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►Ho Chi Minh TrailHo Chi Minh Trail►Tonkin Gulf ResolutionTonkin Gulf Resolution►Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem►Brinkmanship Brinkmanship ►Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

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►Who should be exempt from a draft to Who should be exempt from a draft to go fight in Vietnam p935?go fight in Vietnam p935? Give reasons as to who and whyGive reasons as to who and why

Vietnam WarVietnam War

US HistoryUS History

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►Brown v Board IIBrown v Board II► James MeredithJames Meredith►Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964►Dejure Segregation Dejure Segregation ►1414thth Amendment Amendment

How did we get involved?How did we get involved?

►1950 we started helping ______1950 we started helping ______ They ruled too harshlyThey ruled too harshly

►Many Vietnamese looked for Many Vietnamese looked for alternativesalternatives ______ formed the Vietminh-& claimed ______ formed the Vietminh-& claimed

____________

►1950-Truman sends $15 million 1950-Truman sends $15 million why?why?

Playin’ BonesPlayin’ Bones

►Eisenhower explained the _____Eisenhower explained the _____►Countries met to make the Countries met to make the Geneva Geneva

Accords Accords – results…– results… Ho Chi Minh in control of N – capitol of Ho Chi Minh in control of N – capitol of

__________ Ngo Dinh Diem leader in S – capitol of Ngo Dinh Diem leader in S – capitol of

____________

►Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem

- US backed president of SV- US backed president of SV

- corrupt and repressive - corrupt and repressive

- a devout Catholic- a devout Catholic

- restricted Buddhist practices- restricted Buddhist practices

Election of 1956Election of 1956►Elections canceled by Diem why?Elections canceled by Diem why?

Vietcong –S Vietnamese that supported Vietcong –S Vietnamese that supported __________

Operated as a terrorist groupOperated as a terrorist group Got supplies via ________Got supplies via ________

Kennedy & JohnsonKennedy & Johnson

►US – JFK authorized ______ of DiemUS – JFK authorized ______ of Diem ““In final analysis, it’s their war” but… JFK In final analysis, it’s their war” but… JFK

was going to do what?was going to do what?►After assassination of Diem – Vietcong After assassination of Diem – Vietcong

________►LBJ worried about being _____LBJ worried about being _____►Tonkin Gulf Resolution—USS Maddox Tonkin Gulf Resolution—USS Maddox

CLAIMEDCLAIMED it had been shot at—so… it had been shot at—so… Asked and got what?Asked and got what?

►Feb 1965-Operation Rolling ThunderFeb 1965-Operation Rolling Thunder Bombing and 50,000 ______Bombing and 50,000 ______

JohnsonJohnson

►““not about to send American boys 9 or not about to send American boys 9 or 10,000 miles away from home to do 10,000 miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to be doing for what Asian boys ought to be doing for themselves”themselves”

►But by end of 1965-180,000 sentBut by end of 1965-180,000 sent►______ kept asking for more-67-______ kept asking for more-67-

500,000500,000 Why?Why?

Fighting StylesFighting Styles

VietcongVietcong► Hit and run / ____ Hit and run / ____

warfarewarfare► Hide among citizensHide among citizens► Used ____ as Used ____ as

weaponsweapons► Underground Underground

TunnelsTunnels► Home AdvantageHome Advantage

AmericansAmericans► Superior ______Superior ______► Use NapalmUse Napalm

Gasoline based bombGasoline based bomb

► Agent OrangeAgent Orange Caused ____ and ____Caused ____ and ____

► Search and Destroy Search and Destroy Missions-what were Missions-what were they?they?

Other TacticsOther Tactics

►US Used Land MinesUS Used Land Mines 3.5 Million remain in Vietnam3.5 Million remain in Vietnam 160 Casualties per/month160 Casualties per/month

►1997 Mine Ban Treaty1997 Mine Ban Treaty Signed by 139 countriesSigned by 139 countries What did the US do?What did the US do? But we have spent ____But we have spent ____

Sinking MoraleSinking Morale

► Public Opinion Going Down – why?Public Opinion Going Down – why? Govt in the South…Govt in the South… We thought what about the war?We thought what about the war?

► Johnson unhappy because what failed?Johnson unhappy because what failed? Had to raise taxesHad to raise taxes Everything televisedEverything televised

► ““Living Room War” why?Living Room War” why?

► LBJ-”There was a lightLBJ-”There was a lightAt the end of the tunnel”At the end of the tunnel”► Created the _____ GapCreated the _____ Gap

Meaning?Meaning?

Problems ContinuedProblems Continued

►Soldiers moral down as wellSoldiers moral down as well Two different ways of coping…Two different ways of coping…

►Nation becomes dividedNation becomes divided Protest…Protest… Lies, lies, more lies…Lies, lies, more lies…

Nation DividedNation Divided

►Not everyone wanted to go to warNot everyone wanted to go to war People found ways out of the draft – how?People found ways out of the draft – how? AA’s served more in ______ againAA’s served more in ______ again Women served in _____ rolesWomen served in _____ roles

Students what are they Students what are they doing?doing?

►The New Left (kinda like…)The New Left (kinda like…) Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Free Speech Movement (FSM)Free Speech Movement (FSM) Protest on __________ – wanted a Protest on __________ – wanted a

fundamental changefundamental change

How do we Protest?How do we Protest?

►20,000 on DC in April 6520,000 on DC in April 65►30,000 on DC in November 6530,000 on DC in November 65► Johnson says you have to have _____ to Johnson says you have to have _____ to

stay out of the warstay out of the war Results – many went to _____ like _______Results – many went to _____ like _______ Many torn between protest and being Many torn between protest and being

____________

►75,000 on DC in 67 – what happened?75,000 on DC in 67 – what happened?

Johnson can’t winJohnson can’t win

►Two types of peopleTwo types of people Doves – wanted us to ______Doves – wanted us to ______ Hawks – wanted us to ______Hawks – wanted us to ______

►70% of US thought Protesters were 70% of US thought Protesters were “acts of disloyalty”“acts of disloyalty”

►““America-love it or leave it” “Support America-love it or leave it” “Support our men in Vietnam”our men in Vietnam”

Happy New Tet!Happy New Tet!

► What was the Tet Offensive?What was the Tet Offensive?► Jan 30Jan 30thth, 1968—32,000 _____ killed only , 1968—32,000 _____ killed only

3,000 ARVN but view of public?3,000 ARVN but view of public? Prior to Tet – 28% Doves, 56% ____Prior to Tet – 28% Doves, 56% ____ After Tet – 40% for both sidesAfter Tet – 40% for both sides Cronkite – “more certain than ever that the Cronkite – “more certain than ever that the

bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate.”stalemate.”

► Everything changed—news people…Everything changed—news people…► Feb 1968—60% _____ JohnsonFeb 1968—60% _____ Johnson

1968 What a bad year!1968 What a bad year!

►March 31, 1968 Johnson said _____ and March 31, 1968 Johnson said _____ and “I will not seek and will not accept the “I will not seek and will not accept the nomination of my party for another nomination of my party for another term as your president”term as your president” April 4April 4thth, 1968—MLK ____, 1968—MLK ____ June 4June 4thth, 1968—RFK ____, 1968—RFK ____ Columbia UniveristyColumbia Univeristy

1968 Continued…Who is going 1968 Continued…Who is going to be Presidentto be President

►68 Dem Convention – Btw Humphrey 68 Dem Convention – Btw Humphrey and McCarthy – what were their jobs?and McCarthy – what were their jobs? Convention in Chicago who came?Convention in Chicago who came? ““As long as I am mayor there will be law As long as I am mayor there will be law

and order”and order”

What about the ElectionWhat about the Election

►Democrats caught on camera fighting Democrats caught on camera fighting so…so…

►Rep. _____ just lost California Gov. Rep. _____ just lost California Gov. electionelection Promised to _______Promised to _______

►On to the actual electionOn to the actual election Nixon v. Humphrey and ______Nixon v. Humphrey and ______ Who wins? What helpsWho wins? What helps

Tricky Dick as PresidentTricky Dick as President

►““We have to get rid of the nightmares We have to get rid of the nightmares we inherited” – What does that mean?we inherited” – What does that mean?

►Nixon works with ______ Nixon works with ______ Named policy Named policy VietnamizationVietnamization 1969-1971 withdrawal of 175,0001969-1971 withdrawal of 175,000 While doing this he bombed ______While doing this he bombed ______

More Problems…More Problems…

►Nixon counted on support from _______Nixon counted on support from _______►My Lai Incident – My Lai Incident –

““Kill anything that breathed”Kill anything that breathed” Troops killed ____ innocent women and childrenTroops killed ____ innocent women and children

►Nixon announced invasion of CambodiaNixon announced invasion of Cambodia What happened at Kent State / Jackson StateWhat happened at Kent State / Jackson State As if it couldn’t get any worse - _____ publishedAs if it couldn’t get any worse - _____ published

►What was included in them?What was included in them?

This is the war that never ends – This is the war that never ends – it goes on and on my friends…it goes on and on my friends…

►March ’72 – The Communist “have never March ’72 – The Communist “have never been bombed like that are going to be been bombed like that are going to be bombed this time” Nixonbombed this time” Nixon

►Kissinger secretly meeting says peace is ___Kissinger secretly meeting says peace is ___ But… We bomb largest cities 100,000 timesBut… We bomb largest cities 100,000 times After that we finally sign a peace treaty – yea!!After that we finally sign a peace treaty – yea!!

►Terms of the Treaty Terms of the Treaty We would respond if they violated with full force We would respond if they violated with full force 2 Years later N Vietnam invades and we do??2 Years later N Vietnam invades and we do??

Legacy of WarLegacy of War

►Casualties in the WarCasualties in the War 58,000 Americans Died58,000 Americans Died 303,000 wounded303,000 wounded 2 mil. Vietnamese2 mil. Vietnamese Our ego – Our ego –

Veterans Back HomeVeterans Back Home

►Welcome Home Celebration! Welcome Home Celebration! Like what?Like what? Physiological ProblemsPhysiological Problems

►PTSD, Drugs, Apathy, SuicidePTSD, Drugs, Apathy, Suicide

Legacy of the Vietnam WarLegacy of the Vietnam War

► HawksHawks = we could = we could havehave won (more military won (more military might)might)

* blamed doves and peace movement for loss* blamed doves and peace movement for loss► DovesDoves = we couldn’t win = we couldn’t win

* unrestricted war = China and Russia get * unrestricted war = China and Russia get involvedinvolved

►War Powers ActWar Powers Act- Limited the President’s power to declare war- Limited the President’s power to declare war

► Americans become distrustful and cynical towardsAmericans become distrustful and cynical towards

the governmentthe government► South East Asia in chaos South East Asia in chaos

South East Asia Post Vietnam WarSouth East Asia Post Vietnam War

►400,000 South Vietnamese imprisoned by 400,000 South Vietnamese imprisoned by the Norththe North

►1.5 million Vietnamese flee the country1.5 million Vietnamese flee the country

* 50,000 die on the sea* 50,000 die on the sea

►Vietnam is now a popular tourist Vietnam is now a popular tourist destinationdestination

- watch out for those 3.5 million land - watch out for those 3.5 million land mines! mines!

DraftDraft

►American opinionAmerican opinion

Fighting StyleFighting Style

►Booby traps, land mines, jungle, gorilla Booby traps, land mines, jungle, gorilla ►Westmoreland introduced body count-Westmoreland introduced body count-

why?why?►Tried to win the “hearts and minds of Tried to win the “hearts and minds of

people”—but some things didn’t help people”—but some things didn’t help like-like-

►Soldiers moral went way down—turned Soldiers moral went way down—turned to drugs and _____to drugs and _____

American’s ViewsAmerican’s Views

► Johnson unhappy b/c GS going downJohnson unhappy b/c GS going down►Living Room War—body bags…Living Room War—body bags…►Creditability Gap—caused by what?Creditability Gap—caused by what?

Effect on the Draft?Effect on the Draft? Protest movements—New LeftProtest movements—New Left

►SDS, FSMSDS, FSM►March on Washington—effect of music…March on Washington—effect of music…►Doves vs. Hawks—what is that?Doves vs. Hawks—what is that?

1968 Cont…1968 Cont…

►Chicago Dem Party convention—this Chicago Dem Party convention—this time the convention was really time the convention was really excitingexciting

►Made the Dems look silly--___ won Made the Dems look silly--___ won strange electionstrange election

Public Opinion cont…Public Opinion cont…

►Kissinger and Nixon—policy of Kissinger and Nixon—policy of Vietnamization— Vietnamization—

►March 16, 1968—My Lai what March 16, 1968—My Lai what happened?happened?

►1.5 million ____ on strike—why?1.5 million ____ on strike—why? Kent State Massacre Kent State Massacre Release of Pentagon PapersRelease of Pentagon Papers

►Cease fire signed—but eventually ____ Cease fire signed—but eventually ____ fallsfalls

Totals of the WarTotals of the War

►58,000 Americans died58,000 Americans died►303,000 Americans wounded303,000 Americans wounded►2 million Vietnamese2 million Vietnamese►Troops mental problems why?Troops mental problems why?►Eventually—the Wall createdEventually—the Wall created

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►NapalmNapalm►Credibility GapCredibility Gap►Great SocietyGreat Society►New Deal New Deal ►United Nations United Nations

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►DoveDove►HawkHawk►New LeftNew Left►Living Room War Living Room War ►Ways to avoid the draft Ways to avoid the draft

JournalJournal

► If you were forced to go to war what If you were forced to go to war what do you think the hardest part of do you think the hardest part of coming back would be? What coming back would be? What adjustments would you need to make adjustments would you need to make in your life? Do you think it would be in your life? Do you think it would be easy or difficult?easy or difficult?

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►VietmanizationVietmanization►KissengerKissenger►1968 Election1968 Election►Tet Offensive Tet Offensive ►Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

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►How would you feel if all student How would you feel if all student privileges at school (best parking, privileges at school (best parking, leaving early for lunch, exam leaving early for lunch, exam exemption, picking classes) were exemption, picking classes) were awarded based on how much money awarded based on how much money your family has? How should those be your family has? How should those be awarded?awarded?