ku is;drd os,arelais mdi, nm$fyd$ is,r;k uyd js¥y, fya%ksh 9 ta fya%ksh
DESCRIPTION
ku is;drd os,arelaIs mdi, nm$fyd$ iS,r;k uyd js¥y, fYa%Ksh 9 ta fYa%Ksh. wdhqfndajka. jsYaus; isrefra ls%hd ldrs;ajh. kjsk ;dlaIKh fld;rus oshqKq jqj;a usksia isrerg iu l< yels WmlrKhla ksuejsug ;ju;a yelsjs we;aoehs gsllg is;d n,uq. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
kjsk ;dlaIKh fld;rus oshqKq jqj;a usksia
isrerg iu l< yels
WmlrKhla ksuejsug ;ju;a
yelsjs we;aoehs gsllg is;d
n,uq
wmsg oefkk WKqiqu -is;,-.|-iqjo-ri wmsg fjkalr
y¥kd .eksug mq,qjk
yDoh ls%hd;auljkakg mgka
.kafka wms wusudf.a l=i ;=< isgsh osuhs wms bm¥k fj,dfjs isgu
Yaikh is¥ fjs wdydr .kakd yeujsgu Yaikho is¥ fjs
isrefra jsjsO moaO;s lsysmhla .ek f;dr;=re fidhuq
moaO;s usksia isrerg we;sm%fhdack
wdydr csraK moaO;sh
wuqØjH ,nd .eksu yd osrjsu
Yajik moaO;sh Ulaiscka ,nd .eksu yd -msg lsrsu
reOsr ixirK moaO;sh
reOsrh tyd fuyd f.k huska mj;ajd .eksu
nysid%js moaO;sh wmØjH msg lsrsu
iakdhq moaO;sh mKsjsv tyd fuyd f.k heu yd ixfjsos;d
wia:s yd fmaYs moaO;sh
w;a md Yrsrh p,kh ixp,kh fi,jsu ksfid,auka lsrsu
wdydr csraK moaO;sh
wms bm¥k od mgka fldmuK wdydr iy oshr m%udkhla .s,oud we;ao@ fusjdg is¥jqfhal=ulao@ wdydrfhka fldgila
wm isrefrka wiqps f,iNeyer fjs ;j;a fldgila
Yrsrhg m%fhdackhg .efka
wm .kakd wdydr uq,skau we;=,a jkafka uqLhghs tajd l=vd len,s j,g lvd .eksug bosrsmi lDka;l o;a brd .eksug rokl o;a
wUrd .eksug pdrajl iy mqriapdrajl o;a yev .eis ;sfns
fufia weUfrk wdydrh fl< iu. usY% js wkakf>da;h foig ;,a,q fjs fuhg Wmldrs jkafka wfma osjhs thska wdudYh ;=,g f.dia meh 4 ;a 6w;r ld,hla wdudYfha csraKh is¥fjs B<. wjia:dfjsos
wdydr .uka lrkafka l=vd wka;%hghs fuysos wlaudfjka iy ms;a;dY
)fhka we;s jk >dj yd w.akHdYfhka we;s jk tkaihsu u.ska
wdydrh ;j ¥rg;a csraKh fjs wdydrfha we;s fmdaIl fldgia
ish,a, l=vd wka;%fha os Wrd .kshs bkamiq uyd wka;%hg f.dia
tys we;s c,h jevs fldgila isrerg Wrd .kshs wjYH ke;s fldgia .=ofhka msg flfra
b;srs gsl
Yajik moaO;sfha ls%hdldrs;ajh wdrusN jkafka wms fuf,dj t<sh
olajkjd;a iu.hs tu ls%hdj wms ush hk;=re u taldlrsj isÿfjs jskdvs .Kkdjla Yajikh isÿ fkdjqk fyd;a urKh we;sfjs Yajdikd,h yryd fmKy,qj,g we;=,qjk jd;h reOsrh yd iusnkaO
jkafka .ra; l=yr kus jq l=vd fldgiaj, osh fusjd ixLHdfjka us,shk 300 muK jk w;r tajdfha jra. m%udKh fjd,sfnda,a msgshl jra. m%udKhg iul, yel Yajik ls%hdj,sh bfnsgu isÿfjk fohls fmKy,q j,g jd;h we;=,qjk jsg wfma mmqj bosrshg fkrd ths jd;h msgj hkjsg mmqj h:d;;ajhg m;a fjhs
iajdikd,sld
iajdikd,h
wkqiajdikd,sldj
iajrd,h
..ra;
isrefra iEu;eklu ieu ffi,hlu reOsrh .uka lrhsreOsrh isrer mqrd .uka lrkafka kd, moaO;shla u.Sks fuu kd, lrd msrsisÿ reOsrh fhduq lrkafka
yDoh u.sks isrefra mgl j,ska tk wmsrsisÿreOsrh fmky,q lrd fhduq lrjkafka yDohhs fussjdusY% fkdjs ;nd.eksug ydoh fjkuu fldgia 4lg fnos ;sfns ydoh ;=< fuu reOsr .ukh ioyd
issÿjk ls%hdj,sh mqÿu iy.;hs fmky,qj,os Ulaiscka
,nd.kakd reOsrh yDoh lrd .uka lrhs tajdkeaj; isrer mqrd fnod yersug yDoh
yev .eis we;
wfma mmqfjs jus me;a;g lk;nd weyqus lka fokak yDoh ,ns vns
Ynsoh wmsg wefia yDohgo csj;a jsug reOsrh wjYhhs thg
reOsrh wjYhhs thg reOsrh f.k hkafka lsrsgl Ouks u.sks
fuu Ouks wjysr jsu ksid yDohdndO we;sfjs yDoh fmdusmhla
wdldrhg ls%hdlr msrsisÿ reOsrh isrer mqrd fnod yrshs fus
ioyd Yrsrfha ieu wjhjhlgu ffi, hlgu hkmrsos reOsr
jdysks moaO;sh ielis we; fus kd, moaO;sh tl os.g ;nd
ne,qqj fyd;a th lsf,dausgr 100000la muk os.=fjs ie;mqus
j,ska ne,qj fyd;a 62500 muK fjs
yDofha isg mgl lrdhk reOsrfha ffi,j,g wjYH bkaOk f,i
Wdydr yd Ulaiscka rEf.k hhs tfukau ffi,j, ksmojk wmØjH
iy ldnkavfhdlaihsvs wdmiq yDoh lrd f.k taug fjku kd, moaO;s
we; fusjd Ysrd f,i yÿkajhs wms ish,a,kaf.au f,a r;=mdghs tamdg
,nd fokafka f,aj, we;s r;= reOssrdKq ksidh r;= reOsrdKq j,
We;s ysfudlaf,dnska ksid r;= jraKh ,efns reOsrfha r;= reOsrdKq jeks
;j;a ffi, jra.hla we; tajd iqÿ rOssrdKq f,i yÿkajhs r;= reOsrdKq
u.Ska ffi,lrd wdydr iy Tlaiscka f.khk w;r iqÿ reOsrdKq u.ska
issrerg wdrlaIdj ,nd fohs tu.ska isrerg we;=,q jk jsInsc jsksYlr
Ouhs wm ieuf.a f,a tlu mdg jqj;a f,a jra. 4la we; tkus
A B AB Ohkqfjks tfukau rsiia Ok iy rsiia iDK jYfhka fusjdo
Fldgia follg fnfohs
;j;a wkq fldgila
Usksia isrer ;=, iEu fudfyd;lu wisrsu;a fohla isÿfjs tla tla ldraH
ioyd jsfYaIs; jq wjhj msysgd ;sfnkjd fukau ta ta wjhj tls ldraH
Yrshdldrj lsrsugo yev .eis we; isrer ;=, isÿjk jsjsO ldraHhkays
ksmojk wmØjh neyer lsrsug ir, iy ixlSraK l%u rdYshla ;sfns
ffi, ;=< ksmojk ldnkavfhdlaihsvs isrerg t;rus wys;lr foaj,a fkdfjs tfy;a tajd myiqfjka msglsrsug fmKy,q ielis we; m%Yajd;
jd;h;a iu. ldnkavfhdlaihsvs neyer flfra isrefra ffi, ;=, wdydrj,
wvx.= fmda%gSka ridhksl fjkia jsulg Ndck jsu ksid wefudakshd ksmofjs
fusjd isrerg ydkslr wmØjH f,ii,lkq ,nhs fuu wefudakshd wlaudfjsos
hqqrshd njg yrjk w;r fuu hqrshd c,fha osh js jl=.vq yryd uq;d%
iu. msg js hhs
isrefra wmØjHneyer lrk m%Odk;u wjHjh jkafka jl=.vqhs fus
jl=.vq ;=< we;s ie;mqus 34la muK jk l=vdkd, rdYshla ;=<ska
reOsrh .uka lrk jsg tys we;s fndfyda isrerg wys;lr foa fmrs
uqq%q;d% iu. Msg fjs fnfyjska c,h mdkh lsrsu uq;%d iu. isrefra
we;s wmØjH neyer lsrsug Wojs fjs ’;j;a wmØjH fldgila iu
yryd oyvsh iu. Msgfjs tfukau wlaudj wm .kakd wdydr j,
we;s jsI iys; ØjH jsIyrkh lsrsug;a ;j;a wmØjH isrefrka neyer lsrsug;a Wojs fjs
jsfYaIfhkau jl=.vq wlaudj jeks wvmK jqjfyd;a isrer ;=< wmØjH
tla jsu ksid fndfyda frda.dndO j,g;a urKhg;a m;ajsug mq,qjk
jl=.vq
jl=.vq
uqd;d% jdysks
uq;d%Yh
fud,hyssia lnf,ka wdrlaId js we;s fud<h uia;sialh hk kuska o
yeoskafjs uDÿf,do legshla fia fud<h oelsh yelsh ye.sus ,nd
.eksu " jsuisu " ms<s;=re osu fus ish,a,lau fud,fha ls%hdj,shg
wh;ah fud<h fldgia 5ls tajd kus uy fud<h " ueo fud<h"
mg, " lmd,h " iqIquskdj ysfiys msgqmig fjkakg l=vd fud<ho
Ueo uy fud<ho msysgd we; uy fud<h i;= jev fldgi
jsYd,h tkus l,amkd lsrsu " ;ralh " mxj bkaØhka fufyhjsu
hkdoshhs uy fud<h l=vd fud<hg jvd jvd jsYd,hs fud<h
iusnkaO bkaØhka ’uOH iakdhq moaO;sh ’hkqfjkao yeoskafjs l=vd
fud<h iakdhq moaO;s iusnkaO uOHia:dkh nejska uy fud<hg
jvd iqrlaIs;j msysgd we;
fud<h
Y=iquskdj
ussksia isrefra jgskdjq;a " ishqusjq;a " wei Yrsr fYdaNdj fukau w;HjYH tlsfkl ls%hdjka uekjska
mj;ajd .eksug ufydamldrs jk bkaØshlswei uDÿh fmfkk jsjsO rem f.k fud<hg hjhs
usksid olsk ishoyila rem wefika fud<hghjhs ta wkqj wei i;a;aj csjs;hl wmqre;u
bkaØshla lsj yelshs weil m%Odk fldgia 3la u;=msgska oelsh yelsh
taajd kus weia neu " weismsh " wlaIsf.da,h
;drd uKav,h
lKsKsldj ly,mh
oDIaOs js;dkh
wlaIs f.da,h ldp rih
wia:s moaO;sh
usksfil=f.a Yrsrh iEos we;s wdldrh foi n,kak ' tys wia:s moaO;shla
olakg ,efns ysia ln, " mraY= "w;amd wia:s j,ska wia:s moaO;sh ksraudKh
js ;sfns'fmaYs moaO;shwia:s moaO;sh tlsfkl yd iusnkaO js we;af;a fmaYs moaO;sh
u.sks
w;a md we;=,q Yrsrfha yevh fukau tajdfha ls%hdldrs;ajh flfryso fmaYs moaO;sh fydoska n,mdhs fmaYs ;ka;=uh wdldrfhka msysgd we;’'
fuu moaO;sh u.ska bgqlrk ldrahhka kus Yrsrhg kshus; yevh
,nd osu " jsjsO wjhjj, ls%hdldrs;ajh ukdj bgq lsrsu " Yrsrh
iDcq nj ,nd osu wia:s yd fmaYs moaO;sh u.ska bgqflfra '
wm uq,skau l;d l< wdydr csraK moaO;shwm .kakd wdydr iy
oshr jra. j, we;s fmdaIl fldgia isrerg Wrdf.k wmf.a
issrerg wjYH Yla;sh ,ndosu
uu fuys fofjkqjg igyka lrk ,o Yajik moaO;sh usksiqkag jf.au
Ydl yd i;=kago wdYajdi yd m%dYajdi lsrsug b;du;a jeo.;a
moaO;shls
isrer ;=< ØjH mrsjykh isÿlsrsug reOsr ixirK moaO;shg
yelsh tu ksid fuu moaO;sho b;du;a wisrsu;a fohls
fuys ;j;a wisrsu;a ckl moaO;shla ;ud nysid%js moaO;sho
b;du;a jeo.;a moaO;shls
wmg l=ula fyda lsrsug wmg oekqus osu '
uu wka;sug igyka lrk ,o wia:s yd fmaYs moaO;sh
p,k ls%hdldrlusj,g Wojs lsrsu fuu moaO;s u.ska bgqflfra'
fuu mdvu uu ksulsrsfusoss ug b;du;a md%fhdackj;a oekqus
iusNdrhla ,enqKs '
mska;=r lreKq Encarta u.ska fi!LHh yd Ydrsrsl
wOHdmkh 7 fYa%Kshwka;racd,h u.ska
9 fYa%Ksfha jsoHdj yd ;dlaIKfjsoh