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Important Constituents and

their Sources

 Colour – Natural, Domestic and Industrial Wastes

 Odour – Natural, Domestic and Industrial Wastes

 Temperature – Doemstic and Industrial

 Solids – Domestic, Industrial, Natural, Soil

Erosion, Inflow and Infiltration

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Important Constituents and their

Sources (Contd.)• Organic matter – Domestic, Industrial,

Agriculture, Commercial

• Alalinit! – Domestic, Industrial,

Infiltration

• C"lorides # Domestic, Industrial,

Infiltration, Softening

• $ea%! &etals # Industrial

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Important Constituents and their

Sources (Contd.)•  Nitrogen – Industrial, Agriculture

•  p$ – Industrial

• '"osp"orous – Industrial, Domestic

• Sulp"ur # Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture,

Infiltration

• Sulp"ides – Industrial

• &et"ane – Natural, Domestic

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Important Constituents and their

Sources (Contd.)• Animals – Treatment 'lants, Natural

• 'lants # Treatment 'lants, Natural

• 'rotista # Treatment 'lants, Natural,

Domestic

• (iruses # Domestic

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CHARACTERISTICS

Colour •  – )res" water – colourless

 –    Sewage –  )res" – *re! – +ie soap

Solution

Old – -lac 

Industrial – Depending on t"e

Industr!

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CHARACTERISTICS

Odour 

• )res" Sewage – &ust! – Not Offensi%e –  Old – Offensi%e

• Water – No Odour 

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ODO./ in Waste Waters

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CHARACTERISTICS

Temperature• Water – 'leasant – 01 – 21 degree

Centigrades

• Sewage – Slig"tl! "ig"er t"an water  –  Warm – 21 to 23 degree Centigrades

 –  Increases meta4olism of organisms

 –  Increases %iscosit! – tends to settle –  Decreases solu4ilit!

 –  $elps growt" of a5uatic plants

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CHARACTERISTICS

Turbidity and Solids

• Depends on strengt" of sewage• Solids – 160 7 solids and 8868 7 water 

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CHARACTERISTICS

pH• )res" water – depends on source

• )res" Sewage – alaline –

 –  4ecomes acidic wit" time –

alaline again w"en

relati%el! sta4le

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CHARACTERISTICS

Chlorides• Indicator of Contamination

 – $uman waste – 9 – : gm;person;da!

 – Industries lie Ice plants, fis"ing, water

softeners reduce C"lorides

 – Interferes in o

 –  Not affected 4! 4acteria – Affects uptae 4! plants

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CHARACTERISTICS

Nitroen•  Nitrites – met"emeglo4inemia

• Sewage – Nutrient %alue

Indicates age of sludge

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CHARACTERISTICS

Iron and !ananese• Colour to water 

• Depends on source

• Induces 4acterial reduction

• Corrosion of pipes

CHARACTERISTICS

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CHARACTERISTICS

 Al"alinity 

• O$#, $CO#=, CO#=

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CHARACTERISTICS

Hardness

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CHARACTERISTICS

Hardness (Contd)

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Impacts

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CHARACTERISTICS

Sur#actants• 'rimaril! from s!nt"etic detergents

• Induces foaming

• Al!l – 4en>ene – sulfonate ?A-S@

normall! used in s!nt"etic detergents – non

 4iodegrada4le

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CHARACTERISTICS

$ats% &rease and Oil• Interferes in treatment

• /educes O

• Clogs treatment units

• )orms ugl! scums

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CHARACTERISTICS

'henols• Causes Odour 

•  Non#4iodegrada4le ? if 3111 mg;+@

• To

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CHARACTERISTICS

Toic Compounds• Cations B Copper, +ead, Sil%er, C"romium,

Arsenic, -oron

• /esults in malfunctioning of Treatment

 plants

• AnionsB C!anides, C"romates

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CHARACTERISTICS

Oranic !atter • $ig"l! putresci4le

• Demands Oation

• Sta4le forms – Car4on di#o

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-IOC$E&ICA+ O*EN

DE&AND

-OD3,21oc

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+imitations of t"e -OD Test

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E5ui%alent tests

• C"emical O

• T"eoretical O

• Total Organic Car4on

• Total O

/elati%e Sta4ilit!

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/elati%e Sta4ilit!

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