krashen’s theory
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Krashen’s Theory: SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Antonia Cornejo CamposFrancisca Urrutia Mundaca
Universidad de las AméricasPhonetics II
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The psychologist Stephen Krashen
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Five main hypotheses:• The acquisition-learning hypothesis• The monitor hypothesis• The natural order hypothesis • The input hypothesis • The affective filter hypothesis.
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Acquisition• Subconscious process• Similar to learning native language
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Learning• Conscious process• “Rules" and "grammar“• Formal instruction• Less effective than acquisition
(according to Krashen)
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Acquisition – Learning DistinctionAcquisition
Sub-consciousby environment
(Ex: games, Movies, radio)
Picking up words
LearningConscious by
instructorsCorrect errors
Knowing aboutGrammar rules
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Monitor hypothesis• Relationship between acquisition and
learning.• The acquirer/learner must know the rule.• The acquirer must be focused on
correctness.• Having time to use the monitor.
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Natural Order Hypothesis• The acquisition of grammatical
structures follows a “natural order” which is predictable.
• He rejects grammatical sequencing.• Teaching of grammar can result in
language acquisition – when students are interested.
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Input Hypothesis• Structure that is “a little beyond”
where we are now.• “going for meaning” first.• Speaking fluency cannot be taught
directly.• Provide comprehensible input.
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Affective Filter Hypothesis
• ‘Affective variables’: Motivation, self-confidence and anxiety.
• Learners with these affective variables are better equipped.
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ConclusionThe acquisition-learning hypothesis is at the core of modern language acquisition theory, and is perhaps the most fundamental of Krashen's theories on second acquisition.
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Bibliography• Krashen, Stephen D. Principles
and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International, 1987.
• Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International, 1988.
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