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October 30, 2012

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Lecture 10: Cold War, Korean War

1. Korean identity (whileliving abroad)

2. Korean Americanidentity

This lecture will be on the final exam,

not the midterm.

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SHIFT -

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Introduction

post-45 struggle

for American

rights on

American soil

pre-45: Korean

communities in US

fought for Koreanindependence

(from Japan)

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WARSOVER KOREA 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa

open Korean ports to Japan,extraterritoriality

1894 Donghak PeasantRevolution against JoseonDynasty involve Qing,Japanese troops

1894-95 First Sino-JapaneseWar. Treaty ofShimonoseki (1895)

1. China recognizes Korea asindependent but underJapanese protection

2. Japan supposed to getLiaotung Peninsula and

Port Arthur, but Russiasuggest Japan not take

Port Arthur

3. 1896 Russia negotiate withChina for control ofLiaotung Peninsula

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Map 1900-1905

Manchuria, Port Arthur

location (look there )

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RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

The Chinese Cake (French cartoon)

Italy, France, Russia, Japan, US, England

Source:Portsmouth Athenaeum collection

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1. Korean identity

Russia and Japan supposed to share spheres

of influence in Korea, but negotiations failed rivalries evolve into war when Japanese

launch successful surprise attack on Russianfleet at Port Arthur.

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TERMSOF RUSSO-JAPANESE WARTREATY(1905)

Russia recognizeJapanese paramount

rights to Korea Russia cede Port

Arthur, Liaotung

Peninsula

Russia cede southern of Sakhalin

Manchuria goes backto China

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Treaty of

Portsmouth(NH) (also

known as Treatyof Washington)

Source: HarpersWeekly

Taft-Katsura

agreement:

Japan wouldntquestion USrights in

Philippines; US

shouldntchallenge

Japanese inKorea or

Manchuria.

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Source:

HarpersWeekly

1905

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Ito Hirobumi, first resident-general in Korea, sets up protectorate

King Gojong and son Sunjong

Key players

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Ito Hirobumi, first resident-general

Protectorate Treaty

Ito disband Koreanarmy

Korean forces retreat,become uibyong

(guerrillas) in

countryside

Others flee abroad

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Terauchi Masatake, second resident-general

Treaty of Annexation

(1910)

Japanese resident-general form terms of

Treaty of Annexationwith Prime Minister

Yi Wan-yong

Emperor Sunjongyields throne

Korea becomes acolony of JapanAugust 29, 1910

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ICLICKERS BLANKONTED

A. Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Ganghwa Treaty ofPortsmouth Treaty of Annexation

B. Ganghwa Portsmouth Annexation ShimonosekiC. Ganghwa Shimonoseki Portsmouth AnnexationD.Annexation Shimonoseki Ganghwa PortsmouthE. Portsmouth Shimonoseki Ganghwa Annexation

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1. Put in order, from earliest to latest.

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JAPANESE EMPIRE Substituting Japanese ruling elite for Korean

yangban scholar-officials

Japanese education instead of Confucian classics; Japanese capital- Seoul becomes Keijo Korean language for Japanese language.

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Many Koreans leave Korea to

make money to support family andsupport homeland. Ultimateobjective was to return home.

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ARIRANG (FOLKMELODY),,.....

Arirang, Arirang, Arariyo,Arirang Pass is the long road you go.

Becomes an unofficial anthem of independence.

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KOREANEXPATSIN US:

some 7K already gone to Hawaii to work in sugarcanefields; they become Japanese legally, but actually

vociferously protesting from Hawaii the actions of Teddy

Roosevelt.

Over half of Chinese and Japanese Hawaiian workers hadgone back and forth, but anti-Japanese sentiment is on therise in the US Koreans barred from transmigration to

mainland from HI.

Koreans organize Korean National Association (Kookmin-hoe) banding together all Koreans on mainland and in

Korea.

Census, certificates of membership, duty collection(money)

Korean women come to US as picture brides Korean newspapers proliferate 19

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DIFFERENCEOFOPINIONABOUTHOWTO

PROCEED:AHN CHANG-HO: believe in independence

through cultural renewal. Chinmok-hoe

PARK YONG-MAN, soldier and writer, believemilitary means is the way.

RHEE SYNGMANbelieve diplomacy is thecorrect path to achieve independence. Tongji-

hoe (Comrade Society)

Filmclip: Arirang, 13:30-21:05

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ICLICKERS BLANKONTED

A. Engage in chinmokhoe, or cultural renewal.B. Use military force to become independent.C. Use diplomatic techniques to become independent.D.All of the aboveE. None of the above

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2. Park Yong-man believed that Koreans should:

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MORE PUSH FACTORS FOR KOREAN

IMMIGRATION AFTER 1919:

WWI and Wilsons 14 Points include recognition ofsovereignty Korea ignored b/c Japan part of Triple

Entente w/UK, France, Russia.

Samil Movement (3/1/1919): Korean students declareindependence.

Great Depression of 1930s and heavyindustrialization move Koreans into new factories,

mines across Japanese territories in Manchuria,

Japan, Korea. (beg. of zainichi population)

By 1944, 11.6% of all Koreans residing outside Korea. In particular, most Koreans coming from most

populous southern provinces: Kyongsangdo (east) and

Chollado (west).

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Kyongsangdoand Chollado

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WWI and Wilsons 14 Points Samil Movement (3/1/1919) Great Depression of 1930s and heavy

industrialization By 1944, 11.6% of all Koreans residing outside Korea. In particular, most Koreans coming from most

populous provinces (southern part of Korea:Kyongsangdo and Chollado).

Rice shortages during WWII (325 (US cups) cups ofrice per person in 1929 as opposed to 837 cups inJapan)

Forced labor during WWII both male and female.10,000 Koreans taken to Hiroshima, Nagasaki alone.Mainland, Sakhalin. Total: about 5.4 millionconscripted laborers by 1944. zainichi. Comfort

women.

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Koreans in Japan

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1. Korean identity

During, after WWII:

American troops rush into Korean peninsula. Japanese armydismantled, sent home. Aug 15, 1945 autonomy for Korea.

Koreans return home from the US (Rhee Syngman), fromservitude abroad in Japan, comfort women return home. Kim

Il Sung rising as communist leader in the north.

Increasing polarization the south, led by Rhee and backedby Americans, and Kim in North, backed by USSR.

Rhee elected President of South July 1948, and Americanarmy withdraws by August.

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1. Korean identity

Korean War: Summer 1950 north attacks

south.

War devastates Korea massivemovement of people again.

Northerners to south, people

vanish fighting on both sides.

Eventually, armistice, DMZ set upat 38th parallel. 1953.

After the end of Korean War Rheecontinues increasingly dictatorial,

repressive regime.

More Koreans flee until Rheesregime ends with his own oustingin 1960. Die in Hawaii.

Image from National Archivesfro t o rc i es

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30North Korean prisoners of war under guard by US soldiers, south of Chonui, July 10, 1950.

Photo: U.S. Army.

Source: National Archives Central Plains Region.

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Pyeongyangrefugees, 1950

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UN troops in South Korea, 1950

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Refugees moving south in the P'ohang sector after receiving evacuation ordersfrom the South Korean army, August 12, 1950. Photo: U.S. Army. Source: Truman

Library.

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US bombing near Hanchon, N. Korea, 1951

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Mortar shell casings, 1953

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UN troops in South Korea, 1950

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38th

Parallel

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Lasting divide as seen in Korean film industry

1. Korean identity

JSA

Shiri

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THESHIFTINATTENTIONTO AMERICAN

RIGHTS: Cold War motivates

new attitude toward

citizenship on part

of US govmt

1952: Koreans canbecome naturalized

citizens in US and

they begin to do so.

more mixed Koreanpopulations GI wives Adoptions

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Daniel Henney, of X-Men, Hawaii 5-0, or Kim Sam Soon fame

2. Korean-American identity

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STRUGGLETOARTICULATE ASIAN

AMERICANIDENTITY:Attention to identity as Koreans in the US

Korean Americans esp. by second generation.

And the first step to that fight for rights beganactually by a struggle to articulate Asian

American identity.

Two examples: Seoul brothers (early 1990s)

Honk (59:18-two mins)

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AMERICANIDENTITY:All American girl

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AMERICANIDENTITY:

Twoexamples:

1. Seoulbrothers(early

1990s)

2. MargaretCho

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CONCLUSION

1. Korean American identity can onlybe understood in international

context.

2. Citizenship and even nationalidentity comes after cultural

identity, in some cases!

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kwak's lecture 10/30/2012

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