Labcon: GI motility and Anti-Diabetic byDr. ManalangLabcon: GI motility and Anti-Diabetic byDr. ManalangJanuary 11, 2011January 11, 2011

January 11, 2011January 11, 2011

Experiment E. Effects of Herbal Medicinal Plants on Blood SugarEffect of Insulin and HMPs on Blood Sugar

L = low (value below 20); T = twitching; H = hyperirritable

Average values of the effects of insulin and HMPs on blood sugar

Effect of Insulin and HMPs on Blood Sugar (average values)

Drug Standard dose (SD) Recommended dose (RD)

Reg. insulin 100 IU/mL 10 units

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PREP/DRUG

Weight (g)Before admissi

on

After 15 mins

After 30 mins

After 45 mins

After 60 mins

M1 M2M1

M2

M1

M2M1

M2

M1

M2

M1

M2

10 units

insulin

7.006

7.87

83106

42 41 37 L L L L L

T T T T T T

Kangkong

9.8 982

105

60 61114

127

125

95 70137

H H H

Camote tops

7.15

7.342 90 62

121

115

102

36 42 81 97

Pipino 78.47

128

73 98115

144

89168

82110

105

PREP/DRUGBefore

admission

After 15

mins

After 30

mins

After 45

mins

After 60

mins10 units insulin 94.5 41.5 18.5 -- --

Kangkong 93.5 60.5 120.5 110 103.5Camote tops 66 91.5 108.5 39 89

Pipino (cucumber)

100.5 106.5 116.5 125 107.5

Nina Ian John “G” Rachel Mark Ivz Jobe Jocelle Edo Gienah Jho Kath Aynz Je Glad Nickie Ricobear Teacher Dadang Niňa Arlene Vivs Paul F. Rico F. Ren Mai Revs Mavis Jepay Yana Mayi Serge Hung Tope

Nina Ian John “G” Rachel Mark Ivz Jobe Jocelle Edo Gienah Jho Kath Aynz Je Glad Nickie Ricobear Teacher Dadang Niňa Arlene Vivs Paul F. Rico F. Ren Mai Revs Mavis Jepay Yana Mayi Serge Hung Tope

Kangkong 50% 5mg/gCamote tops 50% 5mg/gPipino (cucumber) 50% 5mg/g

Computation: Drug dosage Wt(g) of mouse x (5mg/g mouse) x (1ml/300mg) = ____mL

1. Insulin- storage and anabolic hormone of the body- promotes storage of fat as well as glucose (both sources of

energy) within specialized target cells and influences cell growth and the metabolic functions of a wide variety of tissues

- promotes synthesis (from circulating nutrients) and storage of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein in its major target tissues: liver, fat and muscle

- Regular Insulino a short acting soluble crystalline zinc insulin made by

recombinant DNA techniques to produce a molecule identical to human insulin

o effects appear within 30 minutes and peaks between 2 and 3 hours and generally lasts 5-8 hours

- Normal Insulin Levelso 60 mg – Miceo 80-120 mg – man

- ADR:o Insulin resistanceo Lipodystrophyo Formation of antigenic substances

- ANTIDIABETICo Short-acting (immediate effect)o Sustain Prolonged effect

- Standard drug- In Type I DM (insulin dependent; genetic autoimmune)- CONCLUSION: regular insulin is a short-acting drug that

decreases the blood glucose level on the body2. Kangkong

- Ipomoea aquatica- a fast-growing annual or perennial vine from family

Convulvulaceae - considered as a purgative, anti-helmintic, anti-diabetic

medicinal plant- purplish variety used for diabetes insulin-like

substance- high in carotenoids including lutein, also rich in iron - high level of S-Methyl Methionine

o Treatment of gastric and intestinal problemso so-called Vitamin U – this is pseudovitamin o substance that strengthens the cell membrane and

overall immune system and was also reported that it can act as a hypolipidemic agent

- Have carbohydrate component- Rich in fibers- Uses of kangkong

o Tops- laxativeo Juice- emetic

o Latex (dried)- purgativeo Buds- anti-helmintic o Treatment of Gastric in intestinal problemso Hypoglycemic / Anti-Diabetico Antioxidant / Antiproliferative o Diuretico Antioxidant

- has been proven to have an oral hypoglycemic property.- leaves have carbohydrate components that, due to negative

feedback, stimulates the release of insulin in beta cells- rich in fibers, and based on a study done by B Hagander,

dietary fiber decreases fasting blood glucose levels and plasma LDL concentration in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

- Malalavidhane (2000): The oral hypoglycemic activity of Ipomoea aquatica in healthy, male Wistar rats after a glucose challenge gave significant reductions in the serum glucose concentrations of the subjects; aqueous extract of the green leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica is as effective as the oral hypoglycaemic drug tolbutamide in reducing the blood sugar levels of Wistar rats.

- Sokeng, et al (2007): An inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation was observed. The study showed a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption. Moreover, results suggest the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due to the acceleration of intestinal transit.

- This insulin-like activity of kangkong infusion increases the uptake of glucose in the muscles and in the liver, decreases the formation of glucose from fats and proteins and promotes glucagon suppression which inhibits the rise in the blood glucose level. All these contribute to the lowering of blood glucose level of the subjects.

- has a hypoglycemic effect on the mice and thus, may potentially aid in lowering blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

- ANTIDIABETICo Short-actingo Sustain hypoglycemic effect

- Lower than insulin- Ampalaya, Momordica ipodica like insulin

3. Camote tops- Ipomoea batatas- is rich in simple starch, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber,

vitamins A, C and B6, iron, calcium and phosphorus.- The leaves have a high content of polyphenolics -

anthocyanins and phenolic acids, with at least 15 biologically active anthocyanins with medicinal value.

- also has polyphenols which have physiologic funtions, radical scavenging activity, antimutagenic, anticancer, antidiabetes and antibacterial activity in vitro and vivo. It is considered hemostatic, spleen invigorating.

- It has been suggested that it can control blood glucose levels.

- Phytic acid

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o increases the acitivity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase thus lowering the blood glucose levels.

- Diacylated anthocyanin o on the other hand, is a glycoside of the antioxidant,

cyanidine o can inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity, can reduce blood

glucose levels after starch-rich meals and significantly inhibits maltase activity

- Flavoneso a class of flavonoids, present in the plant can control

blood sugar and modulate the metabolism of glucose and blood lipid,

o decrease outputs of lipid peroxidation and scavenge the free radicals.

- Theoretically, camote tops can induce rapid decline of blood glucose level after administration of the infusion and effect will become evident within the first 15 minutes.

- The effect of camote is similar to that of short-acting insulin lasting for only few minutes, thus, it should be administered right before meals.

- CONCLUSION: Ipomea batatas is able to decrease blood glucose level because of its active components phytic acid, diacetyl anthocyanin and flavones which controls blood glucose and modulates glucose and blood lipid and also decreases the peroxidation of lipid. These results were not attained in the experiment this is due to human errors and other factors.

- ANTIDIABETIC HYPOGLYCEMICo Immediate effecto Short-acting (15 mins)o Short-lived

4. Cucumber- Cucumis sativa- Decoction of pipino peelings- A fruit that came from the same family as pumpkin, zuccini

and other squashes.- It is an excellent source of potassium, vitamin C and folic

acid. - Cucumbers' hard skin is rich in fiber and contains a variety of

beneficial minerals including silica, potassium and magnesium.

- A staple in the diet of diabetics- There are so few digestible carbohydrates in Cucumber that

they have no noticeable effect on blood sugar levels. - In the experiment there was increase in blood sugar at time

15, 30, and 45 minutes, and a decrease at 60 minutes - Since cucumber is low carbohydrate containing, it does not

promote hyperglycemic effect.- Contains luteolin which is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor- Lower glycemic index diets have been shown to help control

type2 diabetes and reduce symptoms of insulin resistance.- Cucumber has 0 Glycemic index and 0 Glycemic Load

o Index: how fast 50g of carbs in them raises our blood glucose levels

o Load: how fast a standard portion of a particular food (like Cucumber) raises blood glucose, and thus gives an indication of glycemic and insulin response

- Cucumber is best natural diuretic known, secreting and promoting the flow of urine.

- Helps in kidney and urinary bladder disease. - Liver disease - Pancreatic disease - The potassium content of cucumber makes it highly useful

for conditions of high and low blood pressure. - Cucumber contains erepsin, the enzyme that helps to digest

protein. - The high silicon and sulphur content of the cucumber is said

to promote the growth of hair, especially when the juice of the cucumber is added to the juice of carrot, lettuce and spinach.

- A mixture of cucumber juice with carrot juice is said to be beneficial for rheumatic conditions resulting from excessive uric acid in the body.

- Cucumber juice is also valuable for helping diseases of the teeth, gums, especially in cases of pyorrhea.

- The high mineral content of this vegetable also helps to prevent splitting of nails of the fingers and toes.

- ANTIGLYCEMICo Delayedo short-lived effect

5. Malunggay - Moringa oleifera

- Galactagogue, rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant, purgative, antibiotic, antifungal.• Antiinflammatory, antitumor activities on mice studies.• Antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-ulcer.• Estrogenic, antiprogestational, hypoglycemic, antihyperthyroidism, hypocholesterolemic, antihyperthyroid, antispasmodic.• Considered abortifacient and emmenagogue.• Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains, anti-ulcer, anti-tumor. Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains.

-specific components of Moringa preparations that have been reported to have hypotensive, anticancer, and antibacterial activity include :1. 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate 2. 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate3. niazimicin4. pterygospermin ,5. benzyl isothiocyanate 6. 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate

-delayed hypoglycemic effect

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Experiment F. Effects of Herbal Medicinal Plant on Gastro-Intestinal Motility (Anti-diarrheal Effect)Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on Gastrointestinal Motility

Average Values of the Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on Gastrointestinal Motility

Atropine SO4

Avocado

Caimito Duhat

Weight of mouse (g) 4.06 9.04 8.3 9.98

Amount of drug given (mL)0.0783

(0.1305)0.1506 0.138 0.165

Distance traveled by activated charcoal (cm)

17.5 33.25 7 29.1

Length of small intestine (cm)

45.0 47.25 32.5 37.1

Percent distance traveled (%)

38.88 70.40 24.56 78.35

Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on Gastrointestinal Motility (average values)

Drug Standard dose (SD) Recommended dose (RD)Atropine 1mg/mL 0.01mg/gAvocado 30% 5mg/gCaimito 30% 5mg/gDuhat 30% 5mg/g

1. Atropine Sulfate- Atropine is an alkaloid extracted from Atropa belladonna

and other plants of the family Solanaceae. - It is relatively lipid-soluble; crosses placenta; trace

amounts enter breast milk; and crosses the blood-brain barrier.

- Protein binding: 14 to 22% in plasma. - Elimination: Liver metabolism and renal excretion- elimination half-life: 2hrs- Duration of action: 4-8 hours; 72 hours or longer (eyes)- From 30% to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine

- MOA: o prototype nonselective muscarinic blocker and a

potent parasympatholytic o increases firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and

conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV) of the heart

o opposes the actions of the vagus nerveo blocks acetylcholine receptor siteso decreases bronchial secretions

- The results showed that administration of atropine may decrease GI motility via binding to the muscarinic receptor prevents the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

- However, complete muscarinic block cannot totally abolish activity in the gastrointestinal system due to the presence of local hormones and noncholinergic neurons in the enteric nervous system which also regulate gastrointestinal functions.

- Likewise, gastric secretion is blocked less effectively: the volume and amount of acid, pepsin, and mucin are all reduced, but large doses of atropine may be required.

- Theoretical data: 25-30 % distance traveled- CONCLUSION: As an anticholinergic drug, atropine

decreases GI motility

Antidiarrheal Criteria<50 % distance traveled- antidiarrheal>50 % distance traveled- cathartic

2. Avocado- Persea americana

- The fruit, is a good source of potassium and vitamin D, used to lower cholesterol levels, to increase sexual desire, and to stimulate menstrual flow.

- oils (“unsaponifiable fractions”)- are used to treat osteoarthritis.

o applied directly to the skin to soothe and heal skin; and to treat thickening (sclerosis) of the skin, gum infections (pyorrhea), and arthritis

o used in combination with vitamin B12 for a skin condition called psoriasis.

- The seeds, leaves, and bark are used for dysentery and diarrhea.

- The fruit pulp is used topically to promote hair growth and speed wound healing.

- The seeds, leaves, and bark are used to relieve toothache. Constituents: - Leaves & bark: volatile oil estragole and anethole

(methylchavicol, alpha-pinene), flavonoids, tannins (hydrolysable and condensed)

- Fruit pulp: unsaturated fats, protein (about 25%), sesquiterpenes, vitamins A, B1, B2.

- Estragole and estragole-containing essential oils have been reported to possess insecticidal, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial properties (Leung, 1980; Okunade and Olaifa, 1987).

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- Condensed tannins are polyphenolic compounds and are not absorbed by the body. They have high antioxidant activity and possess a protective activity, specifically in the GI tract.

- Hydrolysable tannins, however, are absorbed by the body and it those tannins which may pose a concern when ingested (this, however, is not conclusive).

- The pulp of the avocado fruit is rich in a fatty oil, and this can account for up to 40% of its composition. In addition to sugars and carbohydrates

- Avocado oil is derived from the fruit pulp and is composed primarily of glycerides of oleic acid and approximately 10% unsaponifiable compounds, such as sterols and volatile acids. Oleic acid is a beneficial monounsaturated fatty acid and its concentration ranges from 61% to 95% in an avocado. The vitamin D content of the oil exceeds that of butter or eggs.

Discussionbased on the experiment the avocado decoction did not show anti-diarrheal effects.

- there have also been some studies that the fruit, leaf and bark of avocado causes diarrhea in birds and animals due to the presence of persins (cathartic effect).

Persins are fungicidal toxins present in avocado which are essentially harmless to humans but when consumed in large amounts in domestic animals tend to cause diarrhea.

- Condensed tannins possess a protective activity, specifically in the GI tract. Hydrolysable tannins, however, are absorbed by the body and these tannins may pose a concern when ingested

- Some studies support use of avocado extracts for dysentery and other abdominal symptoms. Using the bark or the leaf while others claim it is the raw fruit that has effect. However, further studies are still being conducted and there is still no concrete evidence for the mechanism of action of avocado extracts in producing anti-diarrheal effects.

- However, we should not exclude observer error in the experiment.

- Theoretical data: 30-35% distance traveled3. Caimito

- Chrysophyllum cainito- Family Sapotaceae - has been used in folk medicine:

o Decoction of bark used as tonic and stimulant; used for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages and treatment of gonorrhea.

o Infusion of the bark is tonic and refreshing.o In some countries, the fruit is used for diabetes.

Fruit eaten for inflammation in laryngitis and pneumonia.

o Bitter seed sometimes used as tonic, for diarrhea and fevers

o Decoction used for angina.

- Contains:1. POLYPHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS(-) EPICATECHINS has the highest concentration Functions:

AntioxidantHistamine decarboxylase inhibitor (prevent release of histamine)

2. TANNINSAnti-diarrheal properties

Tannins are polyphenols that are obtained from various parts of different plants belonging to multiple species

Tannins affect the walls of the stomach and other digestive parts.

They sour the mucus secretions and contract or squeeze the membranes in such a manner that secretions from the cells are restricted.

This action is possible by involving lymph stasis and neutralizing the autolytic enzymes.

An effective astringent does not stop the flow of the disturbing substance in the stomach, but helps in controlling the irritation in the small intestine.

- Mouse 2 with percent distance travel of 49.12%, implicated the anti-diarrheal property of caimito.

- Human error can be attributed for Mouse 1 in which activated charcoal did not travel in the intestines.

- Theoretical data: 40-42% distance traveled- CONCLUSION: Caimito has notable anti-diarrheal

properties probably due to the presence of tannins.

4. Duhat- Syzygium cumini- Decoction of Duhat leaves- Standard Dose: 30% (300 mg/ml)- Recommended Dose: 5mg/g- Sample Calculation

ml of drug = wt. of mouse x RD x (1/SD)For Mouse1: 9.79g x 5mg/g x (1ml/300mg)

= 0.16 ml duhat decoction- Average % distance traveled = 78.40% (above 50% cut-off) - aka jambul, java plum or black plum, lomboy - USES:

o decoction of the bark is taken internally for dyspepsia, dysentery, and diarrhea

o syrup from its fruit is also locally used to treat diarrhea due to its astringent property.

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