krugman-the myth of asia's miracle

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  • 8/2/2019 Krugman-The Myth of Asia's Miracle

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    Duvonhk Whv Qcf N|qc ij Hrlh/r Nluhb`f, Jiuflok Hjjhlur ?2=:#`

  • 8/2/2019 Krugman-The Myth of Asia's Miracle

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  • 8/2/2019 Krugman-The Myth of Asia's Miracle

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    Whv` Duvonhkzhl`fa lk wufzlivr |fhur+ Binnvklrq ouiqc iv`a wufalbqhe`| r`iaik wfuchwr auhrqlbh``|+Bhk qcfuf ufh``| ef hk| whuh``f` efqffk qcf ouiqc ij _hurhWhbq khqlikr lk qcf 8

  • 8/2/2019 Krugman-The Myth of Asia's Miracle

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  • 8/2/2019 Krugman-The Myth of Asia's Miracle

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    QCF EFQQNHKK HUBCLZFQcf Rizlfq nluhb`f=wfurwluhqlik, kiq lkrwluhqlikRizlfq wuirwfbqr+ Qi vkafurqhka qclr uflkqfuwufqhqlik lq lr kfbfrrhu|qi nhdf h eulfj afqivu lkqi fbikinlb qcfiu| qi alrbvrr h rffnlko`|herquvrf evq lk jhbq lkqfkrf`| wuhbqlbh` bikbfwq= ouiqc hbbivkqlko+

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    Biw|ulocq #b, 5776 WuiXvfrq Lkjiunhqlik hka @fhuklko Binwhk|Biw|ulocq #b, Bivkbl` ik Jiuflok Hjjhlur

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    5 Hq jlurq bufhqlko hk lkafs ij h`` lkwvqr nh| rffn `ldf binwhulko hww fr hka iuhkofrqchq lr qu|lko qi haa qiofqcfu kikbin whuhe`f lqfnr `ldf qcf civur h iudfu wvqr lk hkaqcf birq ij qcf kf nhbclkf cf vrfr+ Ci aifr ikf afqfunlkf qcf flocqr jiu qcfaljjfufkq binwikfkqr9 Qcf fbikinlrqr/ hkrfu lr qi vrf nhudfq ufqvukr+ Lj qcf hzfuhofiudfu fhukr !86hk civu olzf fhbc wfurik.civu lk qcf lkafs hflocq 7T!864 lj h nhbclkfqchq birqr !877,777 ik hzfuhof fhukr !87,777 lk wuijlqr fhbc |fhu #h 87 wfubfkq uhqf ijufqvuk, qcfk olzf fhbc rvbc nhbclkf h flocq ij Rli+iii4 hka ri ik+

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    JI UF LOK HJJHL UR + Kiifnefu)Afbfnifu uii r T:? ^

    Biw|ulocq #b, 5776 WuiXvfrq Lkjiunhqlik hka @fhuklko Binwhk|Biw|ulocq #b, Bivkbl ik Jiuflok Hjjhlur

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    T : 3 M JIUFLOK HJJHLUR/ Zi`vnf ?2Ki+:

    Biw|ulocq #b, 5776 WuiXvfrq Lkjiunhqlik hka @fhuklko Binwhk|Biw|ulocq #b, Bivkbl` ik Jiuflok Hjjhlur

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    JIUFLOK HJJHLUR + Kiibnefu )Afbfnefu qilv T?8^

    Biw|ulocq #b, 5776 WuiXvfrq Lkjiunhqlik hka @fhuklko Binwhk|Biw|ulocq #b, Bivkbl ik Jiuflok Hjjhlur

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