A Brief Review of Arts and Culture Policy in Korea:

Organizations, Policy Instruments, and Globalization

Kwangho Jung

Seoul National University

1

Supporting the Arts at Home and Abroad: Korea, China, and the United States

KORUS ForumWashington DC

November 30, 2012

2

Three Main Questions

1. What are the major national arts organizations in Korea? How do they accomplish their goals?

2. What policy instruments are used for promoting arts in Korea?

3. How are arts in Korea promoted internationally?

3

Historical Environments of Korean Arts Policy

- Strong Roles of Government, Active State Intervention

- Growing Civic Society: Education First, Rapid Industrialization, Democratization

- Various Historical Cultural Heritages and Assets(Hangul, Taekyundo )

Key Features of Arts Policies in Korea

4

Public Policy Frames in Arts in Korea

5

Political Economy of Cultural Policy in Korea

National Public Organizations for Arts

Presidential Council of Nation Branding

Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea

6

7

Key Bureau Offices in Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST)

8

Quasi governmental Organizations for Arts

Quasi non-governmentalOrganizations for Arts

9

Art Council Korea(ARKO)

ARKO is a state funded‚ non profit organization, supporting arts organizations and artists in and abroad through grant-giving services and programs. Established as the Korea Culture and Arts Foundation in 1973‚ it was later restructured as Arts Council Korea in 2005 , following the reenactment of the Korea Culture and Arts Promotion Act.

* ARKO is the largest funding agency for arts in Korea

10

Key Components of Arts & Culture Policy

Source: Adjusted from IFACCA (International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies)Madden, Christopher. 2009. The Independence of Government Arts Funding: A Review. IFACCA D’ART REPORT NO 9. www.ifacca.org.

Top-down vs.Button-up

Professionalism vs.Civic Participation

Government vs. Non-government Direct-government vs. Market Based Tools

Supply side policies -> Demand side policies

11

Key CharacteristicsArts & Culture Policy

WFK: a unified program for volunteers dispatched overseas from 7 previous different programs across three ministries

12Source: http://www.arko.or.kr/english

Subsidies from Art Council Korea(ARKO)

13

Supporting programs from Korea Arts & Education Services

(KAES)

Bringing Arts Education in Public

Schools

Arts for AllArts in Everyday

AdvocacyPublic Awareness

-More Artists in Schools ? ‘Artist-in-School Program’

- Toward a Success Model ‘Creative Partnership Program’

-Re-training Support for School Teachers

-Extended Arts and Culture Education Program

-Creating Regional Centers for Arts and Culture Education

-Building Support for Arts and Culture Education Policy

-Arts and Culture Education Web Management

-International Exchange-Dialogue beyond Borders

R&D projects(for textbooks, auxiliary materials and manuals for professional training and education)

. Textbooks & Subsidiary Material Development

. On/off-line Educational Contents Development

. Statistics on Arts and Culture Education for Beneficiaries

. Arts and Culture Education Dictionary Development

Training for Trainers. Development of Human Resources for Arts and Culture. Arts and Culture Educators’ Academy. Arts Education Project for Gifted Children

14

Key Successful factors of Korean Wave(Hallyu)

Psy, Gangnam Style, a worldwide phenomenon, has topped national music charts in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom as well as You-tube.

K-pop(Korean popular music), Korean dramas, and K-food have played a significant role in spreading the Korean Wave to other countries.

Key Components of Popular Korean Wave(Hallyu)

- Growing G-generation[Create, Collaborate, Share, Give, Engage]

. Digital and Web comfortable generation

. English fluent generation

. Globally open minded generation

15

- Unique development Pathways [Korean Way]. Rapid economic growth & Successful democratization. Highest education spending and performance(education fever). Leading globalization(FTA, ODA, Global diplomacy)

- Effective Arts and Culture Policies . Centralized top-down policy (Presidential Council of National Branding). Targeting policies for reducing cultural divide(Cultural vouchers, FSSP). Various public organizations for cultural diplomacy (KORUS)

New Public Diplomacy and Arts Policy

• Arts used for economic development programs from developed countries, World Bank, IMF, etc. -> Art is regarded as a simple instrument, not as a self-empowered identity

• Inherent cultural conflicts (National vs. global identity)

• Who leads cultural diplomacy? (Government, non-governmental orgs(international orgs, academic institutions), civic sector, commercial media)

16

Cultural diplomacy is increasingly important to promote a positive (global) image under the globalized electronic communication and worldwide media consumers.

17

Trends of Budget of MCST and GNI per capita in South Korea

Appendix 1

18

Overview of Key Cultural Facilities in South Korea from 2000 to 2010

Appendix 2

19

Art-Flower Seed Schools

(AFSS)General Elementary Schools

Treatment group Control Group

Before After t-value Before After t-value

Personality

Development

P13.76

(1,016)

3.80

(1,012)1.08

3.77

(276)

3.84

(263)1.25

P23.67

(997)

3.77

(1,002)3.12**

3.56

(266)

3.66

(261)1.70

P33.34

(1,012)

3.42

(1,015)2.82**

3.32

(276)

3.32

(266)0.04

Note: 1) Each item is a five point Likert scale. 2) *: p-value<0.05; **: p-value<0.01; 3) ( )= Sample size.

4) P1= Self-esteem & Happiness; P2=Expression & Creativity; P3= Cooperation & Sociability.

The Impact of ACE on Personality Development(Source: KACES AFSS Project Report)

Appendix 3