l01 - introduction to inf. sys
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INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Prof. Dr. Hanafy Ismail
http://vig.prenhall.com/homehttp://vig.prenhall.com/home -
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Some Ideas About Information
Systems
An information system is a conceptual systemthatenables managers to control and monitor a firms
physical systemsused to transform input resources
into output resources
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Some Ideas About Information Systems
The essential feature of an information systemis the use of paper or other data records torepresent the movement, status or existence ofobjects in some other (physical) system. Theseobjects may be physical or they may beabstractions.
An information system is a model (orrepresentation) of the physical systems whichuses symbols (e.g. the names of objects andnumbers) to replace the objects themselves.
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Some Ideas About Information Systems
Example:
WarehouseGoods Goods CustomerSupplier
Contains piles of
goods(a) Physical System
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Some Ideas About Information Systems
Example:
Inventory
bill Shipping note
CustomerSupplier
(b) Information System
Sales orderPurchase order
Information system Physical System
the inventory represents goods in the warehouse
the bill represents goods coming in
the shipping note represents goods leaving
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Some Ideas About Information Systems
A system is a set of interrelated elements
A purposive systemis a system that seeks a set of
related goals
An open systemis a system that interacts with an
environment (e.g. a user types a command and the
computer responds with a display of data)
An information systemis open, purposive system that
produces information using input/process/output cycle
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Components of an Information System
Components of an Information System
People, procedures, and data
People follow procedures to manipulate data toproduce information
Components of a computer-based Information System(CBIS)
People, procedures, data, programs, and computers
Programs are instructions for the computers just as
procedures are instructions for people
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The role of computer in information production
Serve as a data storage and retrieval device
Provide processing capabilities for the
production of information (e.g. calculation oftotals, averages, .)
Serve as a communication device to obtain dataor information from other computers
Present information by producing tables,reports, charts, graphs, and formatteddocuments.
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Physical system and information system as
subsystems of organization Although the information system is a model of the
physical system, it also interacts with it.
The physical and information systems can be regarded
as subsystems of some larger organization system. The inputs to the information system from the physical
system are usually observations (e.g. the actual numberof packets on the shelf).
The outputs from the information system to thephysical system are actions needed (e.g. the shippingnote implies an instruction to load certain goods onto atruck and to drive that truck to a certain destination
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Physical system and information system as
subsystems of organization
Physical system
Information system
Actions
neededobservations
Organization(system)
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Fundamental Types of
Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems ( TPS).
Management Information Systems (MIS).
Decision Support Systems (DSS).
Expert Systems (ES)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
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Information System Example:
Training Centre The Centre offers public seminars and provides
consulting services for improving human
communication.
The centre markets its seminars via direct mail,
advertising, and professional associations.
It employs an administrative assistant. The assistant
answers the telephone, responds to routine questions,
maintains business records, arranges for the printing of
seminar materials, make reservations for seminar
hotels, and make travel arrangements.
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Information System Example:
Questions that the Centre Asks Question about day-to-day operations:
Is Aly enrolled in XXX seminar next week?
How much money has company-x paid for the sevenattendees at the YYY seminar next month?
What are the names of the attendees at tomorrows
seminar.
This type of questions is most often answered byTPS; questions can be answered by looking at
data in a file.
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Information System Example:
Questions that the Centre Asks Management Questions:
Are there sufficient attendees to justify holding the
XXX seminar next week? What was the profit from the ZZZ seminar ?
Whats the most profitable seminar?
This type of questions is most often answered by
MIS.
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Information System Example:
Questions that the Centre Asks Strategic Questions:
Should we increase prices?
Are follow-on seminars ?
Do we want to be in the business?
This type of questions is most often answered by a DSS:
The first question is less quantitative than those in
the management group; analysis of data can help,
but subjective judgment is also required.
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Information System Example:
Questions that the Centre AsksThe third question is highly unstructured;
although its answer depends to some extenton information produced from data, itdepends primarily on the owner subjectivefeelings, beliefs, and attitudes.
It is easier to build information systems toanswer questions for more structuredquestions. The strategic (unstructured)questions requires a balance of informationfrom systems and subjective human analysis.
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Transaction Processing Systems
A transaction processing systemsis shown in the
next figure.
It gathers data from the firms physical system
and environment and enters it into its database The software also transforms the datainto
informationfor the firms managers and other
individuals in the firms environment
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Transaction Processing Systems
Support day-to-day operations.
A few examples are
Ticket reservation systems Order entry systems
Account payable systems
Account receivable systems
Payroll processing systems All of these systems help a company to conduct
its operations and keep track of its activities.
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Transaction Processing Systems
The event could be:
A request for a ticket for a concert
An order request
The presentation of a check for payment
The event is recorded by keying it into thecomputer system as a transaction; thetransaction is a representation of the event.
One or more TPS programs process thetransaction against TPS data.
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Transaction Processing Systems
For example:
in the case of a ticket reservation system, this data
contains the location of the available seats. in the case of an order entry system, this data
contains a list of available products, their prices,
and related data.
in the case of a check processing system, this datacontains account balances, customer lists , and other
data.
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Management Information Systems
Management information systems(MIS) transform the datain frontline systems, such as transaction processingsystems into informationuseful to managers
Typical MIS modules are report-writing software, andmodels that can simulate firm operations
Information from the MIS is then used by organizationalproblem solvers as an aid in decision-making, asillustrated in the next figure
Firms can also interact with suppliers or others to forminter organizational information systems (IOS), in which theMIS supplies information to the other members of theIOS as well as the firm's users
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Decision Support Systems(DSS)
A DSS is a system used to assist managers in makingdecisions to help solve a specific problem
The next figure shows the 3 sources for theinformation to be delivered to users: a relationaldatabase, a knowledge base, and a multidimensional
database Two additional types of DSS-related software are:
Group Decision Support Systems: used in aiding a group ofmanagers work out decisions, and
Artificial Intelligence: in which a program is created for a
computer to logically analyze a problem on its own
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MANAGERS AS INFORMATION SYSTEM
USERS
Managers exist at various managerial levels
and within variousbusiness areasof the firm
What level an IS is developed for influences
how it operates The 3 primary management levels are :
1. Strategic planning level
2. Management control level3. Operational control level
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What Managers Do
Managerial Functions (Managers do the following):
Planwhat they are to do
Organizeto meet the plan
Stafftheir organization with resources
Directthem to execute the plan
Controlthe resources, keeping them on course
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