for assessment of flame stabilization, turbulent flame structure. It influences strongly safety, probability of knocking combustion and it is one of parameters used for assessment and development of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms. Hence, the goal of this work is to develop models by means of Machine Learning algorithms for predicting laminar burning velocities of single-fuel C1-C7 normal hydrocarbon and air mixtures. Development of the models is based on a large experimental data set collected from literature. In total more than 1000 LBVs were accumulated for hydrocarbons from methane up to n-heptane. The models are developed in MATLAB 2018a with use of Machine Learning toolbox. Algorithms taken into account are multivariate regression, support vector machine and artificial neural network. Performance of the models is compared with most widely used detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms’ predictions obtained with use of LOFEsoft. These kind of models might be efficiently used in CFD combustion models based on flamelet approach. The main advantage in comparison to chemical kinetics calculation is much shorter computational time needed for computations of a single value and comparable performance in terms of R2 (coefficient of determination), RMSE (root-mean-square error) and MAE (mean absolute error).

Agnieszka Jach, Rafal Pyszczek, Lukasz Jan Kapusta, Andrzej Teodorczyk CFD SIMULATIONS AS A SUPPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN A RAPID COMPRESSION EXPANSION MACHINE FACILITY

The main aim of this study to reproduce methane combustion experiment conducted in a rapid compression-expansion machine using AVL FIRETM software in order to shed more light on the in-cylinder processes. The piston movement profile, initial and boundary conditions as well as the geometry of the combustion chamber with a prechamber were the same as in the experiment. Authors by means of numerical simulations attempted to reproduce pressure profile from the experiment. As the first step, dead volume was tuned to match pressures for a non-combustion (air-only) case. Obtained pressure profile in air compression simulations was slightly wider (prolonged occurrence of high pressure) than in the experiment, what at this stage was assumed to have negligible significance. The next step after adjusting dead volume included combustion simulations. In the real test facility the process of filling the combustion chamber with air-fuel mixture takes 15 s. In order to shorten computational time first combustion simulations were started after the chamber is already filled assuming uniform mixture. These simulations resulted in more than two times higher maximum pressure than recorded in experiments. It was concluded that turbulence decays quickly after filling process, what was also confirmed by next combustion simulations preceded by the filling process. Then the maximum pressure was significantly decreased but still it was higher than in the experiments. Based on the obtained results it was assumed that the discrepancy noticed in air cases is further increased when combustion is included. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that pre-combustion turbulence level is very low and suggested that either piston profile movement is not correct or there is high pressure leak in the test facility.

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Arkadiusz Jamrozik, Wojciech Tutak, Karol Grab-Rogalinski MODELING OF THE OVER-EXPANDED CYCLE COMBUSTION ENGINE

The study concerns numerical tests of an internal combustion engine operating according to the over-expanded cycle carried out in the AVL Fire software. The research covered the modeling of a full working cycle of a conventional engine operating in accordance with the classic Otto cycle and an engine operating on the basis of an over-expanded cycle - the Atkinson cycle. As part of the work, three cases of Atkinson's cycle were analyzed, by closing the inlet valve before BDC (21 ° before BDC) and closing the valve after BDC (41° and 75° after BDC). As a result of modeling, space-time distributions of velocity, pressure and temperature in the cylinder of the modeled engine were obtained. Optimizations of the analyzed cycles were carried out, finding the best ignition timing, at which it is possible to obtain the highest efficiency and the highest indicated mean effective pressure. The calculations showed that the engine operating according to the over-expanded cycle in order to obtain the best operating parameters requires earlier ignition timing compared to the conventional engine. In addition, in the engine operating according to the Atkinson cycle, there is a drop in the indicated mean effective pressure and an increase in the indicated thermal efficiency compared to the engine operating by the classical cycle.

Edyta Janeba-Bartoszewicz, Adam Rojewski ANALYSIS OF HAZARDS OCCURRING DURING THE USE OF HYDRAZINE

The article presents the safety issue bonded to the Polish Air Force F-16 multirole aircraft. The authors pointed out the issue of fuel used for emergency supply system of these aircrafts. The paper emphasized the fact that these aircrafts require special fuel with designation H-70, which is 70% aqueous solution of toxic hydrazine. For this reason, the rescue services of Polish Air Force bases where Polish F-16 are stationed had to be adjusted accordingly. Just as importantly authors noticed that in the event of an emergency landing of this aircraft at different airports can receive difficulties associated with the possible leakage of hydrazine, or its neutralization in the absence of specialized Hydrazine Response Team, which are part of the Airport Rescue Group.

Grzegorz Jastrzebski, Leszek Ulanowicz METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE TAKE-OFF SPEED OF LAUNCHERS FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are currently a very rapidly developing type of aviation. The problem of support during the take-off with the use of, i.a., take-off launchers, arose along with their development, especially for UAVs with weights and dimensions preventing manual take-off. One of the major issues associated with UAV take-off launchers is for its UAV accelerating element to obtain its initial speed. The paper presents three methods of determining launcher take-off speeds for unmanned aerial vehicles, i.e. the concentrated mass oblique projection method, the high-speed camera methods, and the acceleration recorder method. The take-off launcher carriage speed in the oblique projection method is determined from a formula. This method involves “ejections” of concentrated masses from the UAV mass range and measuring the component values resulting from the used formula, which contains the range of the oblique projection, the elevation of the projection and its angle. The method using the high-speed camera involves recording the course of ejections of the concentrated mass from the launcher. The average take-off speed is determined on the basis of a take-off run length (section of the launcher race, where the unit accelerates) and defining the start and end frame of the carriage movement. The third method for the determination of the take-off speed utilizes an acceleration recorder. The method with the recorder involves registering a change in the accelerations when the take-off carriage is being accelerated by a system fixed on the carriage or the accelerated object. The paper presents the methodology of dynamic tests of object acceleration on a launcher, necessary for the determination of speed with the mentioned methods. Selected results from actual tests with the use of the 01/WS/2015 launcher, which is an element of the ZOCP JET2 set, were presented. The test results are presented in a tabular form. The methods for the determination of the take-off speed were compared on the basis of performed tests. Based on the obtained results, the factors impacting the accuracy of each of the methods were identified.

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Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASING A TURBULENCE BY THROTTLED AXISYMMETRIC STREAM FOR A FLUID FLOW INSIDE CLOSED DUCT

Fluid flow through the closed duct is a common phenomenon, which is used in many technical applications. A stream of a fluid is often disturbed by different shapes of elements, which have an effect for a flow and causes the growth of a turbulence. Turbulence rising causes an increase of heat transfer process and eliminates areas of flow stagnation in thermal devices. Paper presents methodology and results of research about possibilities of turbulence increasing for a fluid flow inside a closed duct. Authors analyzed capabilities of application of an internal stream of a fluid in the axis of the tested duct,in the inlet to analyzed construction for main stream turbulence expanding. An additional stream of a fluid was added into the model by internal, partially throttled pipe, which was clogged by special disc. Contact between the disc and internal pipe generated a small gap, where an additional stream of a fluid was directed. Numerical analysis of a level of turbulence for a fluid flow through analyzed duct was realized in ANSYS Fluent environment, as an unsteady simulation with Delayed Detached Eddy Dissipation model of turbulence. Experimental research was realized with constant anemometry measurement method. Results of experimental and numerical analysis show, what part of a fluid inside duct disturbed main stream of a flow.

Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A HEAT TRANSFER IN ECONOMIZER DEDICATED FOR 250 KW POWER SOLID FUEL HEATING BOILER

Heating boilers, which are combusting solid fuels are a very popular heating device in Poland. Heating boilers for solid fuels with nominal power equal to 250-300 kW reach a high level of waste heat. Polish companies produced a significant amount of heating boilers with that level of heating power, which are being exploited all the time in smaller companies and housing associations. A temperature of exhaust gases in the outlet of the heating boiler can be equal to 270-300 ºC. It means, that it is possible to recover some part of the waste heat. It can be realizable in an external heat exchanger. The paper contains a methodology of a heat transfer process calculation for this type of heat exchangers. Estimated waste heat, which can be recovered from this installation is equal to 25 kW. Additional heat exchanger implementation into a plant can increase an efficiency of solid fuel combustion process for a 10 percent. Construction of a heat exchanger was calculated during analytical calculations. After that, analytical calculations were verified in numerical calculations. Numerical analysis of a heat exchanger model was realized in the ANSYS Fluent environment. During calculations, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger construction was analyzed. Authors of the paper analyzed a real temperature distribution for exhaust gases located on a shell side and for a water, which are located on a tube side of the economizer. Numerical calculations allowed to model conditions of economizer steady state work for a whole volume of this construction.

Wojciech Judt, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF A FLUID FLOW INSIDE A REVERSING CHAMBER

Axisymmetric stream, which is directed into an obstacle is an important type of a fluid flow for technical applications in a large amount of thermal and flow devices. Paper presents a case wherein stream of a fluid is directed into a flat surface and changes the direction of a flow by an angle equal to 90º. After that, the free stream is changing a character of a flow into impinging stream. The article presents a methodology of numerical calculations preparation in ANSYS Fluent environment for a velocity distribution of an air flow inside a reversing chamber. Numerical calculations were prepared for a three-dimensional model as an unsteady simulation with Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation model of turbulence. A stream of an air, which was analyzed inside a reversing chamber was not initially swirled. Obtained results of realized calculations were compared with experimental analysis and numerical calculations, which was realized in a different environment by coauthor. Model of reversing chamber, which was implemented into numerical analysis has the same dimensions as used in experimental research. Obtained results show areas of intense flow turbulence inside reversing chamber. Prepared numerical calculations agreed with experimental results of research and allowed to designate areas of stream core and impinging stream inside modeled chamber.

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Romualdas Juknelevicius, Stanislaw Szwaja, Michal Pyrc, Michal Gruca, Saugirdas Pukalskas CO-COMBUSTION OF RME – DIESEL AND NExBTL – DIESEL BLENDS WITH HYDROGEN IN THE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The article presents the test results of the single cylinder compression ignition engine with common rail injection system operating on biofuels and conventional diesel blends with hydrogen. Two types of liquid fuels were tested: blend of the 7% Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) with conventional diesel fuel and Neste Pro Diesel – blend of the 15% Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), produced by Neste Oil Corporation with conventional diesel fuel. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of the hydrogen addition to biofuels and diesel blends on combustion phases, autoignition delay, engine performance efficiency and exhaust emissions. Hydrogen fraction was changed within the range from 0 to 43% by energy. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold, where it created homogeneous mixture with air. Tests were performed at both fixed and optimal injection timings at low, medium and nominal engine load. After analysis of the engine bench tests and simulation with AVL BOOST software, it was observed that increasing hydrogen fraction shortened the fuel ignition delay phase and it affected the main combustion phase. Moreover, decrease of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and smoke opacity was observed with increase of hydrogen amounts to the engine. However, increase of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration in the engine exhaust gases was observed.

Romualdas Juknelevicus, Roopesh Kumar Mehra, Fanhua Ma, Stanislaw Szwaja IN-CYLINDER COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF A SI ENGINE FUELED WITH HYDROGEN ENRICHED COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (HCNG): ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY AND EMISSIONS

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen addition on spark ignition (SI) engine’s performance, thermal efficiency and emission using variable composition hydrogen/CNG mixtures. The hydrogen was used in amounts of 0%, 20%, 40% by volume fraction at each engine speed and load. Experimental analysis was performed at engine speed of 1200 rpm, load of 120 Nm corresponding BMEP = 0.24 MPa, spark timing 26 CAD BTDC, and at engine speed of 2000 rpm, load of 350 Nm corresponding BMEP = 0.71 MPa, spark timing 22 CAD BTDC. The investigation results show that increasing amounts of hydrogen volume fraction contribute to shorten ignition delay time and decrease of the combustion duration, that also affect main combustion phase. The combustion duration analysis of mass fraction burned (MFB) was presented in the paper. Decrease of CO2 in the exhaust gases was observed with increase of hydrogen amounts to the engine. However, nitrogen oxides (NOX) were found to increase with hydrogen addition if spark timing was not optimized according to hydrogen’s higher burning speed.

Piotr Kalina SELECTION OF TURBOCHARGER FOR THE T3.251 ENGINE

In this research is described a selection of turbocharger for atmospheric engine with automatic ignition T3.251. This experimental engine was designed for driving small tractors. The purpose of turbocharging was to achieve a power of 45 kW. This atmospheric engine at 2250 rpm had power of 35 kW. In the first phase. the initial calculations of the turbocharger parameters were made according to the method proposed be Garret company. The B65 turbocharger was selected for the study with flue gas exhaust in a multi-variant combination of turbines and compressors. Modifications were made to both turbine and compressor bodies as well as the size of their rotors. Altogether. eleven variants of the B-65 turbocharger were studied. The B65 turbochargers were fitted with an adjustable exhaust valve. By changing the spring preload. the supercharging pressure was adjusted. The research was carried out by performing the external characteristics and load characteristics of the engine under the same operating conditions and settings of the engine and injection equipment. The paper presents the co-operation lines of an engine and superchargers using the characteristics of the discussed earlier compressors at Institute of Aviation. The effects of different turbocharger configurations on engine performance, power, fuel consumption, temperature and smoke emissions were also analyzed. An analysis of the correct selection of turbochargers was performed.

Marcin Kaliszewski, Pawel Mazuro MECHANICAL AND THERMAL STRESSES ISSUES RELATED TO A SIZE OF A FOUR-STROKE PISTON BASED ON A RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 430 460 EEV ENGINE

The size of an engine is one of the factors affecting its thermal efficiency. It is known that with an increase of the size of the engine, the cubic capacity and heat generation grows in the third power, whereas thermal losses are proportional only to the second power of the size (due to heat exchange surface). However, the increase in the size of the engine generates some problems related to its mass, rotational speed and heat load, the last of which is a subject of these considerations. In the paper the influence of the piston size on its thermal and mechanical stresses is considered. Similar boundary conditions for both cases were assumed. Simulation of the steady-state heat transfer and mechanical simulation were carried out using the Finite Element Method. In each analysis, both the original version of the piston and its scaled version were considered. The boundary conditions were adopted on the basis of engine catalogue data and available literature. The results of analyses were discussed.

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Marcin Kaliszewski, Pawel Mazuro

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 460 EEV FOUR-STROKE PISTON

In this paper the engine piston RENAULT PREMIUM DXI11 430 460 EEV has been analysed using the Finite Element Method. Analysis consider as well heat transfer phenomenon as the thermal and mechanical strains of the piston. Simulations was performed for the point of engine maximum power. Piston material was assumed to be 40HM (1.7225) steel and its properties are delivered basing on available scientific papers. The simulation assumed mean values of heat transfer coefficient, reference temperature and cycle pressure based on engine data, maximum power engine work simulation in AVL Boost software and literature. Part of boundary condition (e. g. cylinder wall temperature) were assumed basing on authors’ engineering intuition and experience. The resulting temperature distribution in the piston was implemented for geometrically nonlinear mechanical FEM analysis. Both the analysis of thermal stresses and stresses of the hot piston in the top dead center were performed.

Miroslaw Karczewski, Leszek Szczech, Filip Polak ENERGETIC BALANCE OF UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE HYBRID POWER TRANSMISSION

Article presents the energetic balance of small unmanned vehicle hybrid power transmission. The vehicle equipped with series hybrid transmission consisted of electric engines connected to the battery pack and small Diesel power generator. In mentioned construction, battery is used as energy buffer and combustion engine is used more as emergency power supply, and is turned on when battery is depleted. In other condition, power generator can be turned off, without reducing power of transmission parameters, except its range. Investigation were divided on two stages. At first stage generator, charging unit and battery were placed outside the vehicle. One piston power generator was feed by Diesel fuel. Fuel consumption of power generator was recorded from AVL fuel balance and energy parameters were recorded by power line analyzer of BMR company. Generator was connected to the direct current power plant. 70 Ah and 48 DC Lithium-polymer battery was charged from the power plant. After charging cycle, small water resistor was used to discharge the battery. Power parameters of discharged battery were measured. This enable to measure balance form tank to the battery. Second stage of the energetic balance determination was to measure internal resistances of vehicle power transmission from current inverter/converter connected to the engine and through the transmission up to the wheels of the vehicle. Power loss of energy at different speed of vehicle wheels without ground contact was measured in respect of power consumption. The series hybrid transmission is consider to be less efficient than parallel but because of specific configuration of power transmission it was possible to reach higher efficiency.

Tadashige Kawakami THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING ON THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION FIELD USING IMPINGING INJECTION

It is very important to achieve the low-particulate and low emissions under high power operation conditions in practical industrial engine and turbin combustion. Several techniques for reducing the emossions have been proposed and a large amount of experimental data has been published. It is well known that the combustion field in practical industrial diesel engine are strongly influenced by the behavior of injection, distribution of droplets and the premixed ratio of the combustion chamber. As the first step of this study, experiments have been carried out to examine the combustion characteristics of heterogeneous combustion field by using Impinging injection and Split injection in a closed chamber. The combustion chamber is equipped with pintle type injection nozzles on each of the opposite walls along the length of the bomb. In this study, we call it “Impinging injection” when the injection is performed at same time by two nozzles facing each other and “Split injection” when the impinging injection is performed at two different timing. The main conclusions are as follows; 1) The most suitable conditions of injection timing exists for improving the maximum burning pressure and total burning time by using Impinging injection. 2) The flame speed can be possible to control by using Impinging injection timing from the ignition. 3) The heat release rate for Split injection is larger than that of standard Impinging injection.

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Michal Kawalec SLIT-SPACER INJECTOR FOR LIQUID AND GASEOUS PROPELLANTS

At present, at the Institute of Aviation there is carried out research on an experimental rocket engine with annular combustion chamber with rotating detonation. One of the fundamental problems with the construction of this engine was the design and implementation of injectors for introducing propellant components into the combustion chamber. Traditional injectors require the use of expensive tools and very precise machining methods, and any change in the construction and geometry of the injector is very expensive and time consuming. Another problem is maintaining proper accuracy and repeatability of small injection holes. This article presents the concept, construction and technology of the slit-spacer injector design, which may provide a new approach to the design of the injection system of the engine (not limited to rocket and "laboratory" types alone).

Kristina Kilikeviciene, Antanas Fursenko, Artūras Kilikevicius, Darius Vainorius, Jonas Matijosius, Alfredas Rimkus, Akos Bereczky

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE

Noise and vibration of ignition compression engine is one of the most complicated field to cope with since every mechanism that compose of the engine affect them separately. In this study, effect of diesel on engine noise and vibration has been studied on an unmodified compression ignition engine.

Andrzej Komorek, Jan Godzimirski THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED ADHESIVE PROPERTIES AND THE MANNER OF SURFACE PREPARATION UPON IMPACT STRENGTH OF BLOCK ADHESIVE JOINTS

The research described in this article is part of investigating impact strength in block adhesive joints. The authors checked experimentally the effect, on the test results, of the manner of surface preparation and compressive strength and Young’s modulus of an adhesive used to make the connection. The experimental testing was carried out with an impact pendulum tool, designed to examine adhesive joints. During such testing, the energy used to tear off the upper part of the specimen, that is the energy lost by the dropping device, is the measure of the impact strength of an adhesive connection. The elements of the samples were made with an aluminum alloy 2017A. In the investigations, the authors used non-normative samples whose upper element was a cylinder rather than a cuboid, as advised in the norm. The adhesive joints were made using epoxy adhesive Loctite, named EA 3421, or an adhesive composition Epidian 57 with Z1 hardener. The glued elements were prepared by treating the surfaces for bonding by means of the stream-abrasive processing. The abrasive mediums were three types of materials of different gradation. In addition, two series of samples were prepared using roughening by sandpaper. For control samples, the authors made joints, in which the surfaces for bonding became degreased merely by petroleum ether. The results of the experimental studies indicate that the impact strength of adhesive joints is dependent on the manner of preparation of the bonded elements as well as on the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of the adhesive, which was used to make the connection.

Karol Korcz MARITIME RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DISTRESS ALERTING

The most important function of a maritime radio communication system called the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is the distress alerting function. Distress alerting is the rapid and successful reporting of a distress incident to a unit which can provide or co-ordinate assistance. This would be a rescue co-ordination center (RCC) or another ship in the vicinity. The article presents and evaluates the technical and operational possibilities of the maritime radio systems for a distress alerting. Especially the basic functional requirements and regulations for GMDSS referring to the maritime radio systems for distress alerting, resulting from the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Radio Regulations have been described. The article presents the role of the maritime radio systems for a distress alerting in the shipping and GMDSS as well. A current status and analysis of the systems responsible for distress alerting has been made. In this context, the operation, methods and ranges of transmitting and receiving the distress alerts by the INMARSAT system, COSPAS-SARSAT system and Digital Selective Calling (DSC) system have been described. The article also outlines the future of the maritime radio systems for a distress alerting. In this context, the two projects under the name of „E-navigation“ and „The modernization of the GMDSS“, currently being implemented in the framework of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) by the Sub-Committee on Navigation, Communications and Search and Rescue (NCSR), have been presented as well.

Grzegorz Kowaleczko, Andrzej Zyluk, Mariusz Pietraszek, Mirosław Wijaszka THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AERIAL BOMB

The paper presents results of numerical simulation of a laser-guided bomb dropping in calm weather conditions. The prototype of such a bomb was developed at the Air Force Institute of Technology. It was a result of the modification process of a classical training bomb. Short description of a seeker and a PID controller adopted in the bomb modifications is presented. Results of series of simulations for various variants of control laws are also discussed.

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Grzegorz Kowaleczko, Andrzej Zyluk, Mariusz Pietraszek, Tomasz Klemba

INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOMB-FLUGER SYSTEM ON ITS DYNAMICS

The article presents the results of numerical simulations of the bomb-fluger system drop. This system consists of two rigid bodies - a bomb and a fluger which are connected by a biaxial joint. For the analysis, an author's program was used to simulate the bomb-fluger system drop. Influence of the characteristic points of the system on its stability and dynamics was investigated. Particularly, locations of a bomb mass center, a fluger mounting point, a fluger aerodynamic focus were tested.

Jerzy Kowalski, Jan Nagorski, Grzegorz Sikora EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL NOZZLE GEOMETRY ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE MARINE 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

The paper presents experimental research that has been carried out on a marine, 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, turbocharged engine. During testing the engine operated at a constant rotational speed of 750 rpm and a load from 0 kW to 280 kW. The engine was fueled by diesel oil of known specification and loaded by electric generator with water resistance. The fuel consumption was measured during the engine operation with fuel nozzles with different geometries. The measurement of the fuel consumption was carried out using a weighing system that was designed, constructed and manufactured by the "KAIZEN" scientific research team at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Gdynia Maritime University. The results of measurements show changes in the fuel consumption by the engine with the geometry of the injected fuel spray.

Rafal Krakowski ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SIMULATED FAILURE OF A RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR USING COMPUTER DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

In the article, the problems of selected failures that may occur during operation of positive displacement compressors and possible reasons for their occurrence were described. It also included methods for checking performance and diagnostics, with particular emphasis on research using an electronic indicator. Possible mechanical damages of air compressors for various applications have also been characterized. Non-destructive diagnostic methods were described to detect and diagnose damage, taking into account their suitability and limitations in their application. In the further part of the article selected tests results of air compressor, specially adapted to simulation of failures were presented. The test stand has been equipped with sensors for measuring the pressure and temperature of the compressed gas and the sensor of the angular position of the compressor shaft, allowing to examine the impact of damage on compressor working parameters. The result of the research was to compare the compressor indicator diagrams in the operational condition and with the simulated failure and between different failures and to learn the changes of processes taking place inside the cylinder during the compressor's work cycle. All the test results could be observed in real time, besides the diagnostic software, supporting the tests, made it possible to record measurements. In the described software it is possible to compare the courses for different cases, to then make a comparative analysis of the results obtained in the state of functional and simulated disability.

Rafal Krakowski TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SOLUTIONS OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINE OF SHIPS SAILING IN THE CONTROL EMISSION AREAS (ECA)

In the article legal norms regarding the reduction of sulfur content limits in exhaust gases in special areas were presented. Then an overview of various solutions for supplying the marine engine with heavy fuel, distillation fuel and gas was made. Also the problem of using low-sulfur fuels in internal combustion engines was described. The presented solutions are a response to the latest provisions being part of the VI Annex of the MARPOL Convention, which entered into force on 01.01.2015. These provisions constitute that sulphation of fuel used in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) may not exceed 0.1%. Then, to meet the requirements, the conditions of using heavy fuels for supplying diesel engines were presented. Individual solutions such as the use of low-sulfur fuels, exhaust gas scrubber assembly and the supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the technical side were shown. Besides the advantages and disadvantages of each of them were also indicated. In the following part, the economic analysis of the selected ship was made. Its purpose was to evaluate economically in the assumed time of operation, and then select the optimal solution for a given unit. For the comparative analysis, the use of low-sulfur fuels was used, the assembly of the scrubber, as well as the adaptation of the unit to use liquefied natural gas (LPG). The article was finished with conclusions, the most important of them is that the use of fuels with reduced sulfur content is the most expensive solution for the selected ship. The cost of the remaining solutions is at a comparable level, but they require greater interference in the ship's construction.

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Wojciech Krauze, Mateusz Michalski FIBER PLACED COMPOSITE SANDWICH STRUCTURES WITH AUTOMATED LAYUP OVER THE HONEYCOMB CORE

Technology development of thermoset composite tapes (Carbon/Epoxy) automated placement over the low density Nomex honeycomb core was addressed in this research. 8-fiber Coriolis AFP machine was used to lay-up Park E-752LT prepreg tape on a sensitive substrate. Anticipated problems with core crushing, tape bridges, wrinkles, twists and gaps were being solved one after another using iterative method. Authors performed number of manufacturing trials doing automated layup over the honeycomb core modifying both parameters of the AFP program and curing process to develop method yielding best possible results. Correct processing of cure cycle including multi-stage curing was essential to enable evaluation of progress in composite tape lay-up quality. Processing parameters and programming features were subject to modifications. Compaction force optimization, ply sectors introduction, layup strategies and tilt angle adjustments were the most effective means to reduce scale of defects. Lay-up quality was controlled using visual inspection, panels cut-up through the most challenging and interesting locations, ultrasonic NDI for porosity and bonding quality check and 3D scanning to evaluate core deformation after cure. Experience gained on first type of test panel was later proven on the second more complex type. Researchers managed to manufacture challenging all 30° ramps panel with U-shape cutout including typical geometrical features known from the sandwich aircraft structures.

Mariusz Krawczyk, Albert Zajdel AUTOMATIC TAXI DIRECTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT

The paper presents a concept of an automatic directional control system for a General Aviation class aircraft during the taxiing phase. In particular, it shows the concept of the system and the control laws synthesis – mathematical model and simulation of taxiing aircraft. Several reasons have emerged in recent years that make the automation of taxiing an important design challenge including decreased safety, performance and pilot workload. The adapted methodology follows the model based design approach in which the control system and the aircraft are mathematically modelled to allow control laws synthesis using the Adaptive Disturbance Rejection Control method. The computer simulations are carried out to analyze the control system behavior. Chosen methodology and modelling technique, especially tire-ground contact model, resulted in a taxing aircraft model that can be used for directional control law synthesis. Aerodynamic forces and moments were identified in the wind tunnel tests for the full range of the slip angle. The results can be used for the preliminary performance assessment of the ADRC method applied in the taxi directional control system. Such system has not been introduced to General Aviation yet. Therefore, the model of taxiing aircraft including aerodynamic characteristics for the full range of the slip angle and a directional control system have a big value in the process of design and implementation of the future automatic taxi systems.

Bartlomiej Krok, Norbert Grzesik, Konrad Kuzma THE USE OF FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM FOR AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM IN THE AIRCRAFT ZLIN 143LSi

The article discusses the manner of controlling the propulsion system in the aircraft Zlin 143LSi, which is equipped with a piston engine driving a variable-pitch propeller. All the operating procedures are carried out manually by the pilot in accordance with the flight manual. The authors attempted at developing the project of a controller based on fuzzy logic, whose main goal was automating the control system of the propulsion unit, thus lowering the level of difficulty of pilotage and increasing the economics of the operation. The project was made in an interactive environment FuzzyLogic Toolbox of the Matlab programme. In the analysis, three input parameters were taken into account, exerting an impact on changing the rotational speed of the propeller: the charging pressure of the propulsion unit expressed in inches of mercury, the speed of the aircraft (TAS) in knots and the angle of attack, at which the flight is made, expressed in degrees. On the basis of the above mentioned input signals, the rotation speed of the propeller was determined, by changing the blade pitch and the recommended angle of attack for the parameters in order to make an optimal use of the data of the flight conditions. The article presents the project of the controller and its optimization. The authors simulated the controller operation in the package Matlab "Simulink". The article ends with data analysis and final conclusions.

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Andrzej Krzysiak NECESSARY WIND TUNNEL TESTS CONDITIONS OF PROPER TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS

In this paper, the conditions to be met by a two- and three dimensional wind tunnel tests in order to ensure their correctness are presented. First of all they relate to the flow similarity between the real and wind tunnel conditions. This similarity enforces a wind tunnel calibration, a proper design and manufacturing of the tested models, a proper research, as well as processing of obtained test data including the usage of the wind tunnel corrections. In this work the majority of these condition were presented but in particular, the influence of the wind tunnel corrections on the tested models aerodynamic characteristics is consider. The two-dimensional airfoil studies and three-dimensional aircraft model balance investigation were performed in two low speed wind tunnels of a different sizes of theirs test section. The wind tunnel tests were performed in two Institute of Aviation low speed wind tunnels, namely in the wind tunnel T-1 (of the 1.5 m diameter test section) and in the wind tunnel T-3 (of the 5 m diameter test section), at the same undisturbed velocity, V∞ = 40 m/s. The comparison of the lift coefficient characteristic obtained in two different wind tunnels using the same two and three-dimensional models and same measurement techniques enabled to discuss the problem of necessity of the wind tunnel corrections usage.

Aneta Krzyzak, Mateusz Mucha, Daniel Pindych, Damian Racinowski ANALYSIS OF ABRASIVE WEAR OF SELECTED AIRCRAFT MATERIALS IN VARIOUS ABRASION CONDITIONS

The use of composite materials is continuously increasing in modern transport. This process is especially noticeable in aviation. The mass percentage of epoxy resin composites in contemporary aircraft constructions is usually higher than 50%, and these materials must meet increasingly demanding requirements. In these circumstances, in addition to mass and strength, it is necessary to predict other properties of the material, such as abrasion resistance. The article presents the analysis of the process of abrasion of carbon fiber reinforced polymers reinforced with various fillers. Straight carbon fiber mats were used for the tests. In addition, powders of pumice, alumina, silicon carbide and glass microspheres at various concentrations in relation to the matrix were used as fillers. In order to investigate the influence of external factors on the abrasion process, each group of samples was subjected to abrasion under different external conditions: in an insulated environment, in the presence of water and loose abrasives: brown fused alumina (BFA) and white fused alumina (WFA). The measurements were carried out using a precision balance and an electron microscope. The results allow concluding on which kind of filler and in what concentration contributes to improvement of the abrasion resistance of the composite material the most. In addition, it was found that the conditions in which abrasion occurs have a very large impact on the course of this process.

Piotr Kucybala, Artur Gawlik, Janusz Pobedza, Pawel Walczak THE USEGE OF A THERMOCLIMATIC CHAMBER FOR TECHNOCLIMATIC TESTS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES AND MOBILE MACHINES

Rapeseed oil in a few applications can be used as an engine fuel. Although it has worse properties than its methyl esters, it can be considered as an alternative fuel in engines adapted to its use. The article describes some problems resulting from the use of pure rapeseed oil as a fuel for compression ignition internal combustion engines. Differences between basic physical and chemical properties between diesel oil and rapeseed oil will be discussed and their impact on the theoretical engine performance and emission of pollutants from the exhaust system, with a focus on viscosity of rapeseed oil and the impact of this parameter on the fuel injection process. The basic changes in the engine design to be able to run on the rapeseed oil are discussed. The results of author’s own tests of the engine adapted to operate on the rapeseed oil and its blends with diesel oil carried out on the engine dynamometer test bench are presented.

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Leslaw Kyziol STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN AN ANISOTROPIC BEAM SUBJECTED TO LOAD

The article presents the physical equations describing the isotropic and anisotropic materials. Orthotropic material and monotropic are special varieties of anisotropy. Constructional steel, pine wood and polyester-glass composite were tested. The beams were made from these materials. The beams were subjected to external loads. The external load caused an internal forces in beams. Calculations of stress distribution was carried out by finite element method (Patran - Nastran software). The calculation results allowed for precise illustrate the distribution of stress especially in layered materials. The load is basically a transmitted through the strong layers of composite. This is illustrated in the figures. Wood is materials of a layered structure and is classified as inhomogeneous materials. Whereas steel is considered to be a homogeneous material. Passing from the level of microscopic inhomogeneity to the macroscopic homogeneous level is called homogenization. This method formulates the macroscopic description by homogenizing microscopic properties. For the purpose of mathematical description of a material, the real centre can be substituted by a homogeneous centre. The homogenization method is commonly used to describe the properties of rocks, wood, composites, reinforced concrete as well as human osseous tissues. The description of the mechanical properties of isotropic materials is based on the theory of elasticity, while the anisotropic materials is based on the anisotropic theory of elasticity. Calculations of anisotropic materials are quite complicated (large number of physical quantities) and sometimes approximate results are obtained.

Leslaw Kyziol, Katarzyna Panasiuk, Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz THE INFLUENCE OF GRANULATION AND CONTENT OF POLYESTER-GLASS WASTE ON PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES

Glass fiber reinforced composites are used in many branches of industry. Polyester-glass laminates serve as structural material in shipbuilding (eg hulls of units, superstructures), in railways, automotive (eg elements of car bodies and interior fittings, roofs of wagons, cisterns) or aviation (e.g. aircraft fuselages, fuel tanks, completion beaks and ballasts). Factors affecting the increase of their use include low specific gravity, optimal strength properties, corrosion resistance. This is associated with a large amount of post-production and post-use waste. The recycling problem of these materials remains unresolved. The article presents the technology of processing polyester-glass waste in order to obtain a recyclate with a specific granulation. The selected technology for the production of layered composites with reinforcement in the form of recyclate is described. For testing, granulation was selected for 1.2 and 3 mm, as well as content: 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Using the water-cutting method, samples were prepared according to the standard static tensile test for plastics. The tests were carried out using a universal testing machine as well as an extensometer for samples with granulation of 1.2 and 3 mm, as well as the selected recycled percentage. Obtained results of the research indicated that granulation as well as content affect the strength properties of composites. As the granulation increases, at the same content, the material gains less deformation. The increase in the amount of the recycle reduces the strength properties of the material, and also due to the decrease in the deformation value - the material becomes brittle.

Bogdan Landowski, Daniel Perczynski A STOCHASTIC MODEL OF CHANGES IN THE OPERATIONAL STATES OF MEANS OF TANSPORT

In the study, application of a Markov process for modeling the process of transport means operational state changes whose duration times can be estimated by Erlang distribution is presented. The research object is a system of city bus transport operation, used in a selected agglomeration. A homogenous Markov process was assumed to be a mathematical model of the process of transport means operation. Transformation of a stochastic process, for which distributions of random variables denoting duration times of the states are Erlang distributions, into a stochastic process characterized by exponential distribution of the state duration times, was performed at the costs of the state space extension. The use of a homogeneous Markov process for mathematical modeling of the operation process, was dictated by the fact that the process reflects adequately, from the point of view of the research goal, the real operation process. In order to illustrate the process, a hypothetical, simplified calculation example was provided.

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Bogdan Landowski, Michal Sojka, Lukasz Muslewski THE POSSIBILITY OF MODIFYING THE LUBRICITY OF TRANSMISSION OILS IN INDUSTRIAL GEARS

The study deals with the issue of durability extension of multi-phase gears working under temporary or constant loading. The tests were performed for transmission oils used in power transmission systems of beet washers of DC type used in sugar plants. The lubricity parameters of oils and the possibilities of their modification through introduction of low-friction additives to the oil was studied. Additionally, the noise level emitted by working gears was measured before and after addition of the modifier. Lubricity tests were performed on semi-Timken apparatus, on which friction pairs friction roller- roller were tested with the use of oils extracted from the gear. SoundMeter application with z MIC002 microphone adaptor was used for measurement of the noise level emission. Tests results have confirmed efficiency of the modifiers as higher values of friction loading were obtained and the noise emission level was reduced. It has been proven that in real operation systems, there is a possibility to increase the value of transmission oil lubricity parameters which has a direct impact on durability of friction pairs of a gear during its operation.

Kazimierz Lejda, Dariusz Kurczynski, Piotr Lagowski, Michal Warianek, Tomasz Dabrowski THE EVALUATION OF THE FIAT 0.9 TWINAIR ENGINE POWERED BY PETROL AND LPG GAS WORK CYCLES UNIQUENESS

The article describes the test results of the uniqueness of the work cycle of two-cylinder internal combustion piston FIAT 0.9 TwinAir engine, while being powered by 95 octane petrol fuel and LPG gas. The engine was working according to load characteristics. The engine mounted on the test bench was equipped with a sequential LPG gas fuel supply system. The gas fuels differ significantly from the petrol fuels in their physiochemical properties. In order to rationally utilize gas fuels to power internal combustion engines, the knowledge about basic fuel burning process of these fuels is required. The paper shows the analysis of individual engine work cycles of the technologically advanced engine in order to evaluate the influence of powering by LPG gas fuel on the rate of uniqueness of its work cycles. The measure of uniqueness of the inter-cylinder processes are the work cycle uniqueness indicators, which are as follows: the maximum work cycle pressure uniqueness indicator, the average measured work cycle pressure uniqueness indicator, the measured pressure work cycle graph uniqueness indicator and the measured pressure work cycle partial graph uniqueness. The carried out research and its analysis has shown that powering the engine with LPG gas has an influence on the engine work cycles and its uniqueness. The burning process of the mixture consisting of air and LPG gas is quicker, which has an effect on the higher speed of pressure increase rate in comparison with the engine being powered by petrol fuel. Achieved maximum in-cylinder pressure values while the engine was powered by LPG gas were higher in comparison with it being fuelled with conventional fuel. This causes an increase of the gas lads on crank-piston system which are influencing directly the piston with higher heat load and the thermal load of the engine.

Marcin Lenarczyk, Roman Domanski THERMAL BARRIER CONCEPTS AGAINST CONTINUOS LASER IRRADIATION

Rapid development in the high-power laser technology poses new requirements on the thermal protective materials. Military laser applications have been characterized and the examples have been presented. Existing materials which may be used as a protection against high energy laser beam have been discussed. Several concepts of the new thermal barrier materials have been proposed. The proposals include: multilayer structures, porous materials, systems with phase change materials (PCMs) and systems with various thermal contact resistance for different contact pairs. Comparative study based on numerical simulation results have been performed to assess efficiency of each proposal.

Malgorzata Linek APPLICATION OF SIMILARITY METHOD OF DISTANCE COURSES DESCRIBING THE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN CEMENT CONCRETE AFTER FROST RESISTANCE TEST

The work concerns test results of cement concrete and the use of similarity analysis of distance course. Research procedure was presented and the obtained laboratory tests results were discussed. Composition of concrete mixes were designed. The cement concrete composition includes cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, admixtures and a ceramic addition. The addition of ceramic was used as a replacement for part of the fine aggregate Fresh concrete mixture parameters were tested and basic parameters of hardened concrete were defined (density, compression strength and tensile strength). The scope of works included concretes intended for airfield pavements and this concretes after frost resistance test. The test has been conducted in diversified media generally used in the course of winter maintenance. Subject to observations of internal structure of concretes and conducted chemical micro analyses using scanning electron microscope, the contents of diversified elements in four zones were specified. The following zones were subject to analysis: cement matrix, contact area between air pores and cement matrix, contact area between fine aggregate and cement matrix and contact area between coarse aggregate and cement matrix. Based on the results obtained diagrams similarity of the analysed concretes were prepared.

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Malgorzata Linek, Piotr Nita

APPLICATION OF SIMILARITY METHOD OF DISTANCE COURSES DESCRIBING THE ELEMENTS CONTENT IN TYPICAL CEMENT CONCRETE

The work concerns the use of similarity analysis of distance course in the internal area of cement concrete intended for airfield pavements. Research procedure was presented and the obtained laboratory tests results were discussed. The contents of diversified elements in four zones (cement matrix, contact area between air pores and cement matrix, contact area between fine aggregate and cement matrix and contact area between coarse aggregate and cement matrix) were specified by using using scanning electron microscope. Based on the results obtained diagrams similarity of the analysed of areas in the concretes were prepared.

Anita Linka, Agnieszka Wroblewska PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AS A TOOL FOR CREATING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FIGURES OF GLIDER AEROBATICS

The article presents the possibilities and validity of the implementation in the field of developing mathematical models for aerobatics trajectory. Proposing a catalog of three-dimensional figures and those described mathematically will allow to improve judging and scoring level, as well as the art of piloting in aerobatics. In the first chapter, article describes the processes of aerobatic flight, judge evaluation method and the current state of technology supporting the scoring process. The second chapter presents the capabilities of the Python programming language, which will be a tool for the construction of three-dimensional models. The third chapter of this article is a description of the comparative analysis of ideal trajectories and obtained in real flight. This chapter also demonstrates the validity and necessity of introducing new standards for assessing aerobatic flights.

Tomasz Lusiak, Robert Babel THE INITIAL ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A 3D PRINTED MODEL OF AN AIRCRAFT

The aerodynamic research into models of an aircraft aims at creating the main characteristics of aerodynamic forces and moments and the aerodynamic characteristics of coefficients of aerodynamic forces and moments, based on real dimensions. The method of 3D printing was used to create a model of an aircraft. The model with the previously set printing parameters and commands for a 3D printer, in the right order, was imported into MakerBot Print. The final stage was printing the model. The printed components of the model of an aircraft were imperfect due to the incorrectly set printing parameters. The model with the previously set printing parameters and commands for a 3D printer, in the right order, was imported into MakerBot Print. The final stage was printing the model. The printed components of the model of an aircraft were imperfect due to the incorrectly set printing parameters. The printing parameters were corrected in the next printing sessions so the surfaces of the components were good enough and grinding was unnecessary. Some excess material was removed in each of the printed components, and the slots were cleaned. Then, the individual models were put together. The paper describes the technique of creating a model of an aircraft to map its exact geometry for experimental wind tunnel research. 3D printing enables us to experimentally investigate a created geometry, in particular to investigated further prior to releasing an aircraft to service. The 3D model employs the model created in line with the previous CFD analysis.

Jaroslaw Mamala, Mariusz Graba, Andrzej Bieniek, Krystian Hennek DEVICE FOR CONTROL THE VALVETRAIN AND CYLINDER PRESSURE OF A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

This article describes the method of controlling an electric magnetic linear actuator that moves an inlet valve of an internal combustion engine. Thanks to the use of the electric control of the inlet valve of the internal combustion engine, it was possible to implement a variable effective compression ratio of the operating power unit, adapting it to the current needs and engine load. In this design, valvetrain was modified by introducing an autonomous intake valve operation with the use of a specially designed electromagnetic actuator. The introduction of this system necessitated an additional modification of the intake camshaft. The control was carried out with the use of a real-time controller with a built-in FPGA unit. The proposed design of a system with an electromagnetic actuator will allow to obtain an additional degree of freedom in the control unit. Particular attention should be paid to registered values or air pressure in the intake stroke for a closed or partially opened throttle, which generates significant pumping losses. The use of an electromagnetic actuator in the intake can help reduce said losses.

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Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon, Lukasz Muslewski, Jerzy Kaszkowiak, Leszek Knopik ANALYSIS OF SELECTED OPERATING PARAMETERS OF ENGINE POWERED BY A MIXTURE OF BIOCOMPONENTS AND DIESEL OIL

Reaching of high parameters of a drive unit and low pollution of the natural environment, is considered to be the most desired effect of motorization. The use of the additive in the form of fatty acid methyl esters to the diesel oil, assumes lowering of harmful fuel gases’ emission and reaching high operating parameters of an engine, such as power and turning moment. Studies on the power output and the turning moment of an engine with self-ignition, are presented in the study. The subject matter of the studies was a combustion engine with self-ignition of the power of 80 kW with the direct common rail system and turbo-compressor’s supercharging and with electromagnetic injectors. The tested engine was powered with diesel oil and the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters and the diesel fuel, in proportions 10%, 30% and 50% with an improver, at the standard settings of the fuel injection controllers. The vehicle used for the testing purposes, has been singled out with respect to the specific features, such as: universality of its use as a means of transportation and the opportunity of modification of the injection parameters, resistance to possible unfavourable consequences resulting from the use of the fuel mixture. The studies were conducted on a chassis test house, at full engine’s loading. The vehicle placed on the test house’s rollers, was strapped with belts to the foundation, and then accelerated up to the specific speed and subjected to loading standing in place. In such a manner the road conditions were simulated. The obtained results of the tests were subject to the statistical analysis. From their analysis it results, that application of the mixture lowers the engine’s parameters to a degree unnoticeable at the time of its operation.

Natalia Marszalek PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF TURBOFAN ENGINE FUELED BY HYDROGEN

Presented paper is focus on analysis of the effect of hydrogen fuel on turbofan engine performance. Selected properties of hydrogen and possibility of introduction in civil aviation were discussed. Hydrogen implementation as aviation fuel offers obvious advantages such as low emission of combustion product, higher payload, lower fuel consumption, general availability but also poses great technical challenges. The most important aspect is to ensure engine operational safety at very high level. Hydrogen implementation would eliminate the aviation dependence of exhausting sources of fossil fuels especially of crude oil. The thermodynamic model of turbofan engine was implemented in Matlab environment. Accepted assumptions have been discussed. Turbine cooling process has been included in the numerical model. Working fluid was modeled as semi-perfect gas. Analysis was carried out for take-off and design point conditions. Engine performance were compared for two kinds of applied fuels: liquid hydrogen and commonly used in turbine engines kerosene. Combustion heat of hydrogen is about three time higher than in comparison with conventional turbine engine fuel, what exert significant influence on engine performance. The results of engine thermodynamic cycle analysis indicate the increase in specific thrust and significant reduction of specific fuel consumption. The results are presented in tabular form and on the graphs. Obtained results have been discussed and the direction of further research was indicated.

Max Mason, Miroslaw L. Wyszynski, Owen Jordan, David Gibson COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF THE FUEL INJECTION AND COMBUSTION IN A DIESEL K6 ROTARY ENGINE

This paper outlines the methods and results of computations completed using the ANSYS Fluent code modelling the fuel injection and combustion within the K6 engine, a new form of rotary engine in which the fuel is injected in an arc across the top of the cylinder. The model uses the DPM Model in conjunction with a dynamic mesh and non-premixed combustion models to treat the injection as liquid diesel evaporating to C12H23. The outcomes of this model are presented in images displaying the distribution of temperature, and fuel and CO2 concentrations. The limitations pertaining to the maximum injection angles are also studied. The simulation is found to be effective and the results suggestive of successful, clean and complete combustion while presenting some matters which re-quire further investigation.

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Jerzy Merkisz, Ireneusz Pielecha, Maciej Andrzejewski, Pawel Daszkiewicz, Wlodzimierz Stawecki LEGAL CONDITIONS IN THE ASPECT OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM EXHAUST SYSTEMS OF RAIL VEHICLES ENGINES

One of the main objectives of the European transport policy is to increase the share of alternative modes of transport – revitalization of rail transport, promotion of water transport and development of intermodal transport, which will help to reduce the dominance of road transport. The adverse impact of transport can be felt both in the natural environment and in society, where the dynamic development of this sector has enabled significant civilization development, with the effects varying depending on the level of economic development, the degree of advancement and use of the various transport sectors, geographical location (including climate), and also the sensitivity of the elements of the environment. Considering contemporary transport hazards, it is important to prevent them from occurring, and when that is not possible – limiting their impact on the environment and reducing the scale and extent of negative impacts. The impact of rail transport on the environment and safety is much lower compared to road transport. The impact of rail transport on the environment mainly comes from the emission of noise and vibration, pollution (from diesel locomotives) and land occupation. The article presents information on the current legal conditions regarding the emission of pollutants from rail vehicles. Information with reference to research tests and emission limit values was included. The subject of tests in real traffic conditions was also mentioned as the direction of changes in vehicle homologation tests.

Andrzej Miszczak ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHANGES IN THE VALUE OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT IN THE DIRECTION OF OIL FILM THICKNESS ON THE JOURNAL BEARING LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

This paper presents the results of numerical calculations of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution, load carrying capacity, friction force and friction coefficient of the slide journal bearing, if the assumed model of hydrodynamic lubrication takes into account the dependence of oil viscosity values on its temperature in all three directions of the adopted coordinate system, in particular, also across the thickness of the lubricant layer. This research considered the slide journal bearing lubricated with the Newtonian oil. The flow of oil was modelled as laminar and stationary. The bearing bushing had a full angle of wrap and its surfaces were smooth. In order to obtain hydrodynamic pressure distributions, the Reynolds type equation was numerically solved by application of the finite difference method (FDM). The numerical procedures for this research, were prepared with the Mathcad 15 software. When adopting the classic models and simplifications for the hydrodynamic lubrication and a thin boundary layer, it is assumed, that the hydrodynamic pressure of lubricating oil does not depend on the position measured across the height of the lubrication gap. On the other hand, it is known, that the dynamic viscosity strongly depends on the temperature, which is a function of all three spatial variables. The aim of this work is to include, in the hydrodynamic lubrication model, the changes of viscosity in the direction of oil film thickness, and to investigate, how it will affect the hydrodynamic pressure distribution and load carrying capacity of the journal bearing.

Lech Murawski COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CALCULATION METHODS OF THE MARINE PROPELLER'S BLADE THICKNESS

Strength of the propellers with the skew-back greater than 25º has to be numerically analysed according to marine classification societies. The finite element method (FEM) is advised for that kind of calculations. Classical and typical propellers (skew-back < 25º) may be designed on the base of empirical equations given by the societies. The minimal thickness of the propeller blade is determined by the equations. Each classification society has their own empirical formula. Sometimes, well designed propeller for one society has not enough strength according to the other society. What is more, propellers designed according to the empirical formulas might be not optimal. Comparative analysis of the marine propeller’s blade strength has been described in the paper. Calculations of the propeller's blade thickness have been done by two international classification societies' empirical formulas (ABS and DNV). The results have been compared with Finite Element Method calculations (NASTRAN program). The methodology of propeller static strength vibration analyses is presented. Numerical calculation methodology is based on solid state mechanics with loadings determined by fluid mechanics calculations. Steady-state and transient fluid flow of the propeller's working conditions were taken into account. In order to determine the optimal modeling method of the propeller several different numerical models were compared, including free model of whole propeller and single blade with boundary conditions placed in the foot. The propeller optimization was the main target of the analyses. Propeller blade thickness might be reduced after FEM method analysis - the propeller mass saving can be achieved.

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Lukasz Muslewski, Bogdan Landowski, Michał Pajak, Michal Sojka ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN TRAFFIC RULES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR IMPACT ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY

Road safety is an important social issue. Hence. changes in road traffic rules have a large influence on travel safety improvement. One of the major issues to be addressed is the speed limit of motor vehicles and radar speed measurements. Moreover, road traffic rules impose the obligation to wear safety belts during driving, carrying children in car safety seats and they put a ban on drink driving as well as driving under the influence of other intoxicating substances that have a negative influence on the driver’s physical condition and driving skills. This study analyzes changes in traffic rules and provides assessment of the way they affect road traffic safety in Poland. The study presents an analysis of the issues connected with road vehicle operation and safety of the passengers including: wearing safety seat belts, use of children car safety seats, vehicle lighting, speed limit. Such issues as the proposed changes in breathalyzer use and implementation of safety systems to provide road users with safety, have been addressed.

Lukasz Muslewski, Michal Sojka, Bogdan Landowski, Marietta, Markiewicz-Patalon POSSIBILITIES OF EXTENSION OF GEAR OIL SERVICE LIFE IN RAIL VEHICLES

The study deals with the results of operational tests of gear oils used in a regional railway transport system. The character of the aging process and the impact of gear oil operation on the main factors determining further usability of gear oil have been defined on the basis of the results of carried out tests. It was proved that transport systems lack reliable an convenient diagnostic methods for gear oil used during the process of operation. One of the criteria taken into consideration in decision making is the period of oil change imposed by the gear manufacturer. The long process of oil application is accompanied by physicochemical changes which cause degradation of its properties. This phenomenon is referred to as oil aging. This fact can cause loss of viscosity, increase in the amount of pollution, and in effect a decrease in the ability to provide a durable boundary film. The lubricating ability of oil decreases as well. An increase in the amount of pollution is caused by interaction of the collaborating friction elements and by pollutants coming from the gear environment. These changes are of permanent character and reflect the state of new characteristics referred to as operational characteristics. Gear oils have a certain lubricating ability which is a critical parameter. This study is an attempt to find a way of the oil service life extension and convince the propulsion systems manufacturers that reduction of costs connected with rail vehicle maintenance does make sense.

Kohei Nakashima, Masato Mizuno, Hiroaki Usami MEASUREMENT OF AXIAL MOTIONS OF PISTON RINGS IN A TWO-STROKE ENGINE BY USING BACK LIGHT OF LED

In two-stroke engines of the crankcase-compression type, the piston rings slide over not only the cylinder wall but also the cylinder ports. It is important for piston ring designers to understand how piston rings behave over cylinder ports. In order to clarify the axial motion of piston rings in two-stroke engines, we established a measurement method using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We attached LEDs inside the piston, and leaked the back light of LEDs through the side clearance between the piston ring side face and the piston ring groove side face. From the position of the leaked back light in the piston ring groove, we determined the axial ring position in the ring groove. Our experiments set this piston with LEDs in an experimental two-stroke engine with a transparent cylinder, and investigated the effects of intake and exhaust ports on axial ring motion under motoring operations. Results indicated that the rings moved in the axial direction by the ring projection and catching in the intake and exhaust ports.

Hoang Nguyen AN IMPROVED FUZZY FAILURE MODES AND EFFECT ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM RISK ESTIMATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY

In all aspects of life, we have to face with uncertainty involved feeling, cognition, evaluation and decision making. In the last decades, there have been proposed a great number of such theories to deal with uncertainty in the real-life imperfect information as fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets, type-2 fuzzy sets, hesitant sets, grey sets, rough sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. They have drawn more and more attention of scholars and been adopted in many various applications. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a reliability analysis technique that plays a prominent role in improving the reliability and safety of systems, products, and/or services. It can be used to identify and eliminate known or potential failure modes to enhance reliability and safety of complex systems. Although commonly used, the conventional FMEA has been heavily criticized in the literature for its various limitations, such as in failure mode evaluations, risk factor weights, risk priority number (RPN) computation and dealing with uncertain information. In this paper, we propose a new aggregation operator for Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy sets (A-IFSs), that proves to be more adequate in fusing information. It is employed in the improved fuzzy FMEA method in the risk estimation of the system failures with uncertain information.

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Mateusz Nowak, Pawel Fuc, Maciej Andrzejewski, Lukasz Rymaniak ANALYSIS OF LDV OPERATION MANNER IN TERMS OF ITS ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL INDEXES

Environmental protection is becoming an increasingly important issue in every area of life. In recent times, a great emphasis has been placed on reducing the negative impact of automotive on human health at every stage of the vehicle's life. The most common impact of cars on the environment is the emission of pollutants from the exhaust system, created during the combustion of fuels in internal combustion engines. For this purpose, legislators introduce emission standards that must be met at the stage of vehicle approval for a given market. To meet these requirements, vehicle manufacturers modify the design of the drive units, body and chassis to reduce weight and improve aerodynamic properties. This approach is methodologically correct because it is possible to compare the results obtained for different vehicles, but in real operation the level of harmful exhaust compounds emissions and fuel consumption depend very much on the way the vehicle is used. As a manner of operation one can understand a variable load in the form of passengers or cargo, driving style, share of urban, extra-urban and motorway driving, terrain formation, ambient temperature and others. This article addresses issues related to the assessment of the impact of the light commercial vehicle operation manner on fuel consumption and the emission of harmful exhaust compounds. The problem was analysed in terms of the difference in vehicle load and driving style. Exhaust emission measurements were carried out using PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) analysers, which are state of the art devices for measuring exhaust emission in real operating conditions, called RDE (Real Driving Emissions).

Zbigniew Otremba, Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik SPECTROFLUORIMETRY OF CHOSEN DISTILLATES OF OIL AFTER PYROLYSIS OF SCRAP TIRES

One of way to obtain liquid hydrocarbons can be pyrolysis of scrap tires. The hydrocarbon substances produced by this method may be an addition to traditional fuels, i.e. gasolines or fuels for diesel engines. In laboratory conditions at Department of Mechatronics of University of Warmia and Mazury there were obtained pyrolytic products and prepared three distillates related to temperatures 160, 204 and 350 ºC. Analyzes of shapes of fluorescence spectra were carried out in Department of Physics of Gdynia Maritime University. Spectra of fluorescence were prepared applying the spectrofluorimeter Hitachi F-7000 FL, which allows applying of excitation wavelength from 200 nm until 600 nm, whereas analyzing of emitted can be performed until 750 nm. In here reported study excitation and emission range for the most intense fluorescence are presented. There were prepared four solutions of pyrolytic products in the n-hexane: 4 ppm, 20 ppm, 100 ppm and 500 ppm. In order to show dependence of intensity fluorescence and shapes of excitation-emission spectra on type of distillate and concentration both kind of visualization – three dimensional and as contour maps – are shown in this paper. In analyzed range of wavelengths intensity of fluorescence grows with concentration of oil, whereas structure of the shape of spectra simplify when concentration increases. The presented effects associated with the fluorescence of pyrolysis products allow to predict the possibility of developing a method for determining the content of these substances in mixtures with petroleum refining products and other liquid hydrocarbons.

Pawel Ruchala, Kamila Grabowska, Przemyslaw Malachowski, Lucas Santos, Daniel Back USE AND CALIBRATION OF 5-HOLE PRESSURE PROBES TO MEASUREMENT OF AIRFLOW VELOCITY

Multi-hole probes are simple and robust device to measurement of flow velocity magnitude and direction in wide range of angles of attack – up to 75°. They become popular as they may be easily use to measurement of unknown flow velocity, while optical methods, like PIV or LDA, require some knowledge about the flow for proper setting of measurement devices. Multi-hole probes are also more lasting in comparison with CTA hot-wire probes, which may be damaged by a dust. A multi-hole probe measures air pressure with one pressure tap on its tip and a few (usually 2, 4, 6 or more) taps on conical or semispherical surface of the probe tip. Based on measured pressures, some non-dimensional pressure coefficients are calculated, which are related to flow velocity direction (i.e. two angles in Cartesian or spherical coordinate system) and magnitude. Finding relations between these parameters is relatively complex, which for years was limiting application of multi-hole probes. The paper summarizes methods of multi-hole probes calibration and use, which may be classified as nulling and non-nulling methods or – with other criteria – as global and local methods. The probe, which was presented in the paper, was the 5-hole straight probe manufactured by Vectoflow GmbH and calibrated in the stand designed and manufactured at the Institute of Aviation. The local interpolation algorithm has been used for calibration, with some modifications aimed on mitigate of mounting uncertainty, which is related with the non-alignment of flow velocity direction and probe axis Results of calibration showed that the accuracy of presented methodology is satisfactory. The standard measurement uncertainty was assessed for 0.2° for the pitch angle and yaw angle, which is better than accuracy declared by the probe’s manufacturer (1.0°). The measurement uncertainty of the flow velocity is approximately 0.12 m/s, similarly like in manufacturer’s data.

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Zbigniew Pawelski, Zbigniew Zdziennicki, Grzegorz Uszpolewicz PROPERTIES OF A THREE DISC CYKLOID GEAR AS A RESULT OF BENCH TEST

The most common design solution are cycloidal gearboxes with two discs, in which the reaction forces of bearings from the working discs create a bending moment on the high-speed input shaft, additionally affecting bearings. In the paper are presented the results of tests of the cycloid gear prototype with three discs. Instead of the second disc, the introduction of two side discs, 1800 from the center disc, allows you to reduce this moment to zero. To compensate for the unbalance of the shaft, the side discs have half the width of the center disc. Each disc works with its own, separate set of bronze rollers, separated by Teflon washers, which should reduce the friction forces. In the paper are presented the results of the tests of the cycloid gear prototype determining basic parameters such as efficiency, torque fluctuations on the input and output shaft, housing vibrations in three directions. FFT analysis of registered parameters showed high compliance of the designated frequencies for different measured signals. The assumed advantages, i.e. high efficiency and low vibration level in the tested range, were confirmed. The results are presented in the form of three-dimensional graphs as functions of speed and torque. High efficiency (80 - 90)% was obtained for load moments above 150 Nm which is practically independent of the rotational speed with which the cycloid gearing works. The oil temperature during the tests was maintained in the range of 36oC ± 2oC. The maximal torque of the cycloidal gear was 500 Nm.

Zbigniew Pawelski, Zbigniew Zdziennicki, Grzegorz Uszpolewicz, Grzegorz Mitukiewicz, Janusz Ormezowski

IMPACT OF THE GEOMETRY ACCURACY OF THE CYCLOIDAL GEAR OUTPUT SHAFT WITH PINS OF THE EFFICIENCY AND VIBRATIONS

Cycloidal gear is characterized by: • Large ratio (up to 171: 1) from one stage of reduction, which minimizes the weight and dimensions of the reducer. • Minimizing the centrifugal forces as the only high-speed element is the input shaft with an eccentric bearing. • Minimizing internal clearance due to simultaneous meshing of a large number of teeth. In contrast to gears with involute teeth, 10÷50% of teeth are found in cycloidal gears with simultaneous meshing. It depends on the size of the gear and the load. The minimum number of teeth engages when running in bulk. • Low noise and low vibration for large torques and variable speeds. • High efficiency in a wide range of loads, because rolling elements are used in every place responsible for the transfer of torque. • Permissible load up to 500% of the rated torque. All above mention point lead into long-term and trouble-free operation, however the above features require high accuracy. The paper described comparison of efficiency, vibration and noise obtained for 3 cycloidal gear modules: 1. Two-disc gear with single rollers for both discs (Chmurawa prototype). 2. Three-disc gearbox with separate rollers for each disc (new idea) with gear components: o output shaft with pins o housing with rollers (wheel with internal tooting), o and input shaft. made with the manual lathe 3. The same three-disc gearbox with output shaft with pins made with the CNC. Different levels of accuracy and thus corresponding vibration patterns were obtained.

Malgorzata Pawlak, Michal Kuzniar ANALYSIS OF THE WIND DEPENDENT DURATION OF THE CRUISE PHASE ON JET ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS

Nowadays more and more attention is paid to minimizing the costs of air operations. The largest share in the cost of the flight is the cost of consumed fuel. Taking into account the external conditions having impact on the aircraft, such as wind direction and magnitude when planning the aircraft trajectory, it is possible to reduce flight time and thus reduce fuel consumption. An additional advantage is the simultaneous reduction of pollutants in the jet engines exhausts. In the times of pro-ecological trends and concepts (e.g. Clean Sky, Single European Sky, CORSIA) this aspect is of crucial importance. The emission of selected pollutants in the jet engine exhausts (NOx, CO and HC) emitted during the flight of a business jet on the route whose cruise phase was assumed to be 1000 km long was determined in the paper. The aircraft used in the research was Gulfstream GIV, powered by two Rolls Royce TAY 611-C engines, for which a cruising altitude of 10 km and a flight speed of 0.8 Ma were assumed. The thrust necessary for the flight at these cruise parameters was set, and then the engine thrust appropriate for the flight and the corresponding specific fuel consumption were determined. On this basis, based on the available ICAO data, the emission of selected pollutants in tis engines exhausts was determined for windless conditions. Next, the analysis of the impact of wind - its magnitude and direction – on the emission of these pollutants was made. The results of the conducted analyses are presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions.

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Robert Placek, Pawel Ruchala TURBULENT STRIPS AND THE MODEL QUALITY INFLUENCE ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAMINAR AEROFOIL IN TRANSONIC FLOW REGIME

The test with a roughness application on the laminar airfoil has been conducted in the N-3 trisonic wind tunnel of the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. The main goal of tests was to investigate the influence of the boundary layer transition triggers on a laminar profile aerodynamic characteristic. For baseline configuration the natural transition was applied. As a local roughness on the upper model surface the carborundum strips with different heights were applied. These were positioned on the upper model surface in the front of the shock position occurrence. The Mach number during test was equal M=0.7 and Reynolds number was about 2.85*106. Tests have been conducted for different model incidence in

range 0⁰-7⁰. Current paper refers partially to the previous study, where airfoil model with lower quality of surface had been tested. Investigation results from previous work indicated that some of transition positions improved an aerodynamic characteristic by reducing the drag coefficient value and decreasing shock wave unsteadiness in the transonic regime. However, current paper indicates that beneficial effects in respect to the baseline configuration are also strictly dependent on the model quality and turbulent triggers size. Improved surface quality of the laminar airfoil model affected on aerodynamic characteristics with and without turbulent triggers. Resultant aerodynamic coefficients of all tested cases i.e. drag, lift and lift to drag ratio were compared.

Filip Polak E-REV’s HYBRID VEHICLE RANGE MODELING

Article presents the influence of battery capacity and electric generator power on a series hybrid vehicle range. Vehicles equipped with increased battery capacity and small power generator are special type of series hybrid vehicles called Extended Range Electric Vehicles – E-REV. The increasing number of hybrid and electric vehicles increases the demand for durable and efficient sources of energy storage for vehicles. The hybrid vehicle's battery driven range is increased as battery power density is increased and its cost is decreased. This is due to the battery cell cost decreasing and improvement of cell chemistry. That cause higher and higher distance driven on electric mode in hybrid vehicles. First series hybrid vehicle engine power was equal to engine powered the vehicle’s wheels. Nowadays, series hybrid vehicles are more electric vehicles with small power generator ( piston or turbine engine. In such a constructions, battery is used as a energy buffer and combustion engine is used more as emergency power supply. To minimize this phenomenon, manufacturers use counteracting solutions that include mounting additional cells in the battery that are switched on when the battery controller identifies a particular battery cell’s failure or high degradation. This is due to the deep and shallow discharges of the battery, the numbers of charging and discharging cycles, and the age and technology of battery packs. AMESim software was used for the simulation of the E-REV hybrid vehicle range. The research was based on modeling the range of the vehicle with different battery capacity works with power generator of different power. By modeling different capacity of battery and power of small generator, it is possible to determine the vehicle range.

Susana Porras, Mateusz Mucha ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES STUDY OF FIBRE REINFORCED POLIMERIC MATERIALS USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES

Aircraft are exposed to lightning strikes. Lightning strike protection (LSP) devices involve additional weight of the aircraft. Therefore, multifunctional materials that allow the conductivity of electrical current and, simultaneously, hold the mechanical properties required to withstand the typical conditions for an aerospace material are widely researched. A typical resin used in aviation is an insulator, so main research is done to reduce its resistance. On the other hand, the type of reinforcement can have a large influence on the electrical conductivity in the plane of reinforcement. The aim of the article is to evaluate the effect of the type and the basis weight of reinforcement on the electrical conductivity. For this purpose, with the use of a hydraulic press, different four-layer composites based on epoxy resin were produced. Each differing in combination of carbon and glass layers and their basis weight (from 48 hg/m2 to 245 kg/m2). The measuring proceedings were carried by an RMS multimeter and, more accurate, by an LCR meter with 4 selectable test frequencies. The measurements were made both along the strand fibers and at a 45-degree angle. The results made it possible to determine which reinforcement of aircraft composites should be selected at the aircraft design level to provide increased electrical conductivity along the reinforcement fibers and thus influence one of the factors affecting the protection of the aircraft against the effects of lightning.

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Konrad Prajwowski, Lukasz Mozga HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERIES DIAGNOSTIC

Hybrid vehicles history begins between XIX and XX century because then has been constructed first hybrid vehicle project. The first men who produced electric propulsion mounted in front hubs connected with generator powered by spark ignition engine was Ferdynand Porsche. Vehicle was called Lohner – Porsche Electromobile. The first en masse produced hybrid vehicle was the first generation Toyota Prius. These model premiere was in 1996, and production started one year later. Vehicle was equipped in 1,5 dcm 58 hp spark ignition engine with added electric propulsion generated 40 mechanical hp. There has been mounting 72 hp spark ignition engine and 44 hp electric generator since 2000. Fuel consumption of these model was 5 liter on 100 km. Beginning XXI century 95% hybrid vehicles were Toyota Prius. The biggest competitor of Toyota Prius was Honda Insight. Lexus and Mercedes started producing hybrid vehicles few years later. The most popular brands selling hybrid vehicles are Toyota and Lexus – Toyota Motor Corporation. Article describes high voltage battery example diagnostic possibilities in a hybrid or electric vehicle. Constructing vehicle models using two propulsion systems (spark ignition engine and electric generator) cause development and increase control system devices. The measurements has been made by using various diagnostic devices for example: diagnostic scanner mega macs 66, high voltage battery tester. Reading faults code is not enough so it is necessary to use data list what describes these paper.

Rafał Prusak, Zbigniew Skuza, Marek Kurtyka, Zbigniew Rembiesa POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS-TO-FUEL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT

Reduction of CO2 emissions in Poland (excluding transport) should be related to a change in the structure of electricity production sources. Similar actions have been taken by many European countries. In 2017, in the European Union's power industry, the largest emitters were dominated by coal-fired power plants in Germany (seven power plants). However, the leader of this ranking turned out to be the Belchatów power plant owned by the Polish Energy Group (PGE). Renewable energy is energy obtained from natural processes. It should be obtained in a way that would not cause a deficit of natural resources (renewed in a short time) to have a limited impact on the environment. The purpose of promoting and using renewable energy sources (RES) is to reduce the harmful effects of energy on the natural environment, primarily by limiting greenhouse gas emissions (water vapor, CO2, CH4, CFC, N2O, halon, ozone and industrial gases HFC, PFC, SF6). Biomass is the most widely used renewable energy source currently used. The study of the literature and comparison of the set parameters for different types of biomass in the given order shows that Virginia mallow has the highest usefulness for energy purposes. Considering the fact that both cashew and coconut (shells) cannot be grown due to the climate prevailing in Poland, Virginia mallow seems to be the best alternative for traditional fuels used in the energy sector in the analyzed group. Virginia mallow has competitive properties to wood biomass and hard coal only significantly supercedes in terms of calorific value. The energy properties of Virginia mallow can additionally be improved as a result of the torrefaction process. In addition, in the literature on the subject, attention is paid to the fact that mallow may be grown on less-favored soils and the process of its collection - in contrast to other such plants - does not require the use of specialized agricultural machinery.

Pawel Przybylek, Marzena Korbela, Robert Szczepaniak, Andrzej Komorek, Aneta Krzyzak, Robert Babel, Wojciech Kucharczyk

THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF NANOTUBES UPON THE THERMO-PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE ARAMID-REINFORCED COMPOSITE

The aim of this article is to present findings concerning the thermo-protective research into ablative materials. The authors analysed the impact of the addition of carbon nanotubes upon the selected ablation properties, i.e. the ablation mass waste, average linear rate of ablation and the back side temperature of the specimens. The performed tests as well as the obtained findings allowed formulating a number of conclusions which are useful in creating future composites.

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Rafal Pyszczek, Pawel Mazuro, Andrzej Teodorczyk, Mateusz Debski EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A 2-STROKE OPPOSED-PISTON ENGINE

The aim of this work is to present initial experimental results obtained at the test stand of a 2-stroke barrel-type Opposed-Piston (OP) engine and perform numerical simulations of the real engine operating points by means of 3D CFD modeling. The OP engines become of interest for research centers because of their construction which allows for achieving high thermal efficiency. If made as 2-stroke, the possibility of unidirectional scavenging arises together with lower engine cost due to removal of unnecessary parts like camshafts or poppet valves. This work presents a 2-stroke barrel-type OP research engine PAMAR-4 which has been developed at Warsaw University of Technology and currently is under extensive experimental investigations. Firstly, a description of OP engines, together with their most important advantages and challenges is given. Secondly, the PAMAR-4 engine characteristic is presented together with the test stand and data acquisition system. After that, the initial experimental results are presented and operating points are defined for numerical model. The 3D CFD simulations are performed with use of AVL FireTM software for chosen operating points and include the scavenging process, fuel injection, mixture formation, ignition and combustion. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data which proves that the numerical model is capable of correct prediction of the PAMAR-4 engine performance.

Alfredas Rimkus, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Romualdas Juknelevicius, Jonas Matijosius, Donatas Kriauciunas

EVALUATING COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGINE OPERATING ON DIESEL FUEL ENRICHED WITH HHO GAS

Research of efficient and ecological parameters was carried out with compression ignition (CI) engine using diesel fuel and additionally supplied hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas mixture. HHO gas produced by electrolysis when the water was dissociating. At constant engine‘s brake torque and with increasing HHO gas volumetric concentration in taken air up to 0.2%, engine efficient indicators varies marginally, however, with bigger HHO concentration these parameters becomes worse. HHO increases smokiness, but it decreases NOx concentration in exhaust gas. Numerical analysis of combustion process using AVL BOOST software lets to conclude that hydrogen, which is found in HHO gas, ignites faster than diesel fuel and air mixture. Hydrogen combustion before TDC makes a negative work and it changes diesel fuel combustion process – diesel ignition delay phase becomes shorter, kinetic (premixed) combustion phase intensity gets smaller.

Rafal Rogoz, Jakub Bachanek, Lukasz Boruc, Andrzej Teodorczyk NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BACK PRESSURE INFLUENCE ON UREA-WATER-SOLUTION MIXING PERFORMANCE IN CLOSE COUPLED SCR SYSTEM

The upcoming Euro 6d emission standard puts even more stringent requirements for diesel engine cars, especially in the case of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. The most widely used technique to meet tight standards is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea-water-solution (UWS) injection. One of the crucial factors is even ammonia distribution at the catalyst inlet, hence very often product development is focused around this issue. The product development is supported by both experimental and numerical work. The common approach to measure cross section ammonia distribution on the SCR is using sampling system at catalyst outlet. Very often exhaust layout is opened just after the SCR catalyst, cutting off the rest part for instance tailpipe or Clean-up Catalyst. Therefore, a back pressure at SCR outlet resulting from the downstream part is also eliminated. This could significantly affect flow parameters as the density changes, thus ammonia distribution and wall film deposition may vary as well. Within this work the influence of the back pressure at SCR outlet on the ammonia distribution and wall wetting was numerically investigated. The simulations were run under various boundary conditions for the Close Coupled SCR architecture. It was shown that depending on the operating point the boundary pressure affects both factors on the different level.

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Adam Rojewski NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ENDPLATES INFLUENCE ON THE WING IN GROUND EFFECT LIFT FORCE

The article presents a comparison of the wing in ground effect magnitude of conceptual WIG craft model main characteristics for a wing with and without endplates which are also known as winglets in regular aircraft. In article, the author describes WIG effect with and WIG craft, which operates on low altitude, smaller than the length of wing chord, mostly above the water reservoir. WIG effect phenomenon is simple. The first aircraft needs to fly at adequate altitude, with a smaller distance between lower airfoil surface and ground static pressure rises, leading to rising of lift force. The main advantage of the wing in ground effect craft on regular aircraft is a much higher lift to drag ratio, also this phenomenon provides to drop in specific fuel consumption of aircraft and allows to fly with heavier cargo due to higher lift force. Characteristics present in the article were designated from simulations which were conducted in Ansys Fluent software. Results obtained for a wing with endplate in numerical analysis shows the superiority of this approach. Endplates provide to increase WIG effect by a decrease in induced drag through the move out vertices from the wing tips which are made by differential pressure above and under the wing. As winglets in regular aircraft, endplates provide to save fuel. WIG craft does not need airports so it could be a cheap alternative for modern aircraft.

Adam Rojewski, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz JET AIRCRAFT DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

The article presents systems which record parameters of flight in modern aircraft F-16, which was delivered to Polish Airforce in 2006. With the current level of technical development of the aviation industry, data acquisition systems are an important element of all aircrafts. These systems are responsible for the flight safety, and allows to read and storage the most important flight parameters, and combined with digital control and safety systems allow to counteract dangerous situations which especially can happen often in the case of military aircraft such as the F-16 due to their combat purpose. Systems records basics parameters of plane and engine, as specific fuel consumption or height of flight, also provides video and audio recording, and aerial combat assistance. These systems record even failures of a braking system during landing. Thanks to modern technology, and devices like those described in this article, F-16 is one of the best fighters in the world. The amount of data provided by analog and digital sensors is so large that it requires the partitioning of parameters and use of several basic recorders. of the entire system is the unit called DAU, or Data Acquisition Unit, which records the most important flight parameters, such as flight time, engine speed or altitude.

Adam Rojewski, Jaroslaw Bartoszewicz DIAGNOSTICS AND ANALYSIS OF JET ENGINE MALFUNCTIONS

The article describes emergency situations occurring in the propulsion system of an aircraft with the jet engine used in Poland on planes such as MiG-29 or F-16. The article also presents statistics of polish aircrafts damage over the years. Due to the technological progress of turbine engines used in fighter aircraft, the authors decided to discuss the issue of monitoring emergency states in this study. In particular, efforts have been made to ensure that damage to the aircraft engine can be prevented by monitoring its operation with the equipment available on the aircraft. Counteracting phenomena that occur in the jet engine can lead to permanent damage, can lead to an increase in the safety of the pilot and the local population, but also to a reduction of costs. The authors also decided to analyze the threats that occur during take-off and landing, and the flight when they land outside the plane. Jet engines are almost reliable, and most common cause of engine damages as the analysis shows are foreign bodies, particularly dangerous for a turbine engine on or near the runway, as well as birds, which provides to mechanical damage of engine. Securing the airport against foreign objects on the runway is one of the most important tasks of ground staff.

Mathias Romanczyk, Witold Elsner THE IMPORTANCE OF MIXTURE PREPARATION FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT AND POWER GAS ENGINES

The main task of a gas mixer is to mix the fuel (gas) with air in such a way, that in the gas engine optimal combustion takes place. A high efficiency of the whole combustion process and low emissions are the decisive optimization parameters. An industrial gas engine operates mostly with a lean air-gas combustion mixture with an air excess coefficient ratio of → λ=1.6. Most often heat and power industrial gas engines operates with biogas. The biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion, where biodegradable materials in the absence of oxygen are fermented. That is why the biogas fuel consists mostly of methane → CH4 (up to 70[%]), carbon dioxide → CO2 and traces of other contaminant gases. It is well known, that the performance of industrial gas engines strongly depends on the quality of air and fuel mixing and therefore homogeneity of the mixture. Improper air-gas mixture can lead to unstable operation of the entire gas engine and excessive emissions beyond the applicable environmental standards. Therefore in this paper numerical investigations were performed using the open source computational fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM to show the importance of mixture preparation for industrial heat and power gas engines by describing in detail the mixing behavior in a Venturi gas mixer model.

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Farzad Shokrollahi, Miroslaw Wyszynski, Juha-Pekka Sundell

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCES OF BLENDING DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF PROPANE INTO METHANE ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS AT THE KNOCK THRESHOLD BY USING RCM

A spark-ignited Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) has been used to investigate the influences of the different proportions of methane-propane mixtures on the combustion characteristics at knock threshold operating condition. First, the threshold operating points of the mixtures have been obtained and the results indicated that the piston driving pressure reduces from 142 bar to 90 bar as the propane content in the mixture increases. As a spark plug was fitted in this RCM, the optimum spark timing was also investigated. It was established that spark timing should be set synchronize with the piston at TDC, due to the free movement of the piston. In most RCMs, piston can move toward TDC following the equilibria of forces due to the absence of con-rod. Finally, knock intensity of the different mixtures has been studied.

Adam Sieradzki GURNEY FLAP AND T-STRIP ALTERNATIVES IN APPLICATION TO TYPICAL AIRCRAFT STEER

SURFACE

Classic Gurney flap and double Gurney flap (called T-strip) are well researched trailing edge modifications used in aerospace engineering. However, one of the inevitable effects of their use is the aerodynamic drag increase at low lift conditions, concerned as the major drawback of these solutions. This paper presents Gurney flap and T-strip passive alternatives which guarantee similar advantages in terms of e.g. lift enhancement, but without significant drag increase. Their aerodynamic analysis was performed on the application case of a typical symmetrical aircraft stabilizer with movable steer. Both solutions, consisting of plates nearly parallel to the direction of flow, were modeled as two dimensional cases and CFD calculations were performed for specified range of angles of attack and steer deflections. Obtained aerodynamic characteristics allowed to assess the influence of selected modifications on the stabilizer effectiveness, as well as on hinge moment characteristics. The flow pattern changes in the presence of analyzed devices were also investigated. This way, performed analysis provided valuable information about the advantages and disadvantages of using of such devices in comparison to classic Gurney Flap and double Gurney flap. The results showed that using proposed solutions gives the possibility of significant reduction of the aerodynamic drag of the whole stabilizer at low lift conditions, while still maintaining favorable lift characteristics.

Lech Sitnik, Radoslaw Wrobel, Szymon Fryda WAVELET TRANSFORM IN ENGINES’ VIBROACUSTIC DIAGNOSI

The article presents the possibility of using a wavelet transform in the diagnostics of an engine based on a vibroacoustic signal. Until now, the applicability of wavelet processing has been severely limited in the technical diagnostics of machines. This was caused by several factors, which mainly include a wrong approach to the scope of applicability of wavelet transformations, limited only to non-stationary signals. Meanwhile, the definition of the signal's stationary is based on statistics and not on the possibility of diagnostics. The authors have prepared a system, based on accelerometers, which allows to measure engine vibration accelerations. This signal became the basis for analyzes based on wavelet transformation. The conducted research shows that the applicability of the wavelet transform has a wide scope and can be the basis for the diagnosis of mechanical equipment damage, even if the diagnostic signal has (from the statistic point of view) stationary character.

Lech Sitnik, Zbigniew J. Sroka, Radoslaw Wrobel A METHOD OF ENGINES’ DIAGNOSIS IN OPERATION

It was found that there are discrepancies between the values of diagnostic parameters ob-tained in the test and natural exploitation. In addition, no appropriate tests are carried out which would be based on the degree of engine degradation in long-term natural use. One of the reasons is the lack of adequate, non-invasive diagnostic methods.The aim of the work was to show the possibility of creating a new diagnostic parameter of combustion engines in their natural operation. The parameter can be determined by a new method (presented in the pa-per). The method is based on the assumption that the technical condition of the engine can be judged on the basis of the run-up curve, and in particular on the basis of the linear direction coefficient, which is approximated by the points of the run-up curve at particular moments of the run-up. An additional requirement is that the points of the run-up curve are the average value of the speed from many runs. In addition, the statistical distributions of the speed values in the individual moments of the run-up should be of the same type. The direction coefficient of the straight line determined is a diagnostic parameter. The value of the new coefficient is the value of the straight line factor. Further works are underway to determine the relationship between the directional coefficient and the technical condition of the engine

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Grzegorz Skorek FRICTION LOSSES IN A LINEAR HYDRAULIC MOTOR AS A RESULT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONTROL STRUCTURE AND OIL VISCOSITY

The problem of energy tests of hydraulic systems with hydraulic cylinders, seemingly simple displacement machines, is more complex than that of rotary hydraulic systems. The results of the researches provide an insight into the impact of external loads, required speed, structure of the power supply system, viscosity of hydraulic oil on friction loss, and the efficiency of cylinder drive. The hydraulic cylinder is the strongest structure in the system. Failure of the system is most likely due to failure of the pump supplying the cylinder. The high load of the pump is often caused by the very low energy efficiency of the cylinder, which, despite a relatively low external load, requires high inlet pressure due to large mechanical losses of friction between the piston and the cylinder and between the piston rod and gland. These losses depend on the type of seal used, its shape, the material it is made from, pre-clamp, and the operating parameters of the cylinder. Improperly sealed or assembled seals can cause energy losses of up to 25%. Due to the use of moving seals in the hydraulic cylinder, its energy behavior is completely different compared to the energy behavior of a rotary motor, which doesn’t have any seals. The friction force connected with the work of the sealing joints and the mechanical efficiency of the cylinder are determined not only by the external load but also by the method of the applicable supply of the cylinder resulting from the throttling structure, and in particular the pressure level generated in the discharge chamber of the cylinder.

Grzegorz Skorek INFLUENCE THE APPLIED CONTROL STRUCTURE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE HYDROSTATIC SYSTEM

A control system with a proportional directional throttling control valve or a directional control servo valve, controlling a cylinder (linear hydraulic motor) is used in the ship steering gear drive, in the controllable pitch propeller control, in the variable capacity pump control system for hydraulic deck equipment motors or fixed pitch propellers in small ships (for example ferries). The hydraulic system is designed first of all taking into consideration the nominal parameters of the cylinder load and speed. For such parameters the energy efficiency of the elements and complete system is described. Meanwhile the exploitation conditions can vary in full range changes of the cylinder load and speed coefficients. The paper presents a comparison of the energy behavior of two widespread structures of hydrostatic systems: a standard individual systems with a throttling steering fed by a constant capacity pump. Both hydraulic solutions are described and equations of the total efficiency η of the system are presented. Diagrams of energy efficiency of two hydraulic systems working at the same parameters of a speed and a load of hydraulic linear motor, which were different due to structure and ability of energy saving, were presented and compared. This publication also presents, analyses and compares the areas of the power fields of energy losses occurring in the elements of two hydraulic systems with different structures of the hydraulic linear motor speed control.

Zbigniew Skorupka ADAPTIVE LANDING GEAR CONTROL SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS

In the present time landing energy dissipation process in aviation shock absorber design is optimized for the most demanding, but still safe, landing scenario (reserve energy landing conditions). Most of the current solutions are based on a fixed hole (orifice) or a set of holes regulating hydraulic fluid flow in the shock absorber. This approach although safe provides no optimization of the forces acting on the fuselage in different (less energetic than limit energy) conditions. Due to the progress in hydraulic flow control, it is possible to design and control a proper system for extended optimization of the landing process energy dissipation. The complete system contains two parts, one of which is a direct flow executive electro-mechanical system and second of which is an electronic control system. The electronic control system directly manages executive system via a set of inputs, thus creating proper output signals for the optimal flow control. In this article, the author presents the idea of the computer control part of the adaptive hydraulic flow control system. The author describes a set of possible control input and output signals both external and internal, from the landing gear reference system, characterizing their role in the landing process. The author also defines possible control algorithms selected to fit the assumptions of the adaptive landing gear system. Finally, the author presents a proposal for the laboratory grade control system for future testing of the assumptions described in this paper.

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Zbigniew Skorupka LABORATORY TESTS OF STAND-ALONE HYDRAULIC PIEZO-VALVE

Flow control inside the aviation landing gear shock absorbers is nowadays performed by fixed orifices or by the half active spring based valves located inside of the device. All of the mentioned solutions are optimized on limited, mostly to one, landing scenarios due to their non-adjustable nature (even spring based valves are treated as passive due to their lack of actual real-time controllability). The easiest way of full hydraulic fluid flow control is to mount in its way a valve, which is able to seamlessly open and close causing the flow to change in wide range. Unfortunately, most of the used solutions are too large or not fast enough to fit the shock absorber requirements. The most promising way is to design tailor-made valve based on a piezo crystal actuator, which is most suitable due to its size and speed. Such a design has been made and tested by the engineers of the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw in Landing Gear Laboratory. In this paper, the author describes test campaign of the hydraulic piezo-valve. Several tests have been made in order to assess the design correctness and to determine the basic parameters of the valve. Achieved results, presented in this paper, show the full functionality of the solution in laboratory tests according to the design assumptions.

Zbigniew Skorupka, Agnieszka Sobieszek STRAIN GAUGE PIN BASED FORCE MEASUREMENT

In this paper authors present force measurement method based on strain gauge measuring system installed inside pin, which is a part of light helicopter Main Landing Gear Shock Absorber. Strain gauges in full bridge configuration were installed inside the mounting pin (upper one – fuselage side). Placement and type of strain gauges were selected during the preliminary tests, which verified the validity and conditions of the force measurement. Preliminary tests allowed verification and selection of an optimal measurement system by testing two types of them. The impact on force according to the angle of force vector direction was also verified. Preliminary tests of the strain gauges equipped pin were performed using quasistatic tests stand – 40T hydraulic press for applying force acting on shock absorber and pin. Whole measuring system is planned to be used in real time analysis of shock absorber force acting on fuselage mounting node. The strain gauges allows measurement of force in any place of the structure, the article presents the advantages of the system located inside pin. Additionally, the installation technologies of strain gauges in hard-to-reach places are presented. The article is summed up with an analysis of the problems which arise during the installation and measurement process using strain gauges installed in such a specific place.

Zbigniew Skorupka, Andrzej Tywoniuk HEALTH MONITORING IN LANDING GEARS

Every mechanical construction loses its properties in time due to the usage wear that leads to malfunctions and, in the end, to failure. Widely used method of failure time prediction base on extended laboratory tests where a device is tested against fatigue and wear. This method is well established but is expensive, time-consuming and costly. Another way of failure prediction is to calculate it using advanced algorithms what is faster and cheaper but less accurate than actual tests. Furthermore, both methods are not optimal due to the principle of operation based on simplified assumptions. In such cases, it is common to make the lifespan of the safety wise devices for example landing gears much less than real in case of fatal failure not covered by the predictions. This can lead to much higher price and maintenance costs of the landing gear. Nowadays the worldwide trend is to monitor the behaviour of the devices in real time and predict failure using actual state. There are several methods of health monitoring, most of them including sensors, acquisition systems and computer software for analysis. In this paper authors describe possible landing gears health monitoring methods based on authors’ laboratory experience in sensor appliance and test data analysis. The authors also present their idea of adding health monitoring to existing landing gears where no dedicated infrastructure was initially designed.

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Zbigniew Skorupka, Ryszard Harla INVESTIGATIONS ON LANDING GEAR SHOCK ABSORBER ACTIVE FORCE CONTROL

Energy dissipation during touch down phase of landing process is one of the key safety and design areas in aviation. Safety is the crucial factor in order to provide optimal landing of the aircraft, which reflects on a crew, passengers well-being and cargo safety. In the overall design of the aircraft, proper landing energy dissipation is the factor reflecting on the toughness of the structural mounts of the landing gears, which is connected to their weight and to the structural integrity of the fuselage itself. Well optimized landing energy dissipation reflects on forces acting on landing gear mounts lowering them due to the lowering fuselage fatigue level and extension its lifespan. The only way of adjusting forces in the landing gear is to control the shock absorber behaviour. In case of the most common gas-fluid shock absorbers, it can be achieved by controlling fluid flow inside the shock absorber. It can be done by several methods, starting from hydraulic fluid viscosity change, finishing with mechanical flow damping of the fluid. In this paper, authors describe physical phenomena related to the hydraulic flow based force control. They also describe possible ways of direct flow control inside the shock absorber in order to achieve desired force adjustment effect.

Maria Skretowicz, Radoslaw Wlostowski, Cezary Kozlowski EVALUATION OF INTERIOR AIR QUALITY IN TERMS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMISSION INSIDE A NEW PASSENGER CAR CABIN DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE

The new passenger car, BMW 225 XE was tested. Tthe results of measurements of concentration of VOCs carried out inside the car cabin depending on the temperature were presented. The investigation was carried out in a special climatic chamber isolated from external factors such as outside air pollutants and weather conditions. The following temperature values have been set: 17 ºC, 20 ºC, 35 ºC and 50 ºC. The samples were located inside and outside of the vehicle’s cabin. As expected, the concentrations of each compound increased with increasing temperature (volatility of VOCs increases with the temperature). Values of concentrations obtained in the measurements have been compared with the values of highest acceptable concentration specified in polish law.

Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PARAMETERS ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE

Results presented in the paper regard the research on a turbocharged dual-fuel CI engine operating on propane. The research indicated that such engine may operate even if 70% of the standard fuel energy is replaced by propane. The research indicated that at such high share of the gaseous fuel there is necessary to adjust diesel fuel injection parameters but it is important that there is no need to change the engine structure. Injection parameters may be adjusted in a wide range due to the modern fuelling system of the common rail type. The investigated engine was equipped with such system. Adjustments regarding the fuel charge division, fuel charge quantities and injection timing enabled to influence combustion in such way to obtain its specific parameters, i.e. maximum combustion pressure, rate of pressure rise, maximum pressure and the burn out ratio similar to those obtained for diesel fuel operation. The obtained results were presented in form of adjustment characteristics of the injection timing of diesel fuel pilot dose for a few chosen values of the boost pressure as well as injection timing of the main dose. The investigation were carried out for three values of the boost pressure, i.e. 200; 400 and 600 mbar but also for the naturally aspirated version. Injection timing of the first dose varied in a broad range and depended on the boost pressure. Injection timing of the second dose varied in a narrower range, mainly due to considerable changes in the combustion process. The obtained results answered a number of questions regarding the strategy of selection of diesel fuel injection parameters taking into consideration engine performances as well as combustion at a high share of the gaseous fuel.

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Tomasz Skrzek RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION PARAMETERS ON THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE TURBOCHARGED CI ENGINE OPERATING ON PROPANE

The article presents results of the studies on the charged, dual-fuel CI compression ignition engine fuelled with propane. The main goal of the studies was to fuel the engine so that the amount of energy provided with propane is possibly highest at the high efficiency, low emission of harmful exhaust constituents and proper combustion. As the studies conducted so far have shown, with the increase of energy from propane we observe crucial changes in the combustion process. As these changes may be a barrier in the further increase of energy, we decided to change the injection parameters of the diesel fuel. The changes introduced allowed for the 70% energetic contribution of gas fuel at the subsequent elimination of unfavourable phenomena. The fuel injection was realized divided into two doses. Both proportions and angle at the beginning of the injection for both doses were variable. The angle at the beginning of injection for the first dose was changed in a wide range and depended on the value of charging pressure. The angle at the beginning of injection for the second dose was changed in a much narrower range, mainly due to very clear changes in the nature of combustion process. The studies have been conducted for three values of charging pressure, namely 200; 400 and 600 [mbar], and also for the naturally aspirated version. Study results have been presented in a form of regulation characteristics for the angle of the beginning of injection of the pilot dose for the chosen charging variants, as well as volume and angle of the beginning of injection for the main dose. The obtained results show that the content of exhaust constituents for the dual-fuel CI engine depends highly on assumed regulations of injection parameters of the fuel dose initiating the ignition, as well as engine charging pressure.

Michał Smieja, Kamil Duda, Jaroslaw Mamala LoRa WAN NETWORKS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

Development of IoT is tightly coupled with the use of the wireless communication solutions. Nowadays there are several standard wireless protocols which are responsible for carrying information. The increase of the communication traffic tends to specialize the kind of used data interchange methods for the sake of demanded size of data packet, frequency of connections, meaning of the data, security and safety of the transmission as well as many others. One of the intensively spreading wireless networks is LoRaWAN. Because of its low energy consumption, long distance range and high flexibility, it seems to be very effective solution to apply in the field of road traffic. The article presented the base features of LoRaWAN as well as the conception of virtual local traffic system based on the data yield from the board systems of cars. Accessed from OBD information about f. e.g. temporary cars speed or accelerations associated with their current position can be significant factor in creating the real image of the traffic situation.

Agnieszka Sobieszek, Zbigniew Skorupka STRAIN GAUGE MEASURING PLATE FOR DYNAMIC TESTS

In dynamic tests, especially landing gears, it is necessary to measure and record load levels. In this paper authors present measurement methods used in the landing gear tests on the 10-Ton Drop Test Machine, which is capable of simulating conditions similar to real landing in landing energy dissipation tests. Possible test objects include dampers, shock absorbers, and crash structures and devices. In described case load measurement can be done by several methods where one of them is strain-gauge plate based load measurement. This type of measurement is basically weighting system under the test object where all forces acting on it are measured. Strain gauge plate is usually tailor-made measurement system, which is composed out of mechanical device (plate itself) equipped with strain gauge force sensors, strain gauge amplification system and recording system. Also differences between static and dynamic measurements are described as well as influence of dynamic test conditions on strain gauges behaviour. In this paper authors describe general layout of the system, advantages and disadvantages of the test stand and problems that may appear during measuring. Authors also emphasize how the accuracy of the design affects to the quality of measurement. At the end of the paper advantages and disadvantages of the test stand and problems that may appear during measuring are described.

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Jaroslaw Stanislawski SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS OF ROTOR FOR HIGH-SPEED

COMPOUND HELICOPTER

Paper presents results of simulations concerning possibilities of rotorcraft performance enhancements for compound helicopters with introduced additional wings and propellers. The simple model of helicopter including a point mass of fuselage and a rotor treated as a disk was used for calculations of helicopter flight equilibrium conditions. For the defined flight states, the more detailed model of elastic blade was applied to compute magnitude of rotor loads and level of blade deformations. The model of elastic blade includes out-of-plane bending, in-plane bending and torsion effects due to variable aerodynamic and inertial loads of rotor blades. Equations of motion of rotor blades are solved applying Runge-Kutta method. Taking into account Galerkin method, parameters of blade motion are computed as a combination of assumed torsion and bending eigen modes of the rotor blade. The six-bladed rotor with stiff connections of blades and hub was applied for comparison of flight envelope for conventional helicopter and versions of compound rotorcraft with additional propellers and with wings and propellers. Simulations indicate that, in the case of compound helicopter configuration, achieving the operational flight conditions at high speed of 400km/h is possible without generating excessive loads and blade deformations. The results of calculations of rotor loads and generated blade deflections are presented in form of time-run plots and as rotor disk distributions which depend on radial and azimuthal positions of blade elements. The simulation investigation may help to define demands for rotor of high-speed helicopter.

Jaroslaw Stanislawski PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND SIMULATION OF ROTOR OPERATION FOR HIGH-MOUNTAIN RESCUE HELICOPTER

Simulation results concerning performance of helicopter suitable for high-mountain rescue operations are presented. Including operations in regions of the highest Himalaya mountains the possibility of hover ceiling out of ground effect (OGE) at 10,000 m above sea level is assumed. Demand of high ratio of developed lift to power required for hover leads to choice the coaxial rotor configuration as the best for rescue helicopter which can operate in extremely high mountain environment and gives good stability features in wind gust conditions in comparison with single main rotor helicopter. For performance calculations the simple model of helicopter is applied, which consists of fuselage point mass and rotor disk. The cases of partial and total power loss are considered to define range of H-V zones and possibilities of flight continuation due to height of landing surface over level of sea. The rotor blades and rotor loads are calculated applying detail model of elastic blade which includes effects of its deflections due to out-of-plane bending, in-plane bending and torsion. The Runge-Kutta method is applied to solve equations of motion of rotor blades with taken into account effects of blade pitch control and variable deflections of blades. According to Galerkin method the blade parameters of motion are treated as a combination of torsion and bending eigen modes of the rotor blades. Elastic blade model allows to define behavior rotor blades in selected states of flight: hover, level flight, wind gust conditions and pull-up maneuver. The results of simulation for upper and lower rotor for blade deflections and loads are shown in form of time-run plots and rotor disk distributions. The simulation investigation may be applied to define features of helicopter configuration suitable for operation in extremely high mountain conditions.

Wit Stryczniewicz ROBUST OPTICAL FLOW ESTIMATION APPLIED TO PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY IMAGES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

The paper discusses application of Robust Optical Flow Estimation for increasing of Particle Image Velocimetry measurement resolution. Nowadays, one of the promising approaches for increasing the performance of the PIV systems is application of the Optical Flow Estimation for image analysis. Nevertheless, some of the OF implementations do not perform well in case of motion discontinues typically occurring in the PIV images. The purpose of this study is to validate the performance of the Robust Optical Flow Estimation. The tests were performed on simulated images of vortex flow and the results were compared with displacement fields calculated with the typical correlation PIV algorithm. The velocity for high and medium particle concentration was similar for Optical Flow and PIV-like analysis. Furthermore the performance of the robust optical flow framework was tested with images corrupted with blurs and occlusions. The tests proved good performance of proposed analysis in case of non-Gaussian sources of measurement errors. The robust estimation framework performed well in the case of common image artefacts and proved to be a promising method for precise PIV flow measurements. The presented approach can be useful in development hybrid OF-PIV post processing software aimed for high resolution measurements and provide a help in designing of experimental investigation of microscale fluid flow phenomena.

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Waldemar Swiderski INFLUENCE OF THERMAL SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS ON DEFECT DETECTION IN GFRP BY ACTIVE OPTICAL THERMOGRAPHY

Advances in technological development, since the 1990s, has been associated with the development of two basic domains of knowledge: information technology and material engineering. The development of material engineering is directly related to composite materials. One group of composite materials are fiber-reinforced composites. Due to their unique properties, they are used in various fields of engineering sectors. Composites reinforced with glass fiber (GFRP) are the second most commonly used composite after carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP). GFRP in many cases can replace traditional structural materials which are usually made from metal. Of course, this material is exposed to damage both in production and operation phases. One method of non-destructive testing that effectively identifies defects in GFRP is active optical thermography. In this method, for thermal stimulation of the tested material, various types of heat sources are used for example: heating lamps, lasers etc. This paper analyses the influence of the characteristics of the thermal optical sources on detection of typical defects in GFRP.

Gyorgy Szabados, Akos Bereczky USE OF BIOFUELS IN A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE - COMPREHENSIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS

The assessment of renewable fuels on the basis of the results of internal combustion engine’s tests is not clearly good or not good. Biofuels can be a part of sustainability from energy sources, energy security and energy diversity point of view. But they cannot be assessed better compared to the fossil diesel as for their combustion and air pollution and the engine’s external parameters. Comparison test series has been conducted with three different fuel and their controlled blends. These fuels were fossil diesel, the conventional, standardized biodiesel, and a new type biodiesel, which is the so called TBK-biodiesel. These tests covered the physicochemical properties of the fuels, the engine external parameters, the combustion parameters and the exhaust emission of an internal combustion compression ignition engine. Furthermore external costs have been calculated based on the emission results. Physicochemical properties, engine parameters, combustion parameters, exhaust emission and external costs have been observed as parameter groups, which contain many parameters. A complex evaluation could be built with the help of such kind of parameter set. On the basis of the results it can be established that almost in the most cases the direction of the parameters’ changes is negative. Thus the evaluation’s centre of gravity has been observed as shifted in the negative direction.

Robert Szczepaniak, Robert Babel, Anna Grzywacz, Wit Stryczniewicz, Grzegorz Kowaleczko THE EFFECT OF USING THE KLINE-FOGLEMAN MODIFICATION UPON THE COEFFICIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES IN THE AIRFOIL

The wing is the main aircraft construction element, whose main task is to produce the lift, balancing the aircraft weight as well as ensuring the execution of all flight states for which the aircraft was designed. The selection of appropriate airfoils or the development of new ones, is one of the most important constructions goals. As a rule, constructors aim at ensuring a sufficiently large lift with little aerodynamic drag in order to increase the scope of utility angles of attack and such shaping of these characteristics so that the aircraft performance, close to the critical angles of attack, guarantees an adequate level of safety. One of the methods of improving the aerodynamic properties of airfoils is the Kline-Fogleman modification. It involves an application of a step into the airfoil contour at a place. It enforces the creation of a swirling air stream, preventing the separation and maintaining airflow over the profile and thus the reduction of drags, as well as delaying separation. The use of this type of a solution is justified when designing unmanned aerial vehicles, of small sizes, which move with slow speeds and sometimes large angles of attack, including those close to critical angels of attack. The Kline-Fogleman modification decreases the likelihood of aircraft stalling. The aim of this work is to present an analysis of airflow over NACA0012 airfoil with Kline-Fogleman modification. The calculations were made by solving the problem of numerical fluid mechanics. For calculations, the Comsol Maribor programme was used. The investigation focused on several different airfoil modifications (KFm-1, KFm-2, KFm-3). This enabled a selection of a solution, providing the most desirable aerodynamic characteristics.

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Robert Szczepaniak, Robert Babel, Kamil Sawicki, Sebastian Stabryn, Aneta Krzyzak, Marek Gasiorowski, Tomasz Lusiak

OBTAINING 3D GEOMETRY OF THE BLADE IN A TRAINING AIRCRAFT FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF ICING CHARACTERISTICS

The blade is one of the most important construction elements of a propulsion unit in the PZL 130 Orlik trainer, whose task is to generate engine thrust in conjunction with the hub. The design of appropriate profiles of the blade determines its efficiency, thus it is one of the most important construction tasks due to complex shapes. After designing and manufacturing the blade, it is advisable to conduct tests with regard to the deviation in the geometry of the model blade from the real one. It is also essential to carry out tests which specify the geometry changes after a specified number of flying hours in order to inspect the possibility of the emergence of damage to the blade during its operation. Moreover, a number of studies are conducted on icing which occurs on the airframe as well as on the blade itself. The aim of this paper is to present a technique of 3D scanning of the training aircraft blade so as to copy its precise geometry after a specified period of exploitation. The purpose of scanning is the ability to use the created geometry for the sake of numerical analyses, in particular for icing during the aircraft operation. The scanner Nikon Maker MMDx as well as the GeoMagic Software Design X was used for the preparation of the 3D model. The blade of the PZL 130 Orlik training aircraft was also scanned.

Adam Szelezinski, Adam Muc, Lech Murawski TIME - FREQUENCY DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2D IN THE QUALITY ASSESMENT OF WELDED JOINTS

The authors of the article have been looking for a new parameters and dynamic characteristics which can be applied to non-destructive testing of welded joints. All characteristics have been based on recorded data generated during the vibration tests of welded joints with and without failures. The article deals with the methods of assessing welding joints using 2D: time - frequency dynamic characteristics. A calculation procedure used for analyzing simultaneous changes of the response modules, registered by acceleration sensors was presented. Vibrations amplitudes were transformed to a function of time and frequency (simultaneously) and presented over 2D time – frequency characteristics. The analyses of the characteristics were performed for a plate without any welded joint, for a plate with non-defected welded joint and for a plate with a welded joint defected by an edge bonding. Having analysed registered 2D time – frequency dynamic characteristics it can be noticed that presenting the responses analyzed simultaneously over the time and frequency allows evaluating if examined system maintains non-linearity and, at the same time, it allows to indirectly assess the quality of the welded joint. The proposed measure parameters of the quality of a welded joint can be defined as a dispersion of colors on the obtained characteristics. The faults (and the vibration nonlinearity) of the welded joints is bigger if the dispersion is greater.

Adam Szelezinski, Adam Muc, Lech Murawski VIBRODIAGNOSTIC OF WELDED THIN-WALLED PLATES WITH THE USAGE OF LASER SENSORS IN NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

The paper presents a non-destructive welded joints assessment (vibrodiagnostic) method, in which, with the use of the Internet, computer networking technologies and laser displacement sensors, the quality of welded steel plates may be monitored. The article also describes the possibilities of analysis of received vibrodiagnostic data on the base of diagnostic parameters analyzed in function of time and frequency. The method described in the paper allows remotely registering, analyzing and diagnosing mechanical systems using vibrodiagnostic and information technologies. Modern, computerized methods exhibit efficiency and reliability of results – they are currently the best measuring tools that can be used in automatic monitoring (structural health monitoring - SHM) of marine structures.

Artur Szilagyi, Akos Bereczky COMPARISON OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A PLUG-IN HYBRID AND A FULL ELECTRIC CAR USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Full electric (FEV) and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) vehicles are promising, forward-looking technologies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollution related to road transport. The powertrain of a FEV is composed of a battery, control electronics and the electric motors. A PHEV has much lower battery capacity but it contains an extra internal combustion engine and gearbox. Many argue that FEVs are more energy-efficient than internal combustion engines. However, this energy needs to be stored in heavy, large-capacity battery packs that require plenty of energy and resources to produce as well as highly polluting rare earth elements mining. In this paper an environmental comparison of FEVs and PHEVs is shown using life cycle assessment (LCA). To make the comparison realistic, two models similar in size and power has been selected: Volkswagen E-Golf FEV and Volkswagen GTE PHEV. Results show that the production of FEVs need more energy and it means more burden on the environment however during the use phase it causes less emissions. Since the local electricity production mix and, in case of PHEVs, the user behavior highly affect the results, three different countries (Hungary, Poland and Norway) and two different use types are considered. The quantified environmental footprints as well as the break even distances are presented. Sensitivity of the results towards the assumed conditions during the whole design lifetime of the vehicles is discussed.

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Janusz Sznajder SIMULATION OF RIME ICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AIRFOIL

A mathematical model for simulation of icing dedicated to simulation of ice accretion and its effects on aircraft aerodynamic characteristics in conditions of rime icing is presented. Pure rime icing occurs at lower temperatures than glaze icing and results in higher roughness of the surface of deposited ice. The model accounts for increased surface roughness, in terms of equivalent sand grain roughness, caused by deposited rime ice which influences generation and dispersion of heat in the boundary layer. Increase of surface roughness is determined by an analytical models created upon experimental data obtained in icing wind tunnels. Increased generation of heat is a result of increased tangential stress on the surface and is quantified in the temperature recovery factor determined numerically by a CFD solver. Effects of surface roughness on the intensity of forced convection are quantified by application of Colburn analogy between heat and momentum transfer in the boundary layer, which allows assessment of heat transfer coefficient for known friction coefficient, determined by CFD. The computational method includes determination of the surface distribution of mass of captured water in icing conditions. The model of freezing of captured water accounts for generation of heat due to latent heat of captured water droplets, temperature recovery in boundary layer and kinetic energy of captured droplets. The sinks of heat include forced convection, heating of supercooled droplets, conduction of heat through the ice layer and sublimation. The mathematical model is implemented as user-defined function module in ANSYS Fluent solver. The results include effects of deposited ice, including increased surface roughness on aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil.

Agnieszka Aleksandra Szokalo, Marcin Rychter LEVEL OF MANIPULATION OF DIGITAL RECORDING DEVICES IN LIGHT OF INTRODUCING ERRU SYSTEM IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The tachograph is the oldest recording device, which belongs to the Group of ORD (On Board Recording Devices). It was introduced in the USA in 1939. Digital tachograph, the new advanced type of recording device in road transport, was introduced by Council Regulation No 2135/98 of 24 September 1998 with the beginning of May 2006, in the area of the European Union. “In contrast to its analogue predecessors the digital tachograph was introduced to facilitate the control of rest and driving times and to prevent manipulation attempt . In order to prevent abuse, it has been made the system of cryptologic keys and certificates stored in cards and devices, allowing to create an explicit laws of users and authentic data recorded in, cards and devices. The Hasler Event Recorder was introduced in the 1920s. Regrettably, the construction of analogue tachograph, an original type of tachograph used in road transport, encouraged to numerous frauds and counterfeits of social rules for drivers. Secure digital tachograph system is indisputably a means having the great influence on road safety, enforcement of the social conditions for drivers in road transport as well as supporting the fair competition between road transport undertakings. In order to better monitor the compliance of road transport with the rules in force, inter alia the provisions on usage the digital tachographs, the European Union regulation introduces the European Registers of Road Transport Undertakings (ERRU), a system that allows a better exchange of information between Member States.

Agnieszka Aleksandra Szokalo, Marcin Rychter ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF OBD II / EOBD CONGESTION DIAGNOSTICS IN THE LIGHT OF VEHICLES OPERATION AND THEIR TECHNICAL CONDITION

Transport in human life has played a key role since ancient times. At the turn of years it has evolved, initially using only the power of human legs, then the animals until use internal combustion engines. The first internal combustion engine was presented by Brackenburow in 1836. The construction showed a very desirable type of combustion engine - burning a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and expelling clean water as exhaust gas. However, the invention was abandoned due to its innovativeness and lack of trust in it. The topic was again taken in 1860 presenting a two-stroke engine using a mixture of natural gas and air with spark ignition. Striving for even greater perfection, Rudolf Diesel in 1893 presented and patented the first self-ignition diesel engine. The first solution, although used today, has shown that automotive engines leave a significant margin of reliability. The operational reliability of internal combustion engines is important in relation to the conditions of their operation and technical condition. The impact of toxic substances in exhaust gases and their impact on the natural environment these days is an important issue. One of the forms of work on the problem is the current diagnosis of engine operation. This was possible thanks to the use of the OBD I system, which was later transformed into OBD II / EOBD and the result of the test results obtained to the applicable EURO standards. The system allows testing during a road test in normal car operation. Using the OBD recorder, the operation of an example vehicle will be analyzed in various operating conditions, and the obtained results will provide diagnostic possibilities.

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Magdalena Szwaja, Pawel Mazuro, Stanislaw Szwaja THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION EVENTS IN THE NATURAL GAS FUELED SI ENGINE WITH VVT

The main aim of the research was to investigate influence of overlap of the natural gas fueled spark ignited engine on the following parameters: Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP), heat rate release including combustion phases (ignition lag, main combustion phase). The content of the study includes results from processing in-cylinder pressure measurements, heat release rate analysis, combustion phases, and finally the conclusions. The tests were carried out on the test bed including the single cylinder research engine with a displacement volume of 550 cm3. The engine was equipped with independent cam phasors for both intake and exhaust valves, but for this investigation, the exhaust valve timing was fixed (the exhaust cam center line was fixed at -95 crank angle (CA) deg before Top Dead Centre) and intake valve timing was changed (the intake cam center line was varied from 90 to 150 CA deg after Top Dead Centre). The overlap was changed in the range from 85 to 25 CA deg. 8 tests series were performed, each singular series consisted of 300 consecutive engine combustion cycles. As observed, by varying the valve overlap it contributes to significant change in the peak combustion pressure, peak of heat release rate, and combustion phases. Summing up, variable valve timing affects compression and expansion strokes by changing polythropic indexes due to various amounts of exhaust residuals trapped in the cylinder. It affects not only engine volumetric efficiency but also the heat release rate and IMEP, so does engine performance. Thus, variable valve timing can be considered as valuable tool that can be applied to the natural gas fueled internal combustion engine.

Reinhard Tatschl, Peter Priesching, Jurgen Schneider MULTIDIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF COMBUSTION AND KNOCK ONSET IN GAS ENGINES

Natural gas fuelled internal combustion engines enable efficient energy conversion with relatively low environmental impact. Depending on the specific application, the available fuel quality and the emission regulations to be fulfilled, different types of gas-engine combustion systems are in use. The major performance and hence efficiency limiting factors in gas fuelled engines are related to the lower ignitability of natural gas at part load and the appearance of abnormal combustion (knock) at high load conditions. This paper provides an overview of the multidimensional CFD simulation workflow for the investigation and assessment of flame propagation and knock onset characteristics in different types of natural gas fuelled internal combustion engines. The most common approaches for simulating flame propagation/combustion under engine conditions are presented together with selected models for describing the pre-flame reactions finally leading to knock onset in the unburned in-cylinder charge ahead of the flame. Based on selected application examples, the models’ performance and capabilities with respect to reflecting the essential characteristics of flame propagation and knock onset are presented.

Marcin Tkaczyk CFD TESTS OF THE EXHAUST SYSTEM OF A SPORTS MOTORCYCLE

The content of this article describes the area of the operation of speedway racing motorcycles, it reflects the specific use, and thus, the special requirements placed on the internal combustion engines used there. Then, a research tool is presented in the form of Computational Fluid Dynamics methods, basic equations as a base for software, and emphasizes the essence and necessity of adequate selection of turbulence models. Presentation of the work tool is crowned with a brief description of the application in the form of Ansys numerical analysis software and a specific place and possibilities of its application. The practical part describes the work carried out during the tests of a GM 500 type combustion engine and attempts to compare two types of exhaust systems whose advantages and disadvantages in analytical calculations are difficult to determine, whereas CFD tests accurately represent pressure fields, velocities and the most important parameter in the form of resistance of the exhaust system. The article is crowned with the results of tests enabling determination and selection of the exhaust system with lower flow resistance and recommendations adjusting the exhaust system to a specific engine.

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Rastislav Toman, Ivaylo Brankov MULTI-PARAMETRIC AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF A SPARK-IGNITION RANGE EXTENDER ICE

The current legislation pushes for the increasing level of vehicle powertrain electrification. A series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain with a small Range Extender (REx) unit – comprised of an internal combustion engine and an electric generator – has the technical potential to overcome the main limitations of a pure battery electric vehicle: driving range, heating, and air-conditioning demands. A typical REx ICE operates only in one or few steady-states operating points, leading to different initial priorities for its design. These design priorities, compared to the conventional ICE, are mainly NVH, package, weight, and overall concept functional simplicity – hence the cost-effectiveness. The design approach of the OEMs is usually rather conservative: parting from an already-existing ICE or components and adapting it for the REx application. The fuel efficiency potential of a one-point operation of the REx ICE is therefore not fully exploited. This paper presents a multi-parametric and multi-objective optimization study of a REx ICE. The studied ICE concept uses a well-known and proven technology with a favourable production and development costs: it is a two-cylinder, natural aspirated, port injected, four-stroke SI engine. The goal of our study is to find its thermodynamic optimum and fuel efficiency potential for different feasible brake power outputs. Our optimization tool-chain combines a parametric GT-Suite ICE simulation model and modeFRONTIER optimization software with various optimization strategies, such as genetic algorithms, gradient based methods or various hybrid methods. The optimization results show a great fuel efficiency improvement potential by applying this multi-parametric and multi-objective method, converging to an interesting short-stroke designs with Miller valve timings.

Justyna Tomaszewska, Paweł Krzysiak Mariusz, Zieja, Marta Woch STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND-RELATED INCIDENTS AT AIRPORTS

In recent years, the aviation sector has been developing dynamically. The constant increase in the number of passengers contributes to an escalation in the number of air operations. This trend is mainly due to the increased traffic not only in airspace but also within airports. The large concentration of aircraft at the largest airports makes ground flying phases such as taxiing or take-off becoming a challenge for pilots, ground services and air traffic controllers. An intensive operation of many objects on the airport's manoeuvring areas can lead to collisions between them. Global air traffic is growing constantly, with record numbers of air operations and passengers carried. The probability of a collision increases, which leads not only to the cancellation of the flight but also to the significant costs of the aircrafts repair. The statistical analysis allows to highlight the problems related to the issue of ground collisions at airports and can also confirm the thesis concerning the growth and density of air traffic.

Adam Torok, Mate Zoldy, Edit Csefalvay EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ON AIR-FUEL RATIO

Environmental emission of road transport is a key problem. Periodic environmental test are designed to ensure minimum emission. Periodic checks are based on measurements. In this emission measurements fuel type plays an important role. The Brettschneider equation is a method used to compare the idealized and actual air fuel ratio. Brettschneider established a method to calculate ratio of oxygen to fuel by comparing the ratio of oxygen molecules to carbon and hydrogen molecules in the exhaust. In this article authors have investigated blended ethanol effect on idealized and actual air fuel ratio based on Brettschneider equation. The main result of the paper that blended ethanol has insignificant effect on air-fuel ratio.

Wojciech Tutak, Arkadiusz Jamrozik COMBUSTION OF MIXTURE OF DIESEL FUEL WITH GASOLINE IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

Paper presets results of experimental investigation of combustion process of diesel-gasoline blend in compression ignition direct injection engine. The researches were conducted for constant load of engine at constant rotational speed. Operating parameters of engine powered with diesel-gasoline blend were at the same level as for engine powered by pure diesel fuel. The preliminary study were conducted using CFD modeling. Based on encouraging modeling results preliminary experimental research was carried out. It turned out that it is possible to co-burning diesel with the gasoline as a blend. A mixture of 20, 40 and 60% of gasoline with diesel was used. It was concluded that an increase in gasoline fraction in blend causes delay of start of the combustion process. The homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture was improved due to longer ignition delay which is accompanied by higher values of pressure rise rate. With 20 and 40% of gasoline fraction causes higher peak pressure compared to reference fuel burning ware obtained. Up to 40% of gasoline fraction the BSFC was kept at the same level as for reference fuel. It was observed that with the increase in gasoline fraction up to 40% NOx emission increased as well. Based on the carried out tests it can be stated that it is possible to co-burn gasoline with diesel in a compression ignition engine while maintaining the invariable engine operating parameters and exhaust emissions.

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Mirosław Tyliszczak, Anna Lesnau ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING WASTE FROM PLASTICS TO RECEIVE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FUELS BY THE METHOD OF PYROLYSIS

Plastics due to their durability, ease of molding, relatively high mechanical strength and chemical resistance are materials commonly used in all branches of industry. Their main disadvantage is problematic storage and disposal. Many attempts have been made to limit the production of garbage containing polymers, including by introducing reusable packaging or by substitution by less harmful for environment materials in every possible situation, however nowadays plastics have gained so much popularity that the quantity of products made from this material is still growing, and limiting their production despite the attempts made is virtually impossible. The existing methods of recycling and disposal prove to be effective only to a small extent, which is why it is very important to develop and implement new, more effective solutions. The following article present an alternative utilizing method of plastic garbage using low temperature pyrolysis process. During the process, chemical transformations and thermal decomposition of batch materials occur. Thanks to this technology, it is possible to obtain high-energy products such as oil and gas. The presented concept of the device allows to increase efficiency of waste disposal, there is no need to segregate plastic waste into individual groups and the whole process takes place in only one device so it is easy to automatize it and also initial technological processes such as grinding and cleaning are limited. All above allows to reduce costs associated with the purchase or renting additional machines, equipment and area designated for storing waste.

Andrzej Tywoniuk, Zbigniew Skorupka WIND POWER PLANTS – TYPES, DESIGN AND OPERATION PRINCIPLES

Many countries worldwide support green energy production on large scale mostly by solar or wind energy subsidizing manufacture and operation of such systems. During the last two decades there has been significant increase in wind energy production globally. Statistics show continuously growing investments in the development and installation of wind turbines and farms. Currently, wind energy is the second most important source of renewable energy after water energy. By 2016 global cumulative installed wind capacity surpassed 432k MW [GWEC]. In last several years most dynamic growth in wind power generation investments was recorded in Asia. Europe, in comparison, has less impressive but steady growth in wind power plants through the years. In this paper authors present global demand on energy in comparison to efficiency of wind power plants in relation to the local and global location as well as to the scale of installed system. Authors also present statistical data concerning wind power plants development. General classification, using number of criteria (ex. power output, construction size, rotor axis orientation and other) of wind to electric power converting devices is presented. Various types of devices, which authors describe in this paper, can perform conversion of wind blow energy to the electric energy using different yet similar methods.

Leszek Ulanowicz METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE STATIC FRICTION DEGREE IN THE SLIDE PAIR OF THE MINIATURISED ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM

One of the most important parameters specifying the usability of the miniaturised electrohydraulic servomechanism includes a static friction degree in its slide pairs, i.e. resistance of the slider’s movement from rest after some time of its staying at rest under pressure. Therefore, at the stage of designing and construction of the electrohydraulic servomechanism, it is important to determine the greatest static friction degree which may arise in the slider hydraulic pair of this device during its operation. The objective of this paper is to present a method for estimating the maximum static friction values in the slide pair based on the extreme value theory. The operation and loading conditions of the slide pair of the electrohydraulic servomechanism for the unmanned aircraft control system were described. The procedure for estimating the maximum static friction degree in the slide pair with the use of the extreme and probabilistic grid was presented. The extreme and probabilistic grid structure was based on the Gumbel probability graph. The graphic presentation of results of the static friction experimental studies in the slide pair on the extreme and probabilistic grid was discussed. By using the graphics method, the empirical dependence of the static friction force in the slide pair on the working fluid pressure in the hydraulic drive (loading conditions) was determined. A practical example of estimating the maximum values of the static friction force that may occur in the slider hydraulic pair of the miniaturized electrohydraulic servomechanism is shown.

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Tanay Sıdkı Uyar PLANNING AND BUILDING 100 % RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE WITH THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE

When and why humanity faced the Energy Problem? What was the problem? How are we trying to handle it since the beginning? Do we have enough resources of renewable energy?Which technologies are mature enough to contribute and take part in the solution? Are they available in the market with compatiple prices? What is the role of storage for dealing with the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources? Why do we need to build, operate, integrate and manage energy efficiency, storage and renewable energy in harmony with nature by smart grids in sustainable cities of the future? Is transition to 100 % Renewable Energy the solution? If so what else is required to reach this target? What are we going to do with the existing system? Which methodologies and techniques we need to use to realize this transition with minimum costs and externalities? How are we going to justify this transition? Is it only a technology problem? What parameters we need to consider when we are trying to live in harmony with nature? How are we going to readapt human beings to be satisfied with minimum ecological footprint societies? Can human beings build democratic societies where energy efficiency and 100 % renewable energy is respected and beneficial for each individual of the communities? Transition to 100% renewables requires planning the future with the information of the future. For reaching this target we need to carry on a multidisciplinary approach to understand and take into consideration the basic constraints and requirements of the living space we are sharing all together in the atmosphere. How to Speed-up the Global Transition to 100 % Renewable Energy?

Agnieszka Wieczorek, Mariusz Giernalczyk OPTIMIZATION OF GASSING-UP OPERATION BASED ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO TWIN ETHYLENE CARRIERS

The papier consists comparative analysis of the gassing-up operation – purging cargo tanks with cargo vapour, on gas carriers carrying primarily Ethylene – one of the most expensive cargo of all hydrocarbons carrying by the sea. The source of the problem constitutes similar densities of both gases under specific conditions - Ethylene and Nitrogen – a gas that tanks are purged before gassing-up. The analysis is made for considerable optimization of the process. The comparison of gassing-up methods is based on tests and measurements on two particular twin gas carriers. In both cases different methods – parallel and cascade were chosen to do the gassing-up (parallel means to purge tanks separately at the same time, cascade means to purge tanks one after the other) what allows specifying beneficial procedure. What was estimated during voyages were technical parameters measured during gassing-up, time of the process and the most important information – loss of the cargo. Analysis of particular stages of the operation also allows estimate the level of gas mixing in the tank. The basic purpose of this profile, based on Ethylene loss, is selecting alternative for carrying this operation in more efficient way, what constitutes determining the most proper method of gassing-up – parallel or cascade and setting temperatures, pressures, mass flows which minimize vapour of Ethylene vented to the atmosphere.

Krzysztof Wierzcholski THE METHOD OF LUBRICATION FOR VEGETABLE GREASE

This paper covers new aspects and a method of hydrodynamic lubrication of various friction pair using vegetable non-Newtonian greases. Biological greases and oils are applied in slide journal bearing lubrication occurring in farm and consumption machines working in pollution sensitive areas. Further applications can be found in humanoid robots joint lubrication as well as lubricants in various friction pairs, for example in gear and other friction nods. The following belong to new vegetable greases: Accu-Lube LB10000 as medium to heavy duty machining oil, Accu-Lube LB 4000 - light to medium duty machining oil. Bio-vegetable greases have very important characteristic features and they offer the following benefits: prevention of corrosion protection-preventing premature failure,maximum penetration-ensuring protection at the cable core, extreme wash-off resistance that guarantees protection in wet conditions. Furthermore, the presented vegetable greases have biodegradability properties,hence this fact has important meaning in temporary environmental problems. The aim of this paper is to present a new general analytical and numerical solution of the hydrodynamic lubrication problem, to determine the influence of the vegetable grease and its biological additions on the temperature distribution in the internal surfaces of the slide bearing sleeve and pressure distribution in the bearing gap or on the cooperating surfaces of the friction pair. The research methods and materials used in this paper include the following: the Mathcad 15 Professional Program and new semi-analytical methods applied in connection with the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication extended to the curvilinear orthogonal surface and coordinates. Particular solutions are introduced to the cylindrical coordinates. The obtained results of the lubrication of the movable sleeve surface include a new model of the hydrodynamic lubrication theory. As a consequence of the new method of calculation indicated the intervals are proviced of the increases and decreases of the dynamic viscosity of greases and the intervals of the hydrodynamic pressure increments and decrements versus of the pH (power hydrogen ion concentration) of greases and wettability of vegetable greases into cooperating surfaces.

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Malgorzata Wojtas, Agnieszka Sobieszek, Tomasz Szczepanik INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE GYROPLANE ROTOR BLADES - FATIGUE TESTS

The paper presents test bench method for verifying the fatigue life of the rotor blades, working in operating conditions in a position steady flight (autorotation), on the aviation construction called the gyroplane. One of the critical elements of this design is the main rotor, which in its modern versions takes the form of advanced composite structures subjected to loads in flight complex variable, the nature of which differs from the well known operating conditions of helicopter rotors. The article includes a description of the test object which are composite rotor blades designed specifically to work in autorotation, the specificity of loads of autorotation rotor, and method of implementation of the gyroplane rotor work cycles in the test bench. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the sustainability of the composite blades under the gyroplane operating loads with the goal to allow the rotor to operate in the air. The tests were carried out for 100 hours of gyroplane flight at loads do not exceed the maximum operating loads, and for several hours under a load higher than operating. During test for the evaluation of composite structure the infrared camera with dedicated software IRNDT was used. The reached showed structural integrity in critical mounting section of the blade.

Malgorzata Wojtas, Lukasz Czajkowski, Agnieszka Sobieszek THE INFLUENCE OF THE BLADES LEADING EDGE ANTI-EROSION PROTECTION ON MAIN ROTOR PERFORMANCES

This paper presents the influence of rotor blade airfoil shape on main rotor performances. In this case we analyzed the influence of anti-erosion tape which is applied to the leading edge of the blade to protect the blades from environmental conditions. In Gyro-Tech Innovation an Aviation Company and Institute of Aviation the independent tests of helicopter and gyroplane main rotors were performed. Research includes: bench tests, on the test stand for dynamic testing of insulated rotors and tests on two flying constructions, gyroplane Cavalon produced by AutoGyro GmbH company and ultralight helicopter Dynali H3. On the test bench, a two-blade rotor, used in ultralight and unmanned helicopters, was tested. In article, the authors present importance of the proper selection and application of anti-erosion coatings on rotor blades. Discuss the behavior of the above-mentioned constructions with main rotor blades leading edge covered anti-erosion tape, during flight tests. The results of bench tests, including the comparison of polar curves of the main rotor with anti-erosion coating and without were also presented and discussed. In the summary of this paper among others the solution of technological pocked introduced in the rotor blade, corresponding to the thickness of the anti-erosion tapes, in such way that after tape is applied it does not change the contour of the blade airfoil were presented.

Paulina Wozniak PROPERTIES OF CORROSIVE COATED COATINGS MULTI-GROOVE HARDFACING ON STAINLESS STEEL

Using the pad welding technique it is possible to regenerate machine parts or improve surface properties such as abrasion, corrosion and aging resistance. To ensure optimum processing conditions and economic efforts should be made, while providing a high deposition efficiency for the small amount of metal in the pad weld substrate. The pad welding process for the test subject should be carried out by preheating to evaporate the moisture and reduce the porosity of the weld. This treatment is required depending on the carbon equivalent. The article presents the results of corrosion tests of multi-groove pads made with the MIG method on a steel substrate. The samples were made of C45E steel. The additional material was a wire made of stainless steel with the factory name CASTOMAG 4554S. The results of previously performed tests allowed to determine the optimal process parameters at which we obtain the smallest share of the base material in the padding. Steel samples were prepared and preheated to 300 °C. The hardfacing process was carried out with constant parameters, ie current intensity, arc voltage, surfacing speed). Two protective gases were used to apply the additional material: CO2 and corgon. The samples were subjected to corrosion tests in two environments (3.5% sodium chloride solution and 0.001 sulfuric acid solution). The assessment of corrosive properties was made on the basis of constant current measurements (potentio-dynamic method). The influence of shielding gas on corrosion properties was demonstrated based on the tests.

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Marek Wozniak, Damian Batory, Krzysztof Siczek ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE OF THE COOLING AGGREGATE IN VEHICLE WITH COLD STORAGE CHAMBER

The transport of fast spoil articles is realized by vehicles with cold storage chambers. The cooling system of such chamber is its critical subsystem, the essential component of which is a cooling aggregate driven by vehicle combustion engine via belt transmission. The main assembly of the analyzed aggregate was the axial five piston compressor. Small aluminum pistons were led in cylinders in fixed head made of aluminum alloy. Such pistons were driven through steel tappets, mating through their spherical surfaces with spherical seats made in small pistons. Through their front surfaces, placed opposite to the spherical surfaces, small pistons were driven by the spatial disc cam made of aluminum alloy. The cam was mounted on the steel shaft. The co-operation of described parts was in presence of refrigerant oil. The abrasive and fatigue wear of elements occurred. Because of long-term utilizing of the aggregate the damage of radial sealing ring occurred. Then, external impurities of high hardness got into the contact zone between the mating surfaces. The main aim of the study was to analyze consequences of such fact. The failure was noticed in the form of wear of disc cam, front surfaces of tappets and the plastic deformation in the spherical surfaces of the seats. Then, due to deformation and the displacements of the rotating shaft, wear of the side surface of disc cam during contacts with small pistons surfaces took place. Moreover, we noticed wear of the side surfaces of the pistons and the cylinders mating with them in the fixed head. In the paper we present figures of damaged surfaces of elements and results of the SEM analysis of spherical surfaces of tappets. The material transfer occurred between the spherical surfaces of tappets and their seats.

Agnieszka Wroblewska, Anita Linka THE USE OF CARBON NANOTUBES TO OPTIMIZE THE AERODYNAMIC OF THE AEROBATIC GLIDER WING

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) were discovered in 1991 by Japanese physicist Sumio Jijimie. Since then, they have become more and more popular in many industries due to their unique properties, which are revealed only on the nano scale (regarding carbon particles). CNT are characterized, among others, by high mechanical strength and, after carrying out appropriate chemical processes, high hydrophobicity. These two characteristics affect the desire to use them widely in the field of aviation. There are already known methods and examples of applying CNT to airframe surfaces in order to eliminate the effect of icing or reinforcing a structure without additional weight. This paper presents the use of carbon nanotubes to increase the aerodynamic capability of a glider by applying a sheet of CNT to the leading edge.

Wojciech Wronicz NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN RIVETED LAP JOINT UNDER TENSION

Riveted joints are a common location of fatigue cracks in aircraft metal structures. Fatigue life of such joints as well as a place of cracks nucleation is strongly influence by a stress distribution in sheets, which is a result of residual stresses (mainly after riveting) and stresses induced by external loads. Stress distribution in two-row lap joint were investigated with the use of Finite Element Method. The joint consist of two 1.5 mm sheets and two protruding rivets with diameter equal to 4 mm, made of 2024 T3 (sheets) and 2117 T4 (rivets) aluminium alloys. The simulations covered a riveting process and a tensile stages. The 3D models of joint with the universal rivets and with the brazier rivets with a compensator were prepared. Elastoplastic material properties as well as geometric nonlinearity and contact phenomena were included. The results of simulations show that the residual stress distribution after release of tensile loading varies significantly from the distribution after riveting only. This fact should therefore be taken into account in a fatigue life estimation of such joints performed based on a FE calculation. The paper presents also the influence of the analysed rivet geometry on the stress distribution at the sheets faying surfaces.

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Zhuyong Yang, Niranjan Miganakallu, Sandesh Rao, Jaideep Harsulkar, Jeffrey D. Naber, Yashodeep Lonari, Stanislaw Szwaja

INVESTIGATION OF KNOCK SUPPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS IN A BOOSTED METHANE – GASOLINE BLENDED FUELED SI ENGINE

Natural gas has a higher knock suppression effect than gasoline which makes it possible to operate at higher compression ratio and higher loads resulting in increased thermal efficiency in a spark ignition engine However, using port fuel injected natural gas instead of gasoline reduces the volumetric efficiency from the standpoints of the charge displacement of the gaseous fuel and the charge cooling that occurs from liquid fuels. This paper investigates the combustion and engine performance characteristics by utilizing experimental and simulation methods varying the natural gas-gasoline blending ratio at constant engine speed, load, and knock level. The experimental tests were conducted on a single cylinder prototype spark ignited engine equipped with two fuel systems: (i) a Direct Injection system for gasoline and (ii) a Port Fuel Injection (PFI) system for compressed natural gas. For the fuels, gasoline with 10% ethanol by volume (commercially known as E10) with a research octane number of 91.7 is used for gasoline via the DI system, while methane is injected through PFI system. The knock suppression tests were conducted at 1500 rpm, 12 bar net indicated mean effective pressure wherein the engine was boosted using compressed air. At 60% of blending methane with E10 gasoline, the results show high knock suppression. The net indicated specific fuel consumption is 7% lower, but the volumetric efficiency is 7% lower compared to E10 gasoline only condition. A knock prediction model was calibrated in the 1-D simulation software GT-Power by Gamma Technologies. The calibration was conducted by correlating the simulated engine knock onset with the experimental results. The simulation results show its capability to predict knock onset at various fuel blending ratios.

Mate Zoldy, Sandor Vass DETAILED MODELLING OF THE INTERNAL PROCESSES OF AN INJECTOR FOR COMMON RAIL SYSTEMS

In the last few decades exhaust emissions of road vehicles have decreased dramatically, owing to the more and more stringent emission standards issued by the legislative bodies of different countries, combined with the necessity of cleaner, better performing vehicles from society side. The introduction of Common Rail (CR) injection systems has been a great step towards achieving this target, thanks to its flexibility in fuel injection pressure, timing and length, along variable engine load conditions. However, it is highly time and resource consuming to set up the injection system for all operating points of different engines, moreover, as the injection is a small scale, high speed process, the behavior of the internal processes is challenging to measure. The best solution for these problems is to create a detailed model of the injector, where all the hydraulic, mechanic and electromagnetic subsystems are represented, this way the internal working conditions can be analyzed and resources can be saved. In this work a detailed model of a first generation CR injector for commercial vehicles is presented and validated against needle lift data. The fluid dynamic and mechanic sub-systems are presented in details to thoroughly investigate the working principles of the injector internal parts. The fluid dynamic subsystem contains the chambers, holes and throttles of the injector, while the mechanic subsystem models the motion and behavior of the internal parts. The main features of the injector internal working conditions are described and analyzed. Apart from the needle lift, these included solenoid anchor, pin and control piston lifts, the control chamber pressure and the mechanical force acting on the anchor. Five test cases were chosen on a medium duty test engine to represent a wide range of operation points from full load to idle and the simulated results were compared to the measured data. The simulated control piston movement accurately matched the measured curves in every test case.

Andrzej Zoltowski TESTING OF AN ENGINE FUELLED WITH RAPESEED OIL

Rapeseed oil in a few applications can be used as an engine fuel. Although it has worse properties than its methyl esters, it can be considered as an alternative fuel in engines adapted to its use. The article describes some problems resulting from the use of pure rapeseed oil as a fuel for compression ignition internal combustion engines. Differences between basic physical and chemical properties between diesel oil and rapeseed oil will be discussed and their impact on the theoretical engine performance and emission of pollutants from the exhaust system, with a focus on viscosity of rapeseed oil and the impact of this parameter on the fuel injection process. The basic changes in the engine design to be able to run on the rapeseed oil are discussed. The results of author’s own tests of the engine adapted to operate on the rapeseed oil and its blends with diesel oil carried out on the engine dynamometer test bench are presented.

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Andrzej Zoltowski, Paulina Luiza Grzelak EMISSIONS FROM ENGINES FUELLED WITH BIOFUELS

In recent years, the interest in the use of renewable fuels in transport has increased. This is due to the European Union's policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These fuels, in addition to the effect of reducing carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases, may increase the emissions of other exhaust components. The article describes the problems of pollutants emissions from the engine exhaust system, related to the use of biofuels in combustion engines or their additives in conventional fuels. The influence of the chemical composition of selected biofuels on the emissions properties of vehicles and their engines will be discussed. The tests results of engines fuelled with selected biofuels, carried out by the authors of the article, will be presented. These tests will be carried out on chassis dynamometer and engine test bench, in standard research tests used in measurements of pollutants emissions like NEDC, ESC, ETC, etc. Furthermore, selected operational parameters of vehicles and engines will be compared with biofuels and conventional fuels.

Daria Zuk, Norbert Abramczyk, Anna Lesnau THE USE OF PARAMETRIC STRUCTURE MODELING IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

Automation of processes related to design and manufacturing is one of the essential goals of most manufacturing companies. The use of modern computer-aided design systems CAD allows partial automation of such processes. The parametric model can be built in some CAD systems. In the parametric model, selected dimensions are treated as control parameters. By changing the values of these parameters, we can control the remaining geometrical dimensions of the model. These dimensions can be associated with linear control parameters using mathematical relationships. Parameterization allows you to associate a geometric model with a mathematical model and allows you to automatically make changes to all elements associated with the currently modified parameter. When working on a non parameterized model, the changes in the modeled object must be applied separately for each part and subassembly of which it is composed. In a parametric model, changing one parameter entails changes in other parameters dependent on it. Parameterization of the model allows its use for further modification of the designed structure related to customer requirements, even for those very complex, as well as accelerating the design process itself. The article presents a three-dimensional geometric model of a boat davit created with the use of the Siemens NX 9.0 software. In the work, the geometry of the crane model was parameterized for the assumed values of its height and reach. As a result of parametric modeling, the values of the individual geometric dimensions of the device's structure elements and their mass were obtained. It was justified that thanks to the use of parameterized models, the time of design and construction processes can be significantly reduced, which makes the process more efficient.

Pawel Zurawski, Norbert Grzesik, Konrad Kuzma AIRCRAFT DOCKING GUIDANCE SYSTEM TO THE GATE, USING FUZZY LOGIC

The article presents the concept of automated final process of aircraft taxiing to the gate at the terminal. On the basis of an analysis of the possibilities of aircraft taxiing in civil airports, the authors attempted at optimizing this process. The main objective of the project is to reduce the taxiing time, consequently reducing fuel consumption as well as the rotation time. As a result of the work, the authors designed a controller based on fuzzy logic, which, depending on the initial parameters, calculates the set values for the execution system of aircraft control in the horizontal plane and for the taxi speed. The controller receives two input signals, which determine two output signals. The designed controller allows comprehensive and fully automated aircraft steering. The project relies on data with regard to the apron class D, suited to handle aircraft with a wingspan of up to 52 m and the characteristics of a Boeing 767-200 in speed taxiing and the maximum turn of the nose gear. The measurements of the apron have been adopted in accordance with international regulations in the ICAO DOC 9157 "Aerodrome Design Manual". The maximum deviation of the nose gear from the centre line was assumed to be 2.5 m in each direction and a safe distance behind the immobile aircraft equal to 25 m. The length of the Boeing aircraft 767-200 is below 48 m, therefore the input boundary parameters are equal to +/- 2.5 m from the centre line and 80 m from the designated aircraft stand (nose gear). The article presents the project of the controller and its optimization. The authors simulated the controller operation in the package Matlab "Simulink". The article ends with data analysis and final conclusions.

Marek Swierczewski, Grzegorz Slawinski, Piotr Malesa INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL SPACE FRAME IN BODY SHELL ON CHANGE OF ITS RESPONSE AS A RESULT OF IMPULSE FORCING

In order to increase the stiffness unibody chassis in Wheeled Armoured Vehicle on impact of the shock wave, the space frame part in body shell was conducted. The aim of this action is to reduce deformation and damage as a result of the detonation of the mine or an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) under the vehicle. To verify the conducted modernization, numerical calculations of the system response to a blast wave effect were carried out. The mass of the detonated explosive was increased from 6 to 20 kg of TNT. An explosive material was detonated centrally under the vehicle front part according to NATO requirements. The results of the calculations allowed for a deformation assessment of the floor plate and its displacement before and after modernization. A model and numerical calculations were performed using the following software: CATIA, HyperMesh, LS-PrePost, LS-Dyna. CONWEP approach was used to describe an influence of a pressure wave on the structure.