LEADERSHIP THEORIES & PRACTICE

HBD 6776

Dr. Kimanya Ards

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

The intentional and/or unintentional use of communication without the use of spoken words

COMMUNICATION

Intentional-Unintentional Communication Intentional messages are communication with a

purpose. Unintentional messages may be transmitted by

action as well as by words.

COMMUNICATION

Nonverbal Communication Visual cues

Facial expression Eye contact Body positioning Hand gestures Style of dress Physical appearance Body movements

CHANNELS OF NVC

Body gestures Facial expressions Eye movement Smell Personal space

Appearance Time Tone Touch Artifacts

BODY GESTURES

Kinesics The study of body movement

Body orientation The way in which we face our body, head,

or feet away or towards someone Posture

The position in which you are sitting

INTERPRETATIONS OF BODY GESTURES

Candidness Open hands

Defensiveness Arms crossed, pulling away

Uncertainty Biting fingernails, twiddling hands

Cooperation Sitting on edge of chair

EYE MOVEMENT

Oculesics The study of eye movement

Eye-contact Mutual gaze Pupil size

INTERPRETATION OF EYE MOVEMENT

Genuine Maintaining eye contact

Nervous Gaze avoidance Gaze omission

PERSONAL SPACE

Proxemics The study of the way we use space to

communicate

Two dimensions Distance Territoriality

INTERPRETATION OF PERSONAL SPACE

Cooperative sitting side-by-side

Competitors face one another

Nervous shaking sweaty hands

TIME

Chronemics – How humans perceive, structure, and use time

as communication

FUNCTIONS OF NVC

Repeating Complementing Substituting Accenting Regulating Contradicting

HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE ON YOUR NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Establish and maintain eye contact

Appropriate posture

Reduce physical barriers

Improve decoding skills

Avoid assuming meaning behind nonverbal cues

LISTENING VS. HEARING

Listening The ability to hear and understand verbal

messages and effectively explain the intent of the message

Hearing Acknowledgement that words are being spoken

via sound waves

The stages of listening

Hearing Perceiving sound

Attending The ability to filter some messages with the

intent to focus on other messages Understanding

Effective translating the intentions of the message

Responding Produce feedback

Remembering The ability to store information for later use if

needed

COMMUNICATION Improving listening skills:

Pay attention to differences in thinking styles. Suspend judgment Explain things in the other person’s thinking

pattern

ENHANCE COMMUNICATION SKILLS Become an active listener (PREPARE)

Paraphrase Recognize (analyzing) Empathize (supporting) Probing (questioning) Acknowledging (prompting) Reacting (judging) Expanding (advising)

TYPES OF LISTENERS

Critic Faker Continual

talker Busy body

I can do better Hand on the knob Finish the sentence

for you Rapid note taker

ASSIGNMENTS

Test questions are due Presentations for week 7 assignment is due

Got questions

REFERENCES

Barnlund, D. C. (1968). Interpersonal Communication: Survey and Studies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Floyd, K. (2009). Interpersonal communication: The whole story. Boston: McGraw Hill.

Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. The Process and Effects of Communication, ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.