l-11 part iii pre-reform russia (2) 3. foreign policy & war 4. economy
TRANSCRIPT
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L-11
Part III Pre-reform Russia (2)
3. Foreign Policy & War4. Economy
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3. Foreign Policy and War
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Themes
1. Dialectic: great power status thwarts reform, 1815-53, then mandates reform after debacle in Crimean War
2. Immense cost of war, defense—hardship in peacetime, catastrophe in war
3. Rise of Russophobia in West
4. Defining impact of 1812
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3. Foreign Policy and War
A. Napoleonic Wars, 1801-15
B. Superpower and Isolation, 1815-53
C. Crimean War, 1853-56
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3. Foreign Policy and War
1. Overview
1801-4 Peace
1805-7 Anti-Napoleon (Tilset 25.6.1807)
1807-11 Alliance with France
1812 French invasion, debacle
1813-5 Anti-Napoleon
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1812
24 June Napoleon invades (300-600 thousand)
26 Aug Battle of Borodino
14 Sept Napoleon enters Moscow
19 Oct Napoleon begins retreat
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3. Foreign Policy and WarA. Napoleonic Wars
1. The Why’s of 1812 • Causes?• French military defeat?• No appeal to serfs?• A Russian patriotic war?
4. Congress of Vienna: Polish issue
5. Territorial Expansion
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Russian Expansion, 1801-15
1801 Georgia
1809 Finland
1812 Moldavia (Bessarabia)
1813 Parts of South Caucasus
1815 Congress Poland (“4th partition”)
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Alexander I and Napoleon at Tilset (June 1807)
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War of 1812Blue: French forces Red: Russian forces
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1812: Napoleonic Invasion
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1812: Napoleon at Smolensk
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Mikhail I. Kutuzov
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1812 Kutuzov
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Napoleon Watches the Burning of Moscow
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1812: Napoleonic Retreat
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Caricature: “Destruction of World Empire”
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1812: Repelling the French
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Napoleon’s Army: From Invasion to Retreat
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3. Foreign Policy and War
B. Isolated Superpower, 1815-53
1. “Concert of Europe”
2. Superpower myth
3. Economic conflicts
4. Religious issues
5. Balkan Question
6. Diplomatic Isolation
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3. Foreign Policy and War
C. Crimean War
1. Causes and precipitants
2. Military record
3. Domestic ramifications
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Crimean War
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Crimean War Photography Lab
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Crimean War: Sevastopol 1855
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Crimean War: Nurses
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3. Foreign Policy and War
D. Conclusions
1. Russia as European power
2. External: rise of Russophobia
3. Internal: from samobytnost’ (unique national path) to preobrazovanie ( transformation)
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4. Economy
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4. Economy
A. Patterns
1. Agriculture: extensive, but pockets of intensification
2. Industry: stagnation, but pockets of growth and take-off in 1830s
3. Delusion of uniqueness: smug samobytnost’
4. Emergence of a money economy
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4. Economy
B. Agriculture
1. Data
2. Signs of modernization
3. Negatives: low yields, famine
4. Key problems
5. State: deliberate agrarianization
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Agricultural Production, 1802-1860
Indicator 1802-11 1841-50 1851-60
Yield rate 3.5 3.5 3.3
Net yield (mln pud) 696.1 817.9 805.7
Per capita net yield 24.2 21.9 18.9
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Agriculture: Non-Black Soil and Black-Soil Areas
Indicator Area 1802-11 1851-60
Yield ratio Non-Black Soil 2.8 2.8
Black Soil 4.0 3.5
Per capita yield (pud)
Non-Black Soil 17.8 16.7
Black Soil 34.6 26.4
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Merino Sheep
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4. Economy
C. Industry1. Data
2. New industries
3. Stagnation debate
4. Impediments
5. State: industrializers and anti-industrializers
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Industrial Indicators
Year Factories Workers
1800 2400 95,000
1825 5,261 211,000
1860 15,000 550,000
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Russian Machinery Imports1825-1855
Year Value (rubles)
1825 42,500
1845 1,200,000
1855 3,000,000
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Free Hired Labor in Textiles (as Percent of Workforce)
Year Percent of workforce
1769 40
1799 41
1825 54
1860 87
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First Russian Rail Line: Spb-Tsarskoe Selo, 1837
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Railway Construction (1860)
Country Kilometers of RR
Russia 1,500
Great Britain 15,000
Germany 10,000
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Moscow Stock Market, 1835-39
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Admiral N.S. Mordvinov
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Egor F. KankrinMinister of Finance
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4. Economy
E. Trade and Commerce
1. Domestic trade
2. Foreign trade
3. Transportation
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Grain Exports (as percent of total exports)
Years Grain as Percent of exports
1826-30 15.7
1841-45 16.4
1846-50 31.3
1856-60 35.1
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Conclusion
1. Agriculture: extensification, some intensification
2. Industrial: stagnation, textile take-off, industrialization debate
3. Agrarianization of foreign trade
4. High costs of inadequate infrastructure (institutional, financial, transportation)