korea university user interface lab copyright 2008 by user interface lab 11 15 automaticity,...
TRANSCRIPT
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115
Automaticity, Resources, and Memory :
Theoretical Controversies and Practical ImplicationsDept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering
Korea University
Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
Cha Yeon Joo
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Contents
• Introduction
• Facts about automaticity
• Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
• Implication of Automaticity-as-memory
• Summary and Conclusions
1
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Introduction
• Two factions –Automaticity as a way to overcome resource limitation (old guard)–Memory phenomenon (revolutionary)
• Automaticity is a major factor in skill acquisition
• Memory view training
2
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Facts about Automaticity
• Automaticity processing’s properties– Fast– Effortless– Autonomous of obligatory– Consistent of stereotypic– Unavailable to conscious awareness
3
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
Thesis : automaticity and resources• Modal view
– Automatic processing : without attention, require no capacity
• Questions1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does
- Fast, effortless, autonomous or obligatory, unconscious
2.How automaticity is learned- Not explain the development of automaticity- Practice ↑ demand for attention ↓- Serious weakness of modal view
4
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
Thesis : automaticity and resources
5
3. How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice- Properties : characteristic of processes that require little or no
capacity- Practice↑ capacity ↓ properties emerged
4. Why consistency of practice is so important - Modal view has difficulty dealing with this questions- Process-based learning
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
Antithesis : automaticity and memory• Revolutionary view ‑ Automaticity is a memory phenomenon‑ Single step, direct-access retrieval from memory‑ Automatization build-up of information in memory‑ Resources play no role in automatization
novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than
by a lack of resources‑ Automaticity associated with expertise
6
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
Antithesis : automaticity and memory• Questions
1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does• Those properties are characteristic of memory retrieval
2.How automaticity is learned• Strengthening • Table look-up• Instance learning
3.How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice• Practice ↑ memory retrieval ↑
4.Why consistency of practice is so important • Item-based learning
7
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity
Synthesis : points of compatibility and compromise• It is hard to say whether automaticity-as-memory will entirely replace the modal view
• Integrate two theories - possible
‑ Resource theory is strong on explaining novice performance and weak on learning‑ Automaticity as memory is the opposite
• Logan’s memory instance theory‑ Resource reduction : consequence of automatization rather than a cause‑ Automatization could involve few resources compared‑ Automatization is consequence of experience‑ Attention to an object
‑ Encode to memory‑ Retrieve whatever was associated
8
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory• Memory view can no longer be ignored
• Prediction (transfer of automaticity) ‑Modal view : predict broader transfer‑Memory view : predict narrower transfer
• Predictions design of training programs
• Levels of processing ‑ Modal view : Deeper levels demanding more resources‑ Memory view : with better memory for deeper processing
Better memory facilitate automatization
9
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115
• Context can have powerful effects on memory
• Match between context at encoding and context at retrieval was the crucial variable
Context is an important retrieval cue
• The consistency of the context is also an important consideration
• In memory view ‐ Context effect automaticity, automatization
Implication of Automaticity-as-memory
- Context effects
10
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115
• Training does not appear to produce immunity to dual-task interference
•Training programs should encourage trainees to treat the two tasks separately• Training under a variety of dual-task conditions
To ignore the context
Implication of Automaticity-as-memory
- Dual-Task Conditions as Context
11
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory
- Levels-of-Processing Effects• Levels of processing is a potent variable in memory research
• Memory phenomenon‐ Levels of processing might have effect on automatization‐ Deeper level : faster learning and better retention
• Training may be more effective if it involves a deeper level of processing
• Not understood theoretically
12
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory
- Implicit and Explicit Memory• Explicit memory task
‐ Recognition and recall ‐ Explicitly told to retrieve something from memory
• Implicit memory task‐ Performs better on familiar materials‐ No explicit instruction
• Not mutually exclusive
13
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Procedural and Declarative Knowledge : Automaticity as Motor Skill• Declarative knowledge
- Knowledge of facts : knowing that
• Procedural knowledge- Knowledge of process : knowing how
• Skill acquisition- Transition : declarative knowledge procedural knowledge
• Perceptual-motor skills- Both automatic and procedural
14
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115Summary and Conclusions
• Resource theories of automaticity
• Memory view provides a new perspective on issues in automaticity and training
15
Korea University
User Interface Lab
Cop
yrig
ht 2
00
8 b
y U
ser
Inte
rfa
ce L
ab
1115
Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
Thank You