04/09/23 Shima Mohd 1

Basic Element1 – Constant

2 – Variable

3- Data Type

In programming

4 – Operator

5 – Control Structure

Prepared by : Norhasimah Mohamed – ICt Teacheri SMK Sungai Pusu Gombak Selangor. 12042008

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 2

Basic Element In Programming

Learning Outcomes

5.1.5.1 Differentiate between constants and variables

5.1.5.2 Differentiate between data types: Boolean, integer, double, string and

date.

5.1.5.3 Differentiate between mathematical and logical (Boolean) operators.

5.1.5.4 Differentiate between sequence control structure and selection control

structure.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 3

Basic element in programming51 2 3 4 5

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 4

Basic Element In Programming

CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

Constants– Constant is a data container that stores information. – The value that do not change during program execution.– They can be of type integer, character or floating-point.– Example: Const n As Integer = 10

Variables– Variable is a data container that stores information. – The value inside may change at any time during the course of a program.– When create variables, the declaration gives them a symbolic name and

definition reserves memory for them.– Once defined, variable are used to hold the data that required by program

from its operation. – Example: Dim mark as integer

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 5

Basic Element In Programming

CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 6

Differences between constants and variables

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 7

Basic Element In Programming

DATA TYPES, OPERATOR AND CONTROL STRUCTURES

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 8

Basic Element In Programming

DATA EXAMPLES FOR DIFFERENT DATA TYPES

• Data type determines the type of data a variable can store, for example a number or a character.

• Examples of data types are integer, double, string, date and boolean.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 9

Basic Element In Programming

MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

• Operator is a symbol or notation that tells a computer to perform certain actions or operations.

• An example: the plus (+) notation will tell the computer to perform the "add" operation.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 10

Basic Element In Programming

MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

• Let's look at some examples of Mathematical Operators.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 11

Basic Element In Programming

MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

• Let's look at some examples of Relational Operators.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 12

Basic Element In Programming

MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

• Let's look at some examples of Logical Operators.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 13

Differences in mathematical and logical operator

Mathematical operators perform mathematical operations such as plus or substract.

Relational operators perform element-by-element comparisons between two arrays.

Logical operators perform logical operations such as checking the condition of two Boolean values.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 14

Control Structure

• Control structure is a structure of statements in programming that allows the programmer to control the flow of a program.

• Control structure can be divided into sequence, selection and repetition control structures.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 15

Control Structure

SEQUENCE CONTROL

• Sequence control refers to the linear execution of codes within a program.

• In sequence control, the statements are executed one by one in consecutive order.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 16

Control Structure SELECTION CONTROL

• There are times when you want your program to make a decision based on the situation given.

• For example, a program that stores student’s marks may respond differently to different marks. Or maybe a simple mathematical program will display its result as odd or even, based on the result.

• Selection control enables the programmer to assign different events for different situations.

• An example of selection control is “If...Then...Else” statement.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 17

Differences between sequence and selection control

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 18

PSEUDO CODES• Pseudo code is text only sentences

that describe the logic and program flow of a computer program. Pseudo code esembles plain English.

• It usually does not have any specific programming language syntax and grammar.

• Pseudo code is directly linked to the computer codes because each pseudo code statement can often be converted into the programming language virtually line by line.

• There are no set rules for writing pseudo code.

• A programmer can have his or her personalised pseudo code.

• He or she must use consistent language and syntax in the pseudo code, so that he or she can understand it at a later stage.

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 19

FLOW CHART• A flow chart is a diagram using symbols

to show the step-by-step sequence of procedures in a program. A flow chart describes the logic and program flow of a computer program graphically.

• We have five main elements in a flow chart.

• Terminator shows the beginning or end of a program.

• Flowline and arrowhead use to connect symbols and indicate the sequences of operation.

• Input or output shows either an input operation (e.g. an INPUT from the user) or an output operation (e.g. PRINT some messages).

• Process shows a process to be carried out (e.g. calculation).

• Decision shows a decision (or choice) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes (e.g. if...else).

1

23

4

5

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 20

Complete the handout givenTask for today

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 21

It’s not about a technology…

it’s about people!

‘Educating the -Generation’ e

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 22

It’s not about a technology…

it’s about learning!

‘Educating the -Generation’ e

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 23

Don’t start with technology,but learning via

technology.

‘Educating the -Generation’ e

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 24

see

04/09/23 Shima Mohd 25

Thank you

Prepared by : Norhasimah Mohamed –ICT Teacher SMK Sungai Pusu Gombak Selangor.