Using Machinery

These resources were produced with the financial support of ELWa

1

Tractor operation and maintenance Tractors, along with their variant the rough terrain fork lift, are the major source of power on farms. This unit is concerned with the major systems of the tractor, procedures for driving it from rest, operating it with a range of mounted and trailed attachments, moving physical resources around the work area and maintaining it.

Outcomes There are five outcomes to this unit. By the end of the unit you will be able to

1. identify the major systems and key components of the tractor 2. start up, drive and stop the tractor 3. operate a tractor with a range of mounted and trailed attachments 4. load, transport and unload physical sources securely and safely 5. carry out routine and non-routine maintenance

Assessment

The outcomes for this unit will be assessed using evidence from

1. Practical activities – These are listed for each outcome. The assessment will be by means of a set assignment for the unit.

2. Written test – The underpinning knowledge requirements are listed for each outcome. These will be assessed by a multiple-choice question paper based on the test specification.

2

Table of Contents

Tractor operation and maintenance .................................................................1 Outcomes.....................................................................................................2

Assessment ..............................................................................................2 Chapter 1 - Identify the major systems and key components of the tractor .....5

The cycle of operation of the compression ignition engine...........................5 The Four Stroke Cycle..............................................................................5

How to ensure the smooth running of the engine and produce maximum power. ..........................................................................................................7

Correct gear selection...............................................................................7 Correct fuel settings. .................................................................................8 Temperature control .................................................................................8 Tyre wear..................................................................................................8

The major systems on the tractor and their key components. ......................9 The Fuel System.......................................................................................9 Air cleaners...............................................................................................9 Turbochargers ........................................................................................12 The fuel injection pump...........................................................................15 The fuel Injector ......................................................................................15 The Governor..........................................................................................16

The Cooling System ...................................................................................17 Air Cooling ..............................................................................................17 Water cooling..........................................................................................18 Water Circulation ....................................................................................19 The Impeller............................................................................................20 The Thermostat ......................................................................................20

The Lubrication System..............................................................................20 Oil Filters.................................................................................................22

Electrical and starting .................................................................................24 The alternator .........................................................................................24 The Dynamo ...........................................................................................25 The Starter Motor....................................................................................25 How the starter turns the engine.............................................................25 Electrical switches ..................................................................................26

The Transmission System..........................................................................26 The clutch ...............................................................................................27 The Gearbox...........................................................................................27 The Differential .......................................................................................28 Final Gear reduction ...............................................................................29

The Hydraulic System. ...............................................................................30 The Three-point Linkage.........................................................................31 Auxiliary Hydraulic Tappings...................................................................32

Wheels, tyres and brakes...........................................................................33 Wheels and tyres ....................................................................................33

The Power Take-off Shaft ..........................................................................38 The Live P.T.O........................................................................................39 External Controls ....................................................................................40

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................40 Chapter 2 - Start up, drive and stop the tractor .............................................41

3

Pre-start checks .........................................................................................41 Personal pre-start checks .......................................................................41 Tractor pre-start checks..........................................................................41

The instrument panel..................................................................................41 Tractor driving and common hazards .........................................................44 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................46

Chapter 3 - Operate a tractor with a range of mounted and trailed attachments .......................................................................................................................47

Attaching trailed and mounted equipment and machines...........................47 Drawbar and pick-up hitch ......................................................................47

Warning signals and indicators...................................................................51 Tractor driving with attachments.................................................................52 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................60

Chapter 4 - Load, transport and unloading materials securely and safely .....61 Operate mechanical lifting equipment to conform with the relevant legal restrictions: e.g. maximum weight ..............................................................61

Transporting resources safely.................................................................62 Stacking and storing...................................................................................65

Safe stacking of traditional bales ............................................................65 Safe stacking of big bales .......................................................................65 Fertilisers ................................................................................................66 Sawdust ..................................................................................................66

Transporting material .................................................................................68 Monitoring loads .........................................................................................68 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................69

Chapter 5 - Carry out routine and non routine maintenance ..........................70 Typical Service Schedule ...........................................................................70

10 hours(or daily)....................................................................................70 50 hours (or weekly) ...............................................................................71 300 hours................................................................................................71 600 hours................................................................................................71

Preparing the tractor and work area for maintenance ................................72 Dealing with hazardous chemicals and substances: e.g. storage and disposal in accordance with COSHH regulations .......................................72 Maintenance tasks and the correct procedures for carrying out routine and non routine maintenance............................................................................73 Personal protective equipment (PPE) ........................................................74 Storing tools and materials after use ..........................................................75 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................76

Chapter 6 - Health and Safety General ..........................................................77 Safe working practice .................................................................................77 Using tractors with attachments in and around the work area. ...................77 The action to take in the event of. ..............................................................77 Manufacturers instructions .........................................................................78 Health and safety – Specific .......................................................................78

Farm safety policy...................................................................................79 Risk assessment.....................................................................................79 PUWER ..................................................................................................80 Codes of practice....................................................................................80

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................81

4

Chapter 1 - Identify the major systems and key components of the tractor

The cycle of operation of the compression ignition engine.

The internal combustion engine is a form of heat engine and the name “heat engine” is given because heat energy produced by the burning of fuel within the engine is changed into mechanical energy. Different types of fuel are used in different types of engines , most tractor engines use diesel and are called compression ignition engines(C.I. engines). The engine is made very much the same as the petrol or vaporizing oil engine, but because higher pressure and thrusts take place within the engine itself, it is made stronger. The basic parts are very much the same as in the other types of engines, the method of operation is slightly different. Instead of fuel/air mixture being taken into the cylinder, air alone enters and this is compressed to such an extent that it becomes very hot. It becomes so hot in fact that it will set fire to fuel injected into it hence the name compression ignition engine.

The series of events is usually known as the operating cycle and most tractor engines operate on what is known as the four-stroke cycle .

The Four Stroke Cycle

1. The Induction Stroke. The piston moves down, inlet valve open, exhaust valve closed. The downward movement of the piston creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder and air only ruches in through the inlet valve passage. At the bottom at the stroke the inlet valve closes trapping the air within the cylinder.

2. The Compression Stroke. The piston moves up, the inlet valve is closed, the exhaust valve is closed. The upward movement of the piston compresses the air to very high temperature, about 1000°F. This temperature is reached because the volume within the cylinder is reduced to approximately 16 times its original volume.

3. The Power Stroke. When the piston is at the top of the compression stroke, a spray of fuel is injected into the cylinder. This fuel ignites immediately when it comes in contact with the hot air. The burning fuel/air mixture expands and thrusts the piston down the cylinder.

4. The Exhaust Stroke. The piston moves up the cylinder, the inlet valve is closed, the exhaust valve is open. The upward movement of the piston pushes the burnt gases out through the exhaust valve passage ant to the atmosphere.

5

Fig 1 – The four stroke cycle (compression ignition engine)

6

How to ensure the smooth running of the engine and produce maximum power.

Why is it important to maximise power and efficient use of your tractor?

Reduces energy consumption Saves fuel costs Reduces downtime Results in less waste Helps tractor and equipment to last longer

Several operating controls and adjustments are available to drivers of tractors and the driver should understand the response characteristics of each control and the purpose of each adjustment. Driver safety and economic benefit will result.

One key element for the efficient use of all tractors is that they are regularly maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

One other element is that all drivers need to be trained to operate the tractors as per manufacturer’s recommendations. It is also essential to ensure that the tractors power is sufficient for the operations carried out.

Correct gear selection

When you use the tractor, correct gear selection to fit the task will have a significant effect on the efficiency of the operation. In the modern tractor there are many forward and reverse gears to select from. Most tractor field speeds are determined by the implement and not by the power ability of the tractor although considerable savings may be possible depending on how you arrive at the speed. Some implements require the tractor to maintain certain engine revs in order to work as required. In order to maintain the revs, you may need to make gear shift adjustments to meet changes in ground conditions or changes in inclines.

Travelling on rough ground requires a reduction in travelling speed while maintaining tractor revs, this is achieved by moving down to a lower gear. When operating in areas of the fields where the ground conditions may be wetter, again adjustments will be needed to compensate for the loss of traction and possible decrease in engine revs.

When travelling up or down inclines, gear changes should be made before starting the operation. Changing down gears in either direction is necessary to maintain control and engine revs .

When pulling up an incline, failure to select the appropriate gear, engine revs will fall which will affect the performance of the implement attached and

7

therefore the efficiency of the task. Change down at the base of the incline in order to maintain the power output of the tractor.

When travelling down an incline, in order to maintain control and revs, use the same gear used to climb the incline. In this way you will maximise both efficiency and power of the tractor.

In some field work the tractor may have changing demands from the attachment e.g. when side loading from a forage harvester. The load weight being pulled will change and this affects the performance of the tractor. When empty and on a flat field the tractor will find it easy to manage the load, as the trailer is filling up gear selection will need to compensate for the increased weight and changing ground conditions in order to maintain the performance of the tractor safely.

Correct fuel settings.

In most tractors the fuel setting is set by the manufacturer and is usually adjusted by the dealer . Most tractors will have seals to ensure that these adjustments are not done on farm. Tampering with the injectors, may seriously affect your warranties.

Exhaust smoke is a good indicator of the operating condition of your engine.

Blue smoke from a CI engine implies combustion of lubricating oil that enters the combustion chamber past the piston rings, past worn valve guides, or from worn turbocharger shaft seals.

White smoke consists of unburned fuel mist and occurs with misfiring during cranking and under low temperature operations.

Black smoke arises from incompletely burned carbon because of worn injectors or over-fuelling foe CI engines.

Light grey is a normal colour for most CI engines.

Temperature control

The operating temperature of an engine, as indicated by coolant temperature, can also affect power and efficiency. For most engines temperatures higher than 93°C will result in coolant loss and burning of oil. The thermostat maintains a constant temperature automatically. The operator should monitor the temperature reading and take proper action if any variation is indicated from the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Tyre wear

8

Tyres deteriorate with use and exposure. Wheel slippage wears away the lugs on drive tyres. Sidewalls can buckle and break from overloading and /or under inflation. Oil, oxygen, and sunlight cause rubber to craze, crack and weaken.

Fig 2 Tyres and Tracks (John Deere)

The major systems on the tractor and their key components.

The Fuel System

The diesel engine fuel system is made up of the following main parts:-

An air cleaner A fuel lift pump Fuel filters Fuel injection pump Fuel injectors

Air cleaners

The air cleaner is necessary especially when you consider how filthy the air can get when carrying out certain field work e.g. cultivating. Should dust and dirt enter the engine, very rapid wear may take place on valves, pistons and cylinders and all bearings. There could also be a rapid build up of carbon in

9

the combustion chambers and on the valves. This carbon would glow red an upset the running of the engine.

d

here are two main types of air cleaners :-

he Oil-bath, three-stage air cleaner. ome tangentially and this sets the air

air passes rapidly down the stack pipe and dust in the air is

ough an oil-damp wire gauze, trapping any dirt

order to maintain this type of cleaner, you should clean out the dome l,

o

ig 3 Oil bath air cleaner(Basic Farm Machinery)

T

T Stage one - air enters the pre-cleaner d and dirt swirling, thus throwing heavy dirt particles out through the dust- ejection slots. Stage two – the driven into the oil and trapped. Stage three – the air passes thr that may have escaped the oil bath, from here the air passes out through a rubber hose into the inlet manifold and engine.

In regularly, remove oil-bath bowl and clean out stack pipe. Drain the old oi clean out the bowl and refill to the level with new oil, wash out gauzes with paraffin and blow excess paraffin away with an air-line if possible, or allow t drain thoroughly. Re-assemble the filter. Check the condition of the hose and connections between the filter and engine to ensure the hose is not split or loose.

F

10

Dry-element-type air filter – which contain a replaceable element made of wax-paper material which must be changed when it becomes partly clogged with dirt. Some tractors have a visual check monitor fitted to the engine induction system, this warns you that the filter is becoming clogged.

Pre-cleaners are designed to removes large particles before they reach the cleaner element.

Fig 4 Pre-cleaner (Farm Machinery)

A good guide to a partially blocked air cleaner is black smoke from the exhaust. This indicates that the engine is not receiving its full air supply. A badly neglected air cleaner starves the engine of air which causes excess fuel consumption, power loss and rapid engine wear.

11

Fig 5 Dry air cleaner

Turbochargers

his is a type of blower, hot exhaust gases from the engine drive a fan which

ig 6 Turbo-charger (Farm Machinery)

T in turn drives another fan which draws air from the air cleaner forcing more air into the cylinders. You can increase tractor power by 30%.

F

12

The fuel lift pump is usually fitted to the fuel line of the diesel fuel system. In the case of the diesel engine the lift pump provides fuel at a constant pressure to the injection pump. This pressure also helps to push fuel through the filter elements before it gets to the injection pump.

13

Fig 7 Fuel Pump (Basic Farm Machinery)

The pump is operated by a cam on the engine camshaft so that it pumps continually as long as the engine is running. A filter gauze is fitted within the pump and it serves as one point where dirt and moisture can be trapped.

One or more fuel filters are used to filter the fuel as it is pumped from the lift pump to the infection pump. These filters are most important to ensure that no dirt finds its way to the injection pump or injectors. They take form of a metal container in which there is either a cloth, felt or paper filter element and they are arranged so that the fuel

must pass through the element. Dirt in the fuel is trapped on the surface of the element.

14

Fig 8 Fuel Filters (Basic Farm Machinery)

Eventually these elements will become blocked with dirt so it is necessary to replace them. The interval for replacing varies with the different type of element but it usually between 200-400 engine working hours.

The fuel injection pump

Two types of fuel injection pumps are in general use, a plunger type or a distributor type pump. In both cases engine speed is increased by operating the necessary acceleration control which causes the pump to feed more fuel to the engine. A plunger type pump used on a four-cylinder engine will be made up of four pumping units and each will feed an injector which sprays fuel into the cylinder, whilst the distributor pump makes use of a single pumping and distributing rotor which feeds each injector in turn.

The fuel Injector

The purpose of the injector is to inject small quantities of fuel into the cylinder. This fuel must be broken into very fine spray which is achieved by forcing fuel through minute holes in the end of the injector.

15

Fig 9 General Layout of the Fuel System (Basic farm Machinery)

The Governor

There are two main types of governor which prevent engine damage due to over-revving and also help maintain close speed control for any particular machine the engine may be driving.

Mechanical governor which gives a very quick response to any load changes therefore maintaining reasonable constant revs of the engine. Pneumatic governor which have been fitted in inline injector pumps but tend to respond slower causing considerable drop or gain in engine revs before correcting and settling.

16

Fig 10 Governor (Basic Farm Machinery)

The Cooling System

The heat produced on the power stroke of a diesel engine can be as high as 1600’C and this is greater than the melting point of the engine parts that come in contact with the heat, thus it is essential to have an efficient cooling system.

Assuming the heat value of the fuel used to be 100% then probably 30% is used to produce power, 40% is passed to the atmosphere via the exhaust and 30% is dissipated by the cooling system. Some heat is also removed by the oil employed by the lubrication system.

It is very important that the engine does not over heat or “boil the water”, but it is equally important that the engine does not run too cool or the fuel will not vaporize properly, again causing damage and rapid wear.

Air Cooling

This method is used mainly for small single cylinder engines, such as those fitted to horticultural machines, or which may be found around the farm driving such things as elevators.

17

Cooling in this case is done by directing a blast of air around the cylinder and cylinder head, both of which are finned. This finning provides a large surface areas through which the heat can spread and from which heat is taken away

wer and directed over the cylinder to cool it. Figure 14

The majority of tractor engines are water cooled. This is a more effective ling for a multi-cylinder engine.

he engine cylinders are completely surrounded by a water jacket which also

r. From another outlet at

an

by the cooling air. The blast of air is created by fitting a blower fan on the engine flywheel and this is encased in a cowling which extends over and around the cylinder. Air is drawn in by the blo shows a typical air cooling arrangement. Overheating of this type of engine will take place if the spaces between the fins are allowed to become choked with dirt.

Fig 11 Air cooling (Farm Machinery)

Water cooling

method than air coo T extends into the cylinder head, and from the cylinder head an outlet is connected by a rubber hose to the top of the radiato the bottom of the radiator, a hose connection is taken to the water jacket surrounding the cylinder, this provides a path through which the water c flow

18

Fig 12 Water cooling system (Farm Machinery Maintenance)

radiator is constructed to provide the largest area possible area of surface

Water Circulation

s soon as the engine is started, heat is produced in the cylinders and this

ater rises up into the header tank. It is then replaced by cool water from the

s the heated water flows into the radiator tubes its heat is given off into the atmosphere and this is helped by the flow of cool air drawn through the honeycombed radiator by the fan

A can be exposed to fan assisted air flow. A radiator is made up of a headed tank and a bottom tank which are connected together by a lot of thin tubes through which the water flows (Fig 1.5). The tubes are also in contact with numerous thin metal plates and this provides a further increase in surface area. The whole radiator looks like honeycomb through which air can flow Behind the radiator and in front of the engine is a fan which is driven by a pulley on the engine crankshaft

A heat is transferred to the water surrounding them. When water is heated it becomes less dense, in other words, warm water is lighter than cold, and because of this the heated

Wbottom radiator. This natural movement of the water is known as thermosyphon

A

19

The Impeller

Thermo-syphon circulation by itself is not satisfactory for the modern engine, ent of the water is usually helped by an impeller. This

peller is simply a metal disk with vanes around one of its faces. It is

lation

This used to help control the temperature of the water in the vicinity cylinders. n an engine is started up from cold or when it has to “idle”

un slowly) for a long time.

efficient working temperature is reached within vement

e

ay ical

moving parts on the tractor. When tractor em very smooth but in fact these surfaces will

ok rough if viewed though a microscope. When two surfaces rub together it

Splash lubrication – is quite simple and provided that oil levels and oil ation is achieved

by oil splash . A “dipper” is provided on the end of the big-end cap. When the engine is running the dipper dips into a narrow trough of oil

therefore movem impositioned in the cooling system and driven by the fan shaft. As it rotates it draws cooler water up from the bottom of the radiator, thus helping circu

The Thermostat

It is vary useful whe (r The thermostat is a form of automatic valve fitted into the outlet pipe connecting the cylinder head to the top of the radiator. It restricts the flow of water to the radiator until an the cylinder block. The flow of water is either stopped, has limited mo or unrestricted movement according to the temperature of the water. Becaus of the volume of water within the cylinder block its much less than that within the whole cooling system, it means that rapid warming up from cold takes place. The water in the block is circulated by the water pump while the thermostat is closed, a bypass is incorporated in the circuit to allow this internal circulation. On some engines the thermostat opens and closes this bypass circuit. This internal prevents localised hot spots forming which m damage parts of the engine castings. Figure 16 shows the layout of a typ cooling system in a modern engine.

A suitable working temperature of an engine is about 90°C (194°F) and this should be maintained if possible

The Lubrication System

Designed to prevent damage to parts are manufactured they se lo they produce heat(friction) and if the heat generated was high enough then is possible that these surfaces could melt and weld together. The main aim of lubrication is to put a film of oil between the working surfaces of the metal parts to cool the effect of friction and therefore protect the surfaces.

Three methods of lubricating engines are commonly used :

changes are not neglected is quite reliable. Oil lubric

20

which is positioned directly beneath it ,and throws or splashes oil over the engine tarts within the engine crankcase. (the big end, little end, crankshaft bearings, camshaft and timing gears, ) Splash Lubrication (Basic Farm Machinery) Fig 13

sometimes a magnetic filter, oil ways to the various bearings and an oil-pressure gauge.

Force feed lubrication which feeds the oil to the parts. The parts that make up this system is a pump usually in the form of a gear pump, a pump inlet oil strainer, a pressure relief-valve and external filter,

21

Fig 14 Force Feed Lubrication (Basic Farm Machinery)

When the engine is running, the gear pump, which is driven by the camshaft, draws in oil through the oil inlet strainer and pumps it to the external oil filter. The pump inlet strainer prevents large particles of dirt or metal entering the pump and causing damage, whilst the external filter cleans the oil of any small particles of grit or carbon. The oil then travels through oil galleries and drillings to lubricate the crankshaft bearings, camshaft bearings, big ends, timing gears, valve mechanisms and the back to the sump to circulate again.

As the pump speed varies according to engine speed , the pressure of the oil will vary and may become excessive. If this happens the pressure-relief valve will open and the excessive oil will return to the sump, whilst oil is still being pumped through the external filter. A pipe taken from the main galleries goes to the tractor dash board to an oil-pressure gauge. In some tractors there an oil-pressure light in place of the gauge. This is linked to a pressure sensing switch in the main oil gallery of the engine.

Oil Filters

Oil filters are fitted within the system to prevent most of the contaminants reaching the working parts of the engine. The oil filler hole is fitted with a coarse mesh to prevent any heavy dirt passing through. A strainer is fitted around the oil pump intake to prevent large particles entering the pump. A magnetic filter may be fitted at or near the pump. It protrudes into the sump and iron or steel particles stick to it. All modern engines which have

22

pressurised lubrication systems are fitted with external replaceable element filters.

There are two main types of filters : Replaceable-element filter where the filter is housed inside a removable casing. This casing is sealed at the top and bottom with rubber rings, and held in place by a central bolt. Replaceable-cartridge type where the whole unit is unscrewed from the engine and discarded and a new unit is fitted. It is screwed in place by hand pressure sealed with a rubber ring.

Fig 15 Oil Filter (Basic Farm Machinery)

Engines are fitted with a crankcase breather which necessary to provide an outlet for any build-up of pressure in the crankcase. Sometimes the oil filler hole is arranged to form a breather by fitting a filter mesh cove on it.

23

Electrical and starting

All tractors have a battery. The battery is needed to operate the lights, electric controls and more importantly to start the engine. The battery stores electrical energy in chemical form and when required the energy can be released. The battery consists of a number of cells, each cell having an approximate electrical pressure of 2V. The battery is made up of POSITIVE (lead peroxide) and NEGATIVE (lead) plates. A cell has a number of similar plates welded together. These are interlaced so the plates alternate negative, positive and so on. The whole assembly is contained in a battery case with a vent cap on top to allow the battery to be checked for electrolyte level and permit gases to escape. A heavy-duty battery has more positive and negative plates than a light-duty battery.

Fig 16 Plates forming cell (Basic Farm Machinery)

The alternator

With modern machinery there is an increasing use of electric al equipment which places heavy demands on the battery and charging circuit. The alternator has the capacity to supply a higher current at low engine speeds. The alternator employs the same principle as a dynamo in that when a magnetic field is broken by a coil of wire, electricity is produced. The dynamo does this by moving the conductor or coil through a stationary magnetic field, whereas the alternator has a moving magnetic field(rotating magnet) within a stationary conductor .This produces a alternating current(a.c.) which is changed to a direct current( d.c.) for use.

24

The Dynamo

The function of the dynamo is to:

Supply the electricity needed by the vehicle Keep the battery in a charged condition

The dynamo consists of a coil of wire , known as a the armature, which is rotated between magnetic poles. As the armature rotates, voltage is generated and this is carried to the commutator. Brushes rub against the commutator and pass the electricity to the wires of the electrical circuit.

The Starter Motor

The principle of the starter motor is based on magnetism and is constructed very much like a dynamo. It has field coils, armature and brushes, but its method of operation is the reverse of that of the dynamo. The dynamo is driven by the engine and it produces current which flows to the battery. When the starter motor is operated continually and the engine does not fire, the battery is very soon exhausted.

How the starter turns the engine

The starter motor is heavily constructed to enable it to carry the heavy current required to give it good turning power, for it must have enough power to move the engine

Fig 17 Starting the engine

25

.The starter motor shaft around which the armature coils are built extends out of the yoke or casing. To the end of the shaft is fitted a mechanical device which engages with the engine flywheel to rotate it.

When the starter switch is operated, current flows through the armature and field coils and the armature rotates quickly. This also causes the coarse threaded sleeve to turn because it is splined onto the armature shaft. The starter pinion is internally threaded and the effect of rotation of the threaded sleeve is to cause the pinion to move in a straight line into mesh with the flywheel toothed ring. This straight –line movement of the pinion is due to its unwillingness to rotate at speed with the sleeve. It therefore moves straight into mesh with the flywheel ring and also comes up against the check spring. This check spring prevents further straight-line movement of the pinion, therefore it must rotate and in doing so it turns the flywheel so that the engine may start. As soon as the engine starts and the starter switch is disengaged, the flywheel toothed ring will be driving the pinion and the pinion is thus screwed back off the sleeve and against the buffer spring.

Electrical switches

These are solenoids and are often employed in electrical circuits where motors using high currents are involved. To carry high currents we have to use thick, heavy duty cable which as well as being costly also absorbs energy in the form of heat losses. So in such cases the heavy duty cable is kept as short as possible. A solenoid switch is installed to open or close the circuit and this solenoid can be operated by a light duty switch as can be fond on the control panel of a modern tractor.

The solenoid consists of a soft-iron core which is free to move, placed at one end of a coil of wire, both the coil and the core assume a similar polarity, therefore if a current is passed through the coil the core is drawn into the centre of the coil because adjacent poles are of different polarity. The electric switch operates using this movement to close, at high speed, the two contacts of the heavy-duty cable. A spring is fitted in the switch to return the core to its initial position after the switch is released.

The Transmission System The transmission system of the tractor is made up of

The clutch The Gearbox The Differential Final gear reduction

26

The clutch

The clutch is in the power train immediately after the engine flywheel. It is a connection device between the engine and the rest of the system. Clutches used on tractors may operate dry or run in oil(wet).The wet clutch is often multiple plate; that is, it has more than one driving disk. Clutches may be held in engagement by springs or by over centre linkage. Hydraulic clutches are held in engagement by fluid pressure.

In the dry, single clutch, the clutch is attached to the engine flywheel so that it rotates with it. A friction plate is splined onto the clutch shaft. Splines are formed by cutting rectangular shaped grooves out along a portion of the shaft. If we have splines cut in the centre of the clutch plate, these can be mated on to the shaft so that it will slide along the shaft, yet rotate with it.

The end of the input shaft is fitted into a bearing in the centre of the flywheel and the plate is positioned between the face of the flywheel and a spring – loaded pressure plate. In order to transmit the drive from the engine flywheel to the clutch shaft which goes directly to the gearbox, it is only necessary to allow the clutch plate to be gripped between faces of the flywheel and the pressure plate. The heavy spring pressure is sufficient to do this and form a solid drive to the shaft. To release the pressure on the spring it is only necessary to press the clutch foot pedal which pushes forward the thrust bearing which in turn releases the pressure and grip between the pressure plate and the flywheel and the drive to the clutch shaft ceases.

Fig 18 Clutch (Basic Farm Machinery)

The Gearbox

The main purpose of the gearbox is to reduce the speed of the drive from the engine crankshaft before the drive is applied to rear wheels of the tractor. It

27

will also change the speed ration as required. The gearbox provides means of allowing the tractor to be reversed and allows the drive to the wheels to be stopped without stopping the engine by means of the clutch.

The Differential

The drive from the engine comes in a straight line with the engine crankshaft, in order for the rear wheels of the tractor may be driven, it is now necessary for the drive to be taken at right angles to this line.

The gearbox output shaft extends a short distance outside the gearbox and has fitted to its end a toothed gear known as a bevel pinion. This pinion is in mesh with another bevel gear known as the crown wheel. This achieves three things

Change direction of the drive Speed reduction Allows each drive wheel to rotate at a faster or slower rate than the other when turning corners

To allow this to happen, the unit known as the differential is used and is directly attached to the crown wheel. The disadvantage of the differential is, for example, a tractor is ploughing, one of its wheels is usually running on a greasy surface, this can result in that wheel skidding. To overcome this, the tractor is fitted with a differential lock which will make both wheels travel together in a straight line.

Fig 19 Differential (Farm Machinery)

28

Final Gear reduction

All gearboxes have some form of gear reduction as the drive leaves the differential unit before reaching the wheels. Two examples are:-

Spur reduction. This is where the half-shafts coming from the differential unit are fitted with a small spur coupled to a large spur gear wheel which is directly on the end of the rear axle. Epicyclic reduction. This is where the drive from the differential enters an epicyclic gear pack and the drive is reduced to the wheel speed.

29

Fig 20 Example of a transmission system.(Farm Machinery)

The Hydraulic System.

Its main use is in the operating of field machinery for either above or below surface implements. It can also provide power to operate remote rams or motors on harvesting, hedging or ditching machinery, etc.

In the tractor hydraulic system the pump supplying oil to the ram cylinder is usually a gear pump driven by the engine or some part of the transmission system and pressures of up to 910 kg (2000Ib approx.) are provided.

30

It is necessary in such systems to have control over the flow of oil so that excessive pressures are not built up, therefore safety valves are incorporated as protection. The tractor driver operates the raising and lowering of an implement by the control lever fitted near his driving seat. Movement of the lever operates a valve which controls the flow of oil to the ram cylinder.

Diagram shows a basic tractor hydraulic system. The illustration shows the principles only, but the arrangement of ram cylinder, lift arms and linkage arms is typical. The intake of the oil to the pump is filtered , usually by both gauze filter and magnetic filter. This is the most important because the smallest particle of dirt or metal can cause considerable damage to the essential parts of the system. When changing the oils in the hydraulic system, absolute cleanliness should be aimed at

The Three-point Linkage

The three-point linkage shown consists of two lower links pivoted beneath the tractor’s back axle, and a top link pivoted at the top of the back axle housing. The lower links are attached to the back arms by lifting rods and right one of these is adjustable.

The Diagram also shows how lifting and lowering of the lower linkage arms is brought about. Oil forced into the cylinder pushes back the ram which in turn causes the lift arms to move up. If the oil can be trapped in the cylinder, it will support a weight hung on the linkage arms, and lowering of the weight can be brought about by allowing the oil to escape from the cylinder when required. This is all achieved by having valves in the system which may be arranged to operate automatically or by hand lever control. The ends of the linkage arms and top link are fitted on to an implement. These ball joints or pins are either category 2 which is 28mm (11/8 in.) diameter.

Fitting of the implement to the tractor entails reversing the tractor to the implement with the lower link arms down, and stopping when the ends of the arms come in line with the attachment pins on the implement. The non- adjustable (left) arm is fitted first to the implement and then secured, then the other arm which can be adjusted if required to bring it in line for attachment. Finally, the top link is attached to tractor and implement.

With an implement attached to a tractor in this way, together form a single working unit. The implement is easily transported from one place to another and just as easily lifted in and out of work by the lift control lever which is conveniently placed for the operator to use. The method of operating in the field varies according to the design of the hydraulic system.

31

Fig 21 Simple hydraulic system (Basic Farm Machinery)

Auxiliary Hydraulic Tappings

The tractor’s hydraulic system also provides a useful source of hydraulic power for the operation of implements or parts of implements remotely connected to the tractor. Typical examples of the use of this power can be found on hydraulic tipping trailers, fore-end loaders, rear loaders, ditching machinery and driving hydraulic motors. Nearly all modern tractors are provided with outlet points where flexible pipes can be fitted to convey oil from the hydraulic pump to an external ram and cylinder fitted to an implement. Oil pressure to fed the ram can then be used to raise or move parts of implements. For example, in the tipping trailer a flexible pipe is connected between a self- sealing outlet union on the tractor, to a ram and cylinder beneath the trailer body. The trailer body can then be raised by operation of the hydraulic control lever. Lowering is brought about by moving the control valve so that the weight of the trailer body forces the oil out of the cylinder.

32

Fig 21a Simple auxilliary system (Basic Farm Machinery)

Wheels, tyres and brakes

Wheels and tyres

ractor will be either two-wheel or four wheel drive. Both types will have larger

is

el

he tyre is very important as it will affect the traction of the tractor with the

tyre

T rear wheels which are the main drive wheels and smaller front wheels. There is also the option of using twin wheels which are usually clamped on to rear wheels where greater stability or increased tyre footprint are required. There a need for increased stability if you are operating on inclines and for a larger footprint when operating on soft surfaces. Some people will put twin wheels on the front also. On two-wheel drive tractors the tyre treads of the front whe tend to be ribbed following the circumference of the tyre. The four-wheel drive tractor will have the same tread on both sets of wheels.

T ground surface. On two-wheeled drive tractors, the rear wheels only are traction wheels and the front wheels are for steering. On four-wheel drive tractors all four wheels are involved in improving the traction. The traction will penetrate the soil, prevent slip and slide and is designed with open treads to allow self-cleaning.

33

Fig 22 Standard Tyre construction (Tyres and Tracks – John Deere)

There are two types of tyre available

Cross ply where the layers are formed 45 degrees to the bead Radial where the layers are at 90 degrees to the bead.

Tyres are also given a ply rating. When tyres are made they are built up of a number of layers of fabric or canvas material on which is moulded the rubber tread. The ply-rating refers to the number of layers e.g. four ply/six ply. The later being thicker and stronger and will support more weight. All tyres will have maximum load capacity which means the load which the tyre can support safely. This information would be available from the manufacturer’s technical data sheets.

34

Fig 23 Tyre construction (Ian Harries)

When looking at the information on the tyre, what to the figures relate to?

Standard tyre – 13.6/12-38

13.6 relates to the width of the tyre

12 relates to the width of rim

38 relates to the diameter of the rim

Defects and problems with tyres

Before using the tractor you need to check the tyres for Wear Bulges

35

Ballast ( if applicable) Pressure Tears

Brakes

The two main types of brakes are

Drum brakes where two brake shoes are moved outwards by a mechanism operated from the foot pedal. A brake drum is fixed to the rotating member and this drum totally encloses the brake’s shoes. The tractor wheel is also fitted to the rotating member so that when the tractor is moving, both drum and wheel are turning as one. When the brake is depressed the partial rotation of the brake cam at the top of the back plate moves the brake shoes, which are pivoted at the bottom, outwards, so that they come into contact with the brake drum.

Fig 24 Drum Brakes (Farm Machinery)

Disc brakes – the rotating brake disc is gripped on both sides by pads

ulic

h the

s

t

mounted in one or two fixed brake callipers. The callipers contain pistons which are pressed against the rotating brake disc by hydra force which is produced by depressing the brake foot pedal. The hydraulic force built up in the master cylinder is transferred throug brake lines to the brake callipers to push the pistons from their initial position on the pads and hence brake the discs. To ensure the piston return to their initial position after braking, they are surrounded by a special rubber gland. This is deformed when the piston is pushed ou so that it snaps back to its original shape as soon as the brake is released, pulling the piston back with it.

36

Fig 25 Disc Braking system (PROFI Tractor Repair Manual)

37

The Power Take-off Shaft

The power take off shaft, usually called the p.t.o. , Provides us with a means of driving machines. The power of the tractor engine is not only being used to move the tractor and pull or carry the machine, but also used to operate the machine. The p.t.o shaft is an extension of the gearbox layshaft which is being continuously driven . It is therefore necessary to provide a means whereby the p.t.o shaft can be disengaged independently of the engine and transmission. This is done simply by putting a clutch device in the p.t.o line and arranging it so it can be engaged and disengaged by a lever positioned within convenient reach of the tractor driver. Diagram shows an alternative arrangement where two separate shafts are used.

The end of the p.t.o shaft protrudes outside the rear end of the tractor for a distance of about 10cm (4 in. approx). This end is splined so that a suitable coupling, internally splined, can be slid on to it and locked in position to form a solid drive .

The type of coupling shaft used to transmit the power of the engine to the machine being driven has two universal joints, it is telescopic and always rotates even when the machine is not in a straight line behind the tractor.

There are two sizes and types of p.t.o shafts. The standard 6-spline 35mm (1 3 /8in) operating at 540 rpm. The new 21-spline 35mm (1 3 /8in) diameter operating at 540 rpm. Both of these shafts rotate in clockwise direction when viewed from the rear of the tractor.

Fig 26 PTO Shaft System (Basic Farm Machinery)

38

Most tractors can be fitted with both of the above types of p.t.o shafts, or with interchangeable shafts which automatically alter the output speed when engaged and fitted.

The Live P.T.O.

The standard p.t.o. previously described will stop rotating if the tractor engine clutch is disengaged by depressing the clutch pedal. This is because the clutch disconnects the engine from the gearbox, which drives the p.t.o. shaft. Forward movement of the tractor will also be stopped.

If in some operations where power driven-implements are used this arrangement can be a handicap, because it is often necessary to stop the forward movement of the tractor without stopping the p.t.o. shaft from driving the implement; for example, when baling hay it is often necessary to allow the pick-up to clear itself of hay before more is taken in. To overcome this the live p.t.o. was introduced.

One arrangement is to provide a large p.t.o shaft. A dual clutch is used and it incorporates two clutch discs, one of which transmits the drive from the engine to the transmission and the other transmits the drive to the p.t.o shaft. This is done through the medium of hollow and solid drive shafts. The arrows shown on the diagram indicate the path of the drive to the p.t.o shaft.

Fig 27 PTO Live (Basic Farm Machinery)

The p.t.o clutch disc is splined on to the hollow drive shaft to which is fitted a drive gear. This gear is in mesh with another that is fitted to a solid shaft that can rotate within a hollow gearbox shaft. The end of the solid shaft is shown splined and carries a sliding gear which can be meshed with the fixed gear on the p.t.o shaft when the engagement lever is moved in the appropriate direction. This means that as long as the p.t.o clutch disc is gripped between the clutch pressure plates the drive will go through to the p.t.o shaft.

The mechanical arrangement of the dual clutch is such that it provides two- stage operation. When the clutch pedal is depressed through about half its length of travel, the transmission clutch is released and it stops the forward movement of the tractor. However, it is not until the pedal is fully depressed that the p.t.o clutch is disengaged, and the p.t.o shaft will stop rotating. This

39

gives us an effective means of stopping the tractor from moving forwards whilst still allowing the power shaft to drive an implement.

The increased use of front-mounted, power driven implements has resulted in the provision of a front power take off on some tractors. Fig 28 Front Three-point linkage (Farm Machinery)

External Controls

Many modern tractors have three-point linkage controls on or near the rear mud guards. When operating these controls, ensure you stand in a position as indicated in the operator’s manual.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Basic Farm Machinery ( J. M .Shippen. C.R.Ellin. C.H.Clover )

Farm Machinery (Brian Bell)

Farm Machinery Maintenance (Peter Whiley)

Machinery Maintenance (John Deere)

PROFI Manual

Tyres and Tracks (John Deere)

40

Chapter 2 - Start up, drive and stop the tractor

Pre-start checks

Personal pre-start checks

Receive training before using any machinery Suitable Clothing- no loose clothing or jewellery which could get caught up in moving parts, tie back long hair, use suitable footwear (safety boots, clean with good grip)and PPE if required (Ear defenders/gloves) Be alert and not overtired Be familiar with the controls and capability of the tractor

Tractor pre-start checks

Check fuel – either a visual check in older models or check the fuel gauge. Check oil – gear box/power steering/engine /rear axle Clutch and brake fluid Check water level and radiator is free from debris Check tyres for wear/pressure and defects Check lights especially brake, indicator and beacon Check battery connections and electrolyte level Check fan belt for tension and wear Check all windows are clean Check mirrors are in the correct position and clean Remove any tools or any other obstructions from the cab floor

Ensure that all the fuel, fluid, water, oil and electrolyte levels are to the correct levels. (operator’s manual) Ensure all the lights are working and clean. Set tyres to correct pressures for the work planned Tighten or replace fan belt as necessary

The instrument panel Different tractor makes and models have instruments and controls located in different places. The operator’s manual will identify and explain the controls and gauges fitted. Instruments would be for

Fuel Oil pressure Temperature/Coolant Ammeter

41

Hour meter

Controls

Hand brake Gear levers Hand throttle Foot throttle Clutch Brakes Hydraulic levers Electric controls(lights etc) PTO Control

42

Fig 1 Instrument Panel Indicators (Ian Harries)

43

Tractor driving and common hazards

Gateways

There are three potential hazards to deal with when manoeuvring through gateways

Size of the gap Uneven ground (animal ruts/tractor ruts) Obstructed view (Gateway onto a road)

When approaching a gateway, ensure that the width of the tractor does not exceed the gateway width. Be aware of any attachments which may increase the overall width .

Many gateways will have uneven ground, be muddy in wet conditions with ruts present. Adjust the speed of the tractor, be aware of the change of ground conditions and change in levels. A change in level can affect the stability of the tractor.

Due to the nature of the tractor, when passing through a gateway especially onto the highway, you will not have a clear view of oncoming vehicles. Move slowly out until you are confident that no traffic will be affected by your actions. Sound the horn to make people aware of your presence. If you are travelling in and out of the gateway throughout the day, you should have bollards and signs on the road informing other traffic.

Blind corners

When approaching any blind corner ,approach slowly, sound your horn and proceed slowly until you have negotiated the corner. There may be people, livestock or other vehicles around the corner.

Narrow access to buildings

Ensure your tractor is able to fit in the access safely – measure it. If you can fit into the buildings you must travel slowly and be very aware of the width constraint. If the building is very narrow you will have to be sure you not to turn when exiting the building until you are clear of the access.

Slopes/Varying surfaces

When you need to drive on slopes, bear in mind the following:-

The gradient. The steeper the slope, the greater the danger. A tractor may go up a 18 degree slope safely but not come down it. Slopes of less than 10 degrees can cause accidents.

44

The surface. Grass, heather, earth, loose stones, track, road, mud., all affect how well a tractor can deal with the slope. A change in vegetation may halve the grip Ground conditions. A slope which is safe during dry conditions may become unsafe if it is wet, waterlogged, frozen, thawing, etc Weather conditions. The change in weather also affects the safety of the slope especially if it is raining, misty or windy. Uneven ground. Steer clear of ruts, potholes, depressions, rock outcrops and animal tracks. Major obstacles. Take care near gateways, ditches, banks and drains. Hidden obstacles. Look out for rabbit holes, mole hills, rocks, tree stumps – which may be hidden in vegetation.

After you have finished using the tractor and attachments leave them in a condition ready for use. When leaving the tractor in a suitable condition for future use you should

SAFE STOP – make sure the handbrake is fully applied, make sure all the controls and equipment are left safe, stop the engine, remove the key Park up in designated area Clean off the tractor – wash down the exterior especially the windscreen and other glass areas.(side/back windows and mirrors) Ensure all lights are clean(head lights, side and indicator lights and any other working lights fitted ) Ensure the cab floor is clear of dirt and tools. Check tyres for damage and pressure Report any faults Fuel up ready for use – moisture can build up in the fuel tank as it cools. Check lubricants Check water

Loaders

Clean off the loader Loader left on correct stand on level ground Check attachment pins for damage Check hydraulic pipes and connections for bulges or other damage Check loader attachments (buckets, grabs etc) Check hydraulic rams for signs of leaking seals Report any faults Grease parts

Trailed attachments

Clean off the implement Park on level ground if possible

45

Engage hand brakes if fitted Put onto the jacks if fitted Put onto the correct shoe if fitted Ensure hydraulic pipes are disengaged with no pressure build up Check hydraulic pipes and connections for bulges, leaks or other damage Check hydraulic rams for signs of seal leaks Check tyres for wear, pressure or any damage Visual check of implement for damage(including pto shafts) Grease parts Report any faults

Mounted implements

Clean off the implement Put on correct stand Check hydraulic pipes for damage Check hydraulic rams for damage Visual check for damage(including pto shaft) Grease parts Report any faults

You must also check all the hitching arrangements i.e. pick-up hitch, drawbars, pins for all of the above.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Farm Machinery (Brian Bell)

Tractor Action (HSE)

46

Chapter 3 - Operate a tractor with a range of mounted and trailed attachments

Attaching trailed and mounted equipment and machines..

There are three main ways to attach equipment or machines to a tractor.

Loader Drawbar/pick-up hitch Three point linkage

We are not going to deal with the loader in this section, however it is classed as an attachment. On many farms the loader stays on the tractor throughout the year, on other farms it may stay on over the winter months only. In many cases, the initial attaching may be done by the loader/tractor dealer. What is important is that before operating the tractor and loader, ensure that all the pins are safe and appropriate for the loader, and that the hydraulic oil pipes are secure with no leaks or bulges. Ensure that the bucket/grab or muck-fork is securely attached .

We are going to deal with the hitching to a trailer using the drawbar and pick- up hitch. We are also going to deal with mounted and pto driven equipment. Hitching and adjusting implements cause many nonfatal accidents which can lay you up during a busy period. It is essential that care is taken during these operations.

Drawbar and pick-up hitch

It is very important that any towed equipment be attached to the drawbar. Never attach a rope or chain to the rear axle, seat or to one of the lower links of a three-point hitch. There is grave danger of upsetting your tractor backwards or of damaging it mechanically. The higher the position you pull a load from the rear of a tractor, the more likely it is to flip the tractor over backwards.

Observe the following points while hitching your tractor

Make sure that the area is clear and no one is behind the tractor Back up slowly to the implement Stop and apply the hand brake Put the tractor in neutral Dismount and hitch up

If you have someone helping you in hitching an implement

47

Make sure your helper stands clear while you back up the tractor Never allow the helper to stand between the tractor and the implement Back up a little more than necessary and stop the tractor Put the tractor in a forward gear, then allow the helper behind it Inch the tractor forward while your helper drops in the draw pin

If the tractor is in a forward gear and your foot slips off the clutch, it can’t run over the person. You must also ensure that the draw pin is suitable and secure.

Fig 1 Standard drawbar (Safe Tractor Operation and Daily Care)

Fig 2 Drawbar as three-point hitch (Safe Tractor Operation and Daily Care)

You can adjust the length of the drawbar:-

- Short for equipment with no pto connection - Long for equipment with pto equipment

48

Fig 3 Short position (Safe Tractor Operation and Daily Care)

Fig 4 Extended position (Safe Tractor Operation and Daly Care)

Some pick up designs mean that you have to lean out of the rear of the cab to see the position of the hitch. If this is the case it is much safer for you to have another person guiding you into position – if you lean too far out of the rear you will lose control of the clutch and brake pedals as you over stretch.

With some other pick up designs, on lowering the pick up hitch the hitch moves out so greatly improves your view of it. You have to ensure that when you lift the hitch to attach an implement, you compensate for its forward motion by either moving the tractor forward slowly as you lift up the hitch or reversing just beyond the eye of the implement so when you lift the hitch it moves into the required position.

49

Fig 5 Pick up hitch

Fig 6 Three point attachment and pto attachment (Farm Machinery)

When attaching implements to the three point linkage ensure that the drawbar will not interfere with the operation of the implement. It may be necessary to remove the drawbar. Manoeuvre the tractor following the same steps as above Back up tractor so the lower links are in position for connecting to implement-hitch pins. Raise or lower the lower hitch with hydraulic control to height needed to connect to implement hitch pin. Line up the left side linkage first.

50

Stop the tractor, put in neutral and put the hand and put on the hand brake, dismount and insert the lynch pin. Attach the right side linkage which has adjustment for height by turning the crank. Attach the top link to the implement mast. Add stabilisers or adjust tractor stabilisers as required. Ensure pto shaft is secure with the lock pin in place. Raise the implement with hydraulic control and ensure it clears the tractor at all points and that the connections are secure.

What types of combinations are acceptable/unacceptable?.

When using new implements you should always check the operator’s manual for instructions on attaching.

Never hitch any attachment to a tractor which hasn’t the power to handle the implement due to the weight(either laden or unladen) or the pto requirement of the implement.

Never hitch up an implement designed for a pick up hitch attachment onto a drawbar. With this combination there is movement under braking or starting up which could bend or break the draw pin.

Never hitch up a pto driven implement with a short drawbar. This will damage the pto shaft under operation e.g. on turning or when travelling on uneven ground.

With some implements attached to the three-point linkage it may be necessary to remove the drawbar.

Do not use a pto shaft that has no or damaged guard

Warning signals and indicators.

Which warning signals should you use?

Lights Horn

When and how should lights be used?

Head Lights – when travelling on the road to make others aware of your presence. Hazard warning lights to warn others of hazard – wide load Beacon which required by law and placed on the tractor in a position where it can be seen form the front and rear.

51

When and how should the horn be used?

When reversing When approaching a sharp/blind corner When going into or out of sheds/field gateways To warn others that you are approaching

Fig 7 Position of signals (Massey Ferguson)

Tractor driving with attachments

The safe use of the tractor has been discussed in the previous sections.

When carrying out tractor work the implements attached, these attachments will change how the tractor responds. In this section we will look in general terms how implements attached as loaders, trailed and mounted implements affect the tractor and what you need to be aware of as tractor drivers. These changes will affect the tractor and its

Stability Turning circle Combination width and length Visibility Safe operating speed

52

Stability can be affected in ways that can cause the tractor to overturn, this could be to the side or over backwards. It is possible to overturn a tractor easily without attachment by incorrect driving methods but attachments add another hazard to the driver, some causes are listed below

High speeds when turning Turning up a slope sharply Turning with the loader high in the air Turning with mounted implement without the use of stabilisers Turning sharply with trailed implements will cause a jack-knifing action which in turn could cause the tractor to overturn Travelling at high speeds with a trailed implement may cause fish tailing Braking heavily down a hill with a trailed implement could also cause jack-knifing affect Driving at high speeds over ruts or over obstacles (stones) Applying independent brakes unintentionally (ensure brake pedals are locked)

The turning circle is affected with a loader as the tractor is now longer, similarly with a trailed implement and mounted combination. Allowances for this increase in overall length must be made when negotiating around buildings, on the yard and turning through any field or farm entrance. With all the above combination an exaggerated line may be necessary in order to negotiate the turn/entrance.

In relation to the loader you need to sweep to accommodate the extra length at the front.

In relation to a trailed or mounted implement you need to sweep enough so that the combination is straight enough while travelling through the entrance and also to maintain the direction out of the entrance so the implement does not catch the gate posts .

When travelling on the road the driver must be aware of the overall dimensions of the combination especially the width. Many trailed and mounted implements have different ways of reducing the operating width for transportation and it is essential that the driver is aware of this and moves the implement in the transport mode before transportation.

53

Fig 8 Example Machine adapted for transportation (Farm Machinery)

The visibility from the driving seat can be affected by the attachment. While travelling with an empty loader may not affect the visibility, having a big bale on a spike on the loader will. Be aware of blind spots caused by different loads. With many mounted implements the implement will cause a restriction on visibility through the rear of the tractor e.g.grain or silage trailers, the driver may be completely unaware what is directly behind the combination. Correct positioning of tractor side mirrors will greatly increase visibility to the sides of the implement.

Safe and efficient use of the implement in the field can only be achieved through proper use. There are however many different field conditions that will affect the safe use of the combination. The method or position the implement is attached can affect the centre of gravity of the tractor and the traction (grip). A laden loader will move the weight off the rear wheels of the tractor, reducing the traction of the rear wheels, this will also affect the braking ability. To counteract this you can either have ballast or weight on the rear wheels, or a rear weight on the three - point linkage.

Using a trailed or mounted implement will put more weight on the rear of the tractor and will make the front of the tractor lighter, reducing traction and steering ability. This is counteracted by using weight or ballast on the front wheels or weights to the front of the tractor.

With all the above in place, the ground conditions, which can vary in different fields e.g. wet patches, ditches, slopes and obstacles, will have a great affect on safe efficient operation of the combinations. When working in the field you should travel at a speed slow enough for you to see and react to hazards in your path. Always look ahead for bumps, rocks, stumps, and other obstructions that could tip one side of your tractor up past its tipping point. Also watch out for holes, ruts, and depressions which could drop one side

54

down, putting your tractor in an unstable position. The stability would be affected much more on slopes.

55

Fig 9 Driving on uneven ground

Driving on slopes, is one hazard which causes many serious tractor accidents (overturns).Slopes are an important factor in 14% of all tractor accidents and 34% of all fatal tractor accidents. Slopes are responsible for 75% of all overturns of which 1in 4 are fatal. Slopes are not confined to hilly or mountainous regions. Accidents happen just as easily on or near ramps, ditches, banks, drains, potholes or any uneven ground. Accidents frequently happen on slopes of less than 10 degrees.

The four main risks are:-

Loss of control (which in turn can lead to) Runaway Jack-knifing Overturn

Control loss occurs when wheels lose traction rendering the brakes and steering ineffective. e.g. braking on wet grassy surface cause the wheels lock and the tractor skids; changing gear going up a slope causes a loss of power and momentum and create a back slide; going over uneven ground causes one or more wheels lose contact with the ground and power transmission is lost through the spinning wheel.

Loss of control can lead to a runaway, where the vehicle starts to move down the slope and you are unable to bring it back under control.

56

Jack-knifing happens when a trailer or trailed implement pushes into the e the

d

verturns are the single most important cause of injuries and death on slopes.

Sideways where you drive across a slope or try to turn down a slope

n overturn can happen very quickly; at 2 mph a tractor can rear up within 1

ig 10 Time taken to overturn (Teaching Driving on Slopes)

hen you need to drive on slopes, bear in mind the following:-

tractor and slews the tractor round. Severe braking when turning can hav same effect. A jack-knifing can happen with a gradient of as little as 5 or 6 degrees. This risk is increased by poor ground conditions, heavy loading an poor wheel grip.

O You can overturn in three ways

Forwards when using a heavy load on the loader with the loader up Backwards where the tractor is attached to rear-mounted spreaders and sprayers

A second which may not give you any time to prevent it .

F

W

57

The gradient. The steeper the slope, the greater the danger. A tractor may go up a 18 degree slope safely but not come down it. Slopes of less than 10 degrees can cause accidents. The surface. Grass, heather, earth, loose stones, track, road, mud., all affect how well a tractor can deal with the slope. A change in vegetation may halve the grip Ground conditions. A slope which is safe during dry conditions may become unsafe if it is wet, waterlogged, frozen, thawing, etc Weather conditions. The change in weather also affects the safety of the slope especially if it is raining, misty or windy. Uneven ground. Steer clear of ruts, potholes, depressions, rock outcrops and animal tracks. Major obstacles. Take care near gateways, ditches, banks and drains. Hidden obstacles. Look out for rabbit holes, mole hills, rocks, tree stumps – which may be hidden in vegetation.

58

Fig 11 Safety Checks (Teaching Driving on Slopes)

59

If you fail to complete a hill climb

Don’t panic Brake the tractor to stop it rolling backwards Follow the safe stop procedure (engine off) Apply the parking brake or handbrake Check whether you can reverse down safely Get out of the vehicle the uphill side Get help

If you lose control

Don’t panic Steer in a straight line down the hill Don’t turn across the slope Don’t apply the brakes hard Don’t jump out of the cab Hold on to the steering

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Farm Machinery (Brian Bell)

Safe Tractor Operation and Daily Care (AAVA)

Teaching Driving on Slopes (HSE)

60

Chapter 4 - Load, transport and unloading materials securely and safely

Operate mechanical lifting equipment to conform with the relevant legal restrictions: e.g. maximum weight

Using mechanical aids

When using mechanical aids, a certain amount of physical effort is required but is greatly reduced by using aids. Examples you would use would be sack trolley, wheelbarrow, mobile gantry in the workshop and hydraulic hoist.

Fig 1 Examples from ACOP(HSE)

61

Fig 2 Mechanical Aid

With all the above it is essential that the weight limits of these aids are not exceeded. With simple aids like trolley sacks and wheelbarrows you should ensure you do not exceed your ability to move the load while maintaining control of the aid. When using hoist, you will need to look into the manufacturers handbook to see what the maximum limit is and the safest and best way to use the hoists. If you exceed the weight limit, you will endanger yourself and risk damaging the hoist and the load.

If you need to use slings, ropes or shackles you must be sure that they are suitable for the type and weight of the load.

Transporting resources safely

When transporting any resources during your work it is essential they are secure for moving and protected from any damage by using

Ropes Straps Netting Separation

To use ropes effectively to secure loads you need secure knots and use the tie eyes on the trailer. Where there are no eyes fitted on the trailer, ensure that the ropes are tied to a robust part of the trailer. Ensure that there is sufficient rope to secure that particular load. Ensure that the movement of the load during transportation is restricted in all directions, the ropes need to be secured in more than one direction i.e. from the front and the rear .

62

When loading traditional bales on flat bed trailers, front and rear racks are fitted. These racks will secure the load up to their level. Stack the bales in a manner that locks each layer in place. When exceeding the height of the racks, ropes will need to be used to secure the bales in place. The distance of travel with the load may dictate how much the load will need securing. If the load has to be transported by road, then you must secure the load accordingly. If you are travelling from a field adjacent to the farmstead then correct interlocking of the layers may be adequate. If the journey means travelling over very uneven ground, then the load has to absorb the instability caused by the uneven surfaces.

When loading round bales, interlocking the bales on the trailer helps to secure the load. If travelling distance by road then secure the loads using ropes especially at the front and rear. It is unlikely, due to the weight of the bales that the rack height will be exceeded.

Using strapping to secure a load is a more secure method as it does not depend on the ability to tie secure knots. Using strapping enables you to maintain good tension to secure the load. The principle of strapping would be the same as roping in that the front and rear of the load will need securing as these are the most likely to become unsecured.

Fig 3 Straps (Ian Harries)

Ropes and straps are the most common means used on farms to secure loads, not only for transporting bales but also for securing pallets of feeds or sawdust, and also transporting machinery on trailers.

63

Netting or sheeting down may be necessary for transporting materials where it may fall or be blown out of the trailer e.g. transporting used silage wrap or silage sheet in a high sided corn trailer or silage trailer, a net or sheet over the top would ensure that no material is lost. Paletted bags of produce are wrapped in plastic to protect the materials from adverse weather and stop the bags moving on the pallets, an adhesive between each layer of bags is used to prevent movement on the pallet. The pallets will still need to be secured on the trailer.

Tarpaulins can be used to protect loads from adverse weather by securing it over the top of the material being transported in the same way as netting. The use of tarpaulin will prevent dust contamination of loads. Separation from the driver should occur when transporting chemicals from a supplier to the farm. When transporting chemicals on the road then the chemicals should not be in the same space as the driver. If using a pick-up then the chemicals should be in the back. If using a van then a barrier or container is needed to separate the load area and the driver.

Loading and unloading areas should be :-

Clear of other traffic, pedestrians and people not involved in loading or unloading Clear of overhead electric cables to prevent touching or allowing electricity to jump to earth through machinery, loads or people Level. To maintain stability, trailers should be parked on firm level ground Loads should be spread as evenly as possible, during both loading and unloading. Uneven loads can make the vehicle or trailer unstable Ensure the vehicle and trailer has its brakes applied and all stabilisers are used Vehicles and trailers must not be overloaded. Checks should be made before unloading to make sure loads have not moved during transit and are likely to move or fall when restraints are removed.

When loading or unloading resources, two things are important to maintain the stability of the load and safe manoeuvring of the load. These are

Weight distribution Positioning

It is important to be are aware of the weight distribution of any load and the centre of gravity of the load. This is as important for manual lifting or mechanical lifting. When lifting a load manually where you are unaware of the centre of gravity, the adjustments that you make to balance the load can cause you injury. It is equally a problem if you are lifting a load with a loader. If the load is lifted incorrectly not taking the centre of gravity into consideration, the tractor and loader will become unstable, there will be more weight on one side of the tractor, therefore putting pressure on the axle and in a serious situation may result in a twist in the loader arms themselves. Many resources

64

are delivered on pallets(feed/sawdust/liquid detergents) or in large bags(feeds/fertilizers) with straps on the bags.

When positioning a load on a trailer, the positioning is critical to maintain the stability and weight distribution of the load. If you place one bag of fertilizer on a flat bed trailer, the best place is over the axle and in the centre of the bed. This will also help with braking of the load. If you are putting materials of different weight onto a trailer for transportation, put the heaviest over the axle. You should not place it on the front of the trailer as this will put weight onto the hitching point .

Stacking and storing

The most common resources that are stored on farms are

Feed and bedding in the form of traditional or big bales

Fertilisers – in 500 or 600kgs bags or palleted small bags

Sawdust – palleted small bags

Safe stacking of traditional bales

When stacking traditional bales in the hay barn the principle of interlocking of the layers is essential to secure the stack. The base should be level, dry and free from contamination by any waste product. The first layer should be placed on its edge with the end towards the edge and you should start from the outside edge and work inwards, this ensures stability at the edges.

The second layer should be placed flat and at right angles the bottom layer to interlock the layers. You should ensure that no layer protrudes beyond the edge of the previous layer. When moving bales manually ensure you do not overstretch to get a bale and ensure that you are aware where everyone else is to avoid throwing or dropping a bale on them. When you use elevators ensure it is maintained, with guards in place and situated in a place that minimises the risk of an accident.

If you have interlocked safely the stack will be secure.

Safe stacking of big bales

Build stacks on firm, level ground away from fire hazards, overhead power lines and dwellings and where high winds will dislodge bales. Bind the bales during stacking to prevent movement and collapse

65

Fence off if livestock have access near or if near a footpath or boundary Sheet stacks to prevent the top layers becoming saturated Stack no higher than 1.5 times the shortest baseline measurement Stack no more than four bales high Never stack round bales on their ends

The dry matter of bales will affect stacking. If bales are

Below 25% dry matter stack in single layers Between 25%-35% dry matter stack two bales high Between 35%-45% dry matter three bales high

Ref HSE Handling and stacking bales in Agriculture

Fertilisers

Most farms take delivery of fertilisers in large bags 500Kgs or 600Kgs. If these are to be stored on the farm then they should not be stacked more that two layers high, again you should consider overlapping the bags to secure the stack.

If they are stacked inside a building then they are protected from the weather but particularly with high nitrogen fertiliser it is important that you minimise fire risks and possible explosion.

The building should be away from housing and combustible material.

If you need to stack fertiliser outside then you must ensure that it is covered from adverse weather by means of a tarpaulin or similar water resistant covering.

Sawdust

Palleted sawdust normally comes wrapped in a water resistant wrap. It will need to be protected from the elements because once you have started the pallet, the wrap is compromised. The pallet should be stored inside close to the point of use.

Fig 4 Safe Handling in Agriculture (HSE)

66

67

After use, ropes/straps and couplings should be

Cleaned off Rolled up Checked for wear and damage Stored in the dry, off the ground Couplings cleaned and checked for damage and wear Store in designated area

Transporting material

Transport used for this purpose on the farm would be a combination of a tractor and a loader/mounted implement (transport box), loader or a trailer (flat bed/corn trailer/tipping trailer or silage trailer).

With all of the above there are key things to remember to ensure

You have had training in the use of all the equipment The equipment can handle the load That all tyre pressures are at correct psi No tyre damage or wear Braking systems can cope with the increased weights The loads are secure fro transportation All attachments are suitable and secure Attachments are attached in the correct place You are aware of your route and any hazards(slopes, gateways, uneven ground) The work area is clear and safe(be aware of people, children and animals) Travel at a safe speed allowing for the surfaces and the load

In relation to fork-lifts or telescopic handlers you should obtain recognised, assessed training. This would include the safe use and operation of ATV’s and trailers.

Monitoring loads

When transporting resources you should minimise damage by

Using suitable equipment to transport the resources Secure the load safely(Straps may not cut into resources as bad as ropes) Position the load to maximise stability Protect the load by sheeting if necessary Travel at a speed to reduce instability

68

Correct stacking of the load before transit

When transporting resources it is advisable to check the load during transit. You may do this while travelling by monitoring the load on the trailer for movement or checking your mirrors to ensure that no part of the load has been lost. It is a good idea to pull into a lay-by and physically check the load. Check the ropes/straps, check the tyres and attachment (hitch pins/lynch pins/ hydraulic pipes/brake connections and lights if fitted.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Safe Handling in Agriculture (HSE )

Manual Handling Regulations (HSE)

69

Chapter 5 - Carry out routine and non routine maintenance

Tractors start deteriorating immediately after manufacturing. In order to reduce the speed of deterioration and wear you need to carry our routine maintenance of the key systems of the tractor. Most tractor manufacturers will set service intervals - what maintenance is required at what time interval. As opposed to cars where the interval may be every 12 months or 10000 miles, the tractor intervals will be set by the number of working hours.

Poor maintenance of the

Lubrication system will cause the components to overheat, increase the wear of the components and increase the likelihood of a breakdown. Fuel system, if the filters are not maintained, then there will be a build up of material on the filters which may inhibit the flow of the fuel and the performance of the tractor. Fuel injectors can be affected by wear and dirt build up which affect the performance of the engine Air cleaners can cause a choking affect on the engine and result in power reduction. Cooling systems will result in engine overheating which will increase wear of the components. If anti-freeze levels are not maintained this could result in serious damage due to frost. Scaling within the cooling system can also result in overheating problems. Battery can result in failure to maintain charge and therefore failure to start the tractor. Brakes can result in loss of control and serious accidents. Transmission fluid levels can result in transmission failure and expensive workshop bills.

All the above will also result in down time for the tractor which most farms can not afford as usually these things go wrong in the middle of a busy harvest season . it is essential that a schedule of maintenance is followed according to the manufacturer’s operating manual.

Typical Service Schedule

10 hours(or daily)

Check engine oil level and top up with the correct grade In dusty conditions, check the air cleaners Make a visual check of the tyres and check the pressure Check the level of water in the windscreen washer

70

Check that lights and indicators are working Check water level in the radiator

50 hours (or weekly)

Carry out 10-hour maintenance tasks and

Check oil levels in the gearbox and transmission and top up Lubricate the wheel bearings, clutch and brake linkages and the hydraulic linkage box Service the air-cleaner Service driving cab filters Check tyre pressures and adjust if necessary Check the battery and top up with distilled water if required. Make sure the battery terminals are clean and tight Check the wheel nuts and front axle bolts for tightness Top up level of fluid in the power-assisted steering

300 hours

Carry out 10 and 50 hour maintenance tasks and Drain the oil from the engine when it is hot. Renew filter element and re-fill the sump with fresh oil. Clean crankcase breather Check steering box oil level where applicable and top up Make sure the clutch pedal free play is correctly adjusted on tractors with a mechanical clutch linkage Check brakes for adjustment Drain water collected in the diesel fuel filter trap Check fan belt tension Make sure the radiator core is clean externally. Remove chaff and dust with an airline or hosepipe

( Turbo charged engines require more frequent oil change)

600 hours

In addition to all the tasks listed above

Renew the diesel fuel filter element and bleed the system Arrange for the diesel injectors to be checked and replaced if necessary Change the oil in the transmission system.

71

Non routine maintenance is required when a failure has occurred which may be a result of a one-off event or poor maintenance.

Failure or poor performance of any of the tractor systems will highlight the need for maintenance or repair of the components.

Preparing the tractor and work area for maintenance

When a tractor requires routine or non-routine maintenance, the preparation for the work would be the same

Clean off the tractor with a water pressure washer. You will need to ensure that the washer has been tested and is safe to use. You should wear protective clothing - water-proof suit and footwear (steel-toe capped safety boots), a mask and safety glasses. The fine mist generated from the washer can be breathed in along with the material being washed off. Particles of dirt can be blown into your eyes. Gloves should also be worn to protect contaminants entering your body through your skin – oils and greases. The tractor needs to be stable during maintenance. Make sure the hand brake is on and the wheels are chocked. Take the key out of the tractor. The work area should be clean and free from hazards such as oil spills. There should be a minimum of 2m available around the tractor for the work to be carried out safely. If any lubricants, oils or fuel need to be replaced or drained, you will need to be aware of the hazards these bring to the workshop. Wear PPE, overalls, safety boots, latex gloves etc.

Dealing with hazardous chemicals and substances: e.g. storage and disposal in accordance with COSHH regulations

When using and dealing with any hazardous chemicals or substances there are key issues you need to be aware of

Information on the hazardous substances How they can affect you Are they flammable/irritant/toxic etc

You can get the information on any substance from the Safety Data Sheet for the substance. This will state the affects of the substance if contamination takes place, it will also highlight environmental considerations when dealing with spills and disposal of waste.

In accordance to the COSHH regulations all flammable substances should be stored in fire resistant lockable containers, preferably outside the workshop area.

72

Any chemicals should be stored in a lockable chemical store, the store should be insulated to maintain temperature(some chemicals may respond to temperature changes). The store should be designed to prevent spills form escaping into the environment. The stores should be built with fire resistant materials.

All substances should be stored in their original containers only. If you decanter any into other containers these should be clearly labelled.

Any waste materials should be disposed of by a licensed contractor – empty containers, waste oils and greases.

Maintenance tasks and the correct procedures for carrying out routine and non routine maintenance

Task Description Date

Tools Required Procedure Hazards and control

73

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Substances can pass into the body by four main ways

Ingestion - swallowing Inhalation – through the nose or mouth Absorption – through the skin or in through open wounds Eye contact – directly or by wiping your eyes with contaminated hand/glove

When working in the workshop you will come in contact with materials and substances which can affect your health and safety. Many different substances are used which can enter your body in different ways. A variety of personal protective equipment is required to minimise these risks. Your risk assessments should identify what is required.

Steel toe-capped safety boots – these will protect your feet from falling tools and materials, these should also have good grip to avoid slips and falls Coveralls – should be supplied to protect your own clothes being contaminated by oils, detergents, thinners, paints and dusts. You should remove these when leaving the workshop and these should be washed and returned to you cleaned. Ear defenders – when a tractor is running within the workshop or activities like grinding, will induce high noise levels. Respirators may be required when removing dust from machinery or working on dusty machines like combine harvesters or hay balers. You may be using substances that give off fumes which will also require respirators to be used, where ventilation is inadequate Gloves should be worn when handling substances like oil, petrol, diesel or greases and many other substances to ensure that the substances do not pass into your body through the skin. Specialist gloves are required for hot work like welding or soldering. Safety glasses should be worn to protect your eyes from dust particles when working on or under machines and when using grinders or drills. A welding face shield is always required to protect eyes from bright light and sparks.

It is your employer’s responsibility to supply suitable PPE and train you to use it. It is your responsibility to use it correctly.

74

Storing tools and materials after use

Always put materials and tools away after use. Never

leave power tools plugged leave leads trailed along the floor or workbench leave hand tools on the floor of the workshop or tractor cab floor leave spills on the floor

All hand tools should be replaced in tool boxes, shelving or hanging on tool racks

Power tools should be checked for damage after use and replaced on the work bench or shelving All materials (i.e.) parts, lubricants should be stored in designated storage areas.

Fig 1 Workshop layout.

75

Fig 2 Shadow Board

Fig 3 Flammables store

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vehicle Health Check Scheme : Code of Practice (NFU)

76

Chapter 6 - Health and Safety General

Safe working practice

All activities should be carried out following safe working procedures which follow available codes of practice and relevant health and safety legislation.

If you decide to cut corners then this could result in an accident, damage to machinery and equipment and potential prosecution and fines. It could also result in disciplinary procedures which could result in loss of employment.

All codes of practice have identified good practice adopting safe working procedures which will minimise the risk of accidents or damage.

All Health and Safety legislation is designed to protect employers and employees from the risk of work related ill health and injury.

sing tractors with attachments in and around the wor area.

ith regard to the use of tractors and attachment you must be aware of the

You must be trained to use the tractor and implement Ensure that the combination is safe to use Wear suitable clothing and footwear All guarding must be in place Ensure work area is clear of hazards including animals and people When manoeuvring the combination (tractor and implement) you must be aware of the added space required to carry out manoeuvre. Must use the combination according to the manufacturer’s operating

manual. Use correct warning signals. Safe stop. Use the unit in suitable, safe ground conditions suitable for the task

nts for changing ground conditions including rough terrain and slopes.

When using a noisy combination assess the noise levels and wear ear defenders as necessary Take regular breaks when carrying out tedious field tasks (field rolling)

The action to take in the event of.

Incidents –an event which has the potential to cause harm to yourself or others, or cause damage to materials or equipment, should be

U k

Wfollowing

Make adjustme

Never step across a rotating pto shaft

77

reported to your supervisor and recorded on an incident form. near hits. It is essential

that incidents are reported to prevent reoccurrence of the event and therefore prevent a potential accident

ents occur it is a legal requirement for that accident to be reported and your employer to record the accident in a

that.

First ders

an

r the equipment and when that maintenance is required. It will give et s ility of that

equ m

Fai e ult in

nt reduction of the working life of the equipment

He t

HASA

Se , so fa ble, the health, safety and welfare at work of all

Section 2(2) details more specific requirements and, in particular note that bly practicable, the provision and

aintenance of plant and safe systems of work.

In simp

Sometimes incidents are termed near misses or

Accidents- when accid

designated Accident Book. Certain types of accidents will have to be reported to the HSE under RIDDOR. It is your employer’s duty to do

First aid – your employer is required to ensure that there is adequate first aid provision for the type of work that is carried out on the farm. You should know who to contact if you are ill or injured, where the Aid box is kept – you may be sent to fetch it. If there are no First Ai on the farm, you should know who to contact/telephone in emergency and what the procedures are.

Manufacturers instructions

The manufacturers instructions are specific guide to the efficient, safe operation of their equipment. The instructions will specify the maintenance equired fo r

d ail of the controls, safe operating methods and the capab ip ent.

lur to follow these instructions could res

Failure of the equipment Damage to other equipment Inefficient operation of the equipment Unsafe operation which could result in an accident Significa

al h and safety – Specific

WA-

ction 2(1) of the HASAWA states it is “ the duty of every employer to ensure r as is reasonably practica

his employees”

employers must ensure, so far as is reasona m

le terms, employers must

78

ls/oils, safely Maintain safe and healthy workplaces with welfare facilities

Emplo

Take care of you’re their own health and safety at work

arm safety policy

licies and procedures relating to safety on e farm. Within that is the requirement that you are trained to use the

details of your responsibilities within the farm safety policy. ou have a responsibility to

Behave in a manner not to endanger yourself or others by your work

Seek advice from your supervisor

isk assessment

is your employer’s responsibility to ensure that suitable and sufficient risk

have to be recorded.

ou

r employer needs to explain e assessment and inform you of the hazards, risk, and control measures

risk to yourself and others.

Provide and maintain equipment and work systems which are safe and healthy Deal with substances, such as chemica

Ensure that workplaces and work activities do not put visitors, members of the public and others at unnecessary risk

yees must

Take care of the health and safety of others Co-operate with their employers Not misuse or interfere with anything provided for health and safety purposes.

F

This is a general statement of the po th machinery and able to use them safely. This means that you look after yourself and others around you, and follow any instructions laid down in the policy.

You will have Y

activities Conform to safety procedures laid out in the policy Not to damage or misuse safety equipment Report any hazards to your supervisor Carry out activities you have been trained to do

R

It assessments are carried out where there is a significant risk of injury or ill health as a result of work activity. If there are more that 5 employees the significant findings

If your employer is in the process of producing the risk assessments, then y should be involved in the process. If risk assessments have been produced, you need to be aware of the assessment and you th you need to follow to minimise the

79

PUWE

In g your use at w r

Suitable for the intended use se – brakes, lights and key

Maintained in a safe condition

to use it devices, e.g. protective devices,

eating for operator Must not transport people unless fitted with a seat for that purpose Drive shafts have guards

rts which could endanger you must have a guard

ing loads must be

Used safely

des slings, ropes and shackles

Code

Co s regulations which will give you ractical examples of how you can conform to the regulations.

actice relating to machinery is called

ral

covers :-

R

eneral terms, PUWER requires that any equipment provided for o k must be

Safe for u

Inspected to ensure it remains in a safe condition Used only by people who have been trained Accompanied by suitable safety markings, warnings. Suitable s

Any moving pa

Another regulation relevant to us is Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)

In general, LOLER requires that any lifting equipment used at work for lifting or lower

Strong and stable enough for particular use and marked to indicate safe working loads

Inspected regularly This inclu

s of practice

de of practice are available for certain p

The main Code of Pr

Vehicle Health Check Scheme : Code of Practice(November 2000) This relates to Agricultural motor vehicles, agricultural trailers and agricultu trailed appliances(including mounted machinery)

It

Training including how to use the machinery, the risks and essential precautions Carrying out checks – daily including attachments.

80

BIBLIOGRAPHY

.gov.uk www.HSE

81