Lab Challenge: How will we determine the

taxonomy of the microbes we find?

Lab Challenge: How will we determine the

taxonomy of the microbes we find?

Traditional ClassificationTraditional Classification

Chapter 26, 27 and 28Understanding the 3 Domain;

Kingdom System with a focus on Bacteria and Archaea

Chapter 26, 27 and 28Understanding the 3 Domain;

Kingdom System with a focus on Bacteria and Archaea

Chapter ReferencesChapter References

HEY!!! Let’s make this abundantly CLEAR---when you see references to chapters, READ THEM! They are your HOMEWORK!

Chapter 26 and 27 (selections) Reading Tips - Don’t read every word. Skim

over all headings! Then, look for the parts of reading that match your notes

Take NOTES by making a powerpoint!

HEY!!! Let’s make this abundantly CLEAR---when you see references to chapters, READ THEM! They are your HOMEWORK!

Chapter 26 and 27 (selections) Reading Tips - Don’t read every word. Skim

over all headings! Then, look for the parts of reading that match your notes

Take NOTES by making a powerpoint!

Unity: Characteristics of Living Things

Unity: Characteristics of Living Things

Made of Cells Obtains materials

and use energy Grow and

Develop Reproduce

Made of Cells Obtains materials

and use energy Grow and

Develop Reproduce

Respond to Stimuli

Maintain Homeostasis

Based on a Genetic Code

Evolve

Respond to Stimuli

Maintain Homeostasis

Based on a Genetic Code

Evolve

Hierarchical Organization

Hierarchical OrganizationBinominal Nomenclature:2 word naming system based on Genus species

Did king philip come over for good soup?

Shows relationships…what are they based on?

Binominal Nomenclature:2 word naming system based on Genus species

Did king philip come over for good soup?

Shows relationships…what are they based on?

Diversity: How can these characteristics show the diversity of

living things?

Diversity: How can these characteristics show the diversity of

living things?

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eri

aFo

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on

Bact

eri

aAll living things are MADE of CELLS, but size, shape, or arrangement may vary

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Bact

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Does the naming system make sense?

(a) Gram-positive bacteria: peptidoglycan traps crystal violet.

Gram-positivebacteria

Peptido-glycanlayer

Cellwall

Plasmamembrane

10 m

Gram-negativebacteria

Outermembrane

Peptido-glycanlayer

Plasma membrane

Cellwall

Carbohydrate portionof lipopolysaccharide

(b) Gram-negative bacteria: crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing red dye.

Figure 27.3

Gram stainingGram staining• Make up of cell structures is also a

distinguishing characteristic

• Cells with peptidoglycan in their walls stain darker

• Make up of cell structures is also a distinguishing characteristic

• Cells with peptidoglycan in their walls stain darker

Response to environmentResponse to environment

Notetaking: what should you write down about this visual slide?

Notetaking: what should you write down about this visual slide?

Obtaining energyObtaining energy

Nutrition is one important characteristic that allows us to compare.

Into which group do you think our cheese microbe will fit?

Nutrition is one important characteristic that allows us to compare.

Into which group do you think our cheese microbe will fit?

New characteristics force changes in classificationNew characteristics force changes in classification

What was the 2 kingdom model?

The 5 kingdom model?

How do the Domains and the current 6 kingdom model relate?

What’s the current debate?

What was the 2 kingdom model?

The 5 kingdom model?

How do the Domains and the current 6 kingdom model relate?

What’s the current debate?

Role of technology Role of technology

Using Molecular DataUsing Molecular Data

In 1977, Carl Woese used molecular data from ribosomal RNA to classify microbes. Previously, microbes classification was limited due to their lack of identifiable characteristics.

Woese’s work led to the current three “domain” system of classification: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

In 1977, Carl Woese used molecular data from ribosomal RNA to classify microbes. Previously, microbes classification was limited due to their lack of identifiable characteristics.

Woese’s work led to the current three “domain” system of classification: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

http://dericbownds.net/uploaded_images/microbes2.gif

http://aboundlessethic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/treeoflife.gif

3 Domains3 Domains

The 3 domains vary in how organisms display the characteristics of living things

See Table 27.2

What’s the difference between eubacteria and

archaebacteria?

What’s the difference between eubacteria and

archaebacteria? Archaebacteria are more

closely related to eukaryotes. Cell walls

Eubacteria: Material--peptidoglycan

Archaebacteria: Other materials

Archaebacteria are usually extremophiles Halophiles Thermophiles

Archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes.

Cell walls Eubacteria: Material--

peptidoglycan Archaebacteria: Other

materials Archaebacteria are usually

extremophiles Halophiles Thermophiles

How closely related are the kingdoms?

How closely related are the kingdoms?

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Key Characteristic= Nutrition

If we use this as the basis, are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

Key Characteristic= Nutrition

If we use this as the basis, are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

Fungi: Heterotrophic decomposers

Animals: Heterotrophic consumers

Plants: Photoautotrophs

Fungi: Heterotrophic decomposers

Animals: Heterotrophic consumers

Plants: Photoautotrophs

Problems with using characteristics

Problems with using characteristics

Maybe cell wall shows a better relationship.

Does this agree with your previous hypothesis?

Maybe cell wall shows a better relationship.

Does this agree with your previous hypothesis?

Plants: Cellulose Fungi: Chitin

(although some have no cell wall)

Animals: No cell wall

Plants: Cellulose Fungi: Chitin

(although some have no cell wall)

Animals: No cell wall

Chitin vs. CelluloseChitin vs. Cellulose

Note: Animals do not use chitin for a cell wall but can manufacture chitin for an exoskeleton…what do they need to make chitin?

Note: Animals do not use chitin for a cell wall but can manufacture chitin for an exoskeleton…what do they need to make chitin?

What do the genes tell us?What do the genes tell us?

General consensus: Fungi & Animals share most recent Common Ancestor.

Jury is still out though…

General consensus: Fungi & Animals share most recent Common Ancestor.

Jury is still out though…

Active Reading ActivityActive Reading Activity

Read and take notes to answer a question…what information/vocab are important to that question!

Read and take notes to answer a question…what information/vocab are important to that question!

Section 28.1

Is the protista kingdom MONOPHYLETIC?

(all share a common ancestor)

Section 28.1

Is the protista kingdom MONOPHYLETIC?

(all share a common ancestor)

Kingdom Protista=ProblemKingdom Protista=Problem

ProtistsProtists

Are all protists closely related to eachother?

Are all protists closely related to eachother?

ActivityActivity

Take the information from your reading & notes and fill out the kingdom graphic organizer that you did in 9th grade!

Take the information from your reading & notes and fill out the kingdom graphic organizer that you did in 9th grade!

Discussion: Is this memorization?

Discussion: Is this memorization?

Direction…Direction…

Later we will look at classification of the animal kingdom.

Later we will look at classification of the animal kingdom.

As we go through the year, we will see the importance of understanding classification of plants, fungi, and protists.

As we go through the year, we will see the importance of understanding classification of plants, fungi, and protists.