Language Processing & Scheduling for Linux

based Mobile Operating System

In Regional Language

Ph.D. Synopsis

Submitted To

Gujarat Technological University

For the Degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy

In

Computer Science

Researcher

Milan Sanjaykumar Bhatt

Enrolment No: 119997493006

(Computer Science)

Supervisor

Dr. Prashant M. Dolia Associate Professor

Department of Computer Science

Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University

Bhavnagar

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Content

1. Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………… ..3..

2. Brief description on the state of the art of the research topic …………………………….. ..3..

3. Motivation in research ……………………………………………………………………. ..4..

4. Descriptive Research ……………………………………………………………………... ..5..

5. Definition of Problem …………………………………………………………………….. ..5..

6. Objective and Scope of Work …………………………………………………………….. ..6..

7. Methodology of Research ………………………………………………………………… ..6..

8. Original Contribution by the thesis ……………………………………………………….. ..6..

9. Proposed RELAN Algorithm …………………………………………………………… ..7..

10. Result ……………………………………………………………………………………. ..13..

11. Achievements with respect to objectives ………………………………………………... ..14..

12. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………. ..14..

13. Copies of papers published and a list of all publications arising from the thesis ……….. ..15..

14. References ……………………………………………………………………………….. ..16..

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1. ABSTRACT

An immense cultural transition and transformation is taking place today in the way of Gujarati

regional people, how to access, learn, and interact with information. The density of mobile phone

usage among the rural people has also increased noticeably. In the devices available in the market

today, there is a total absence of Gujarati language characters in the processes of booting of the

Linux based devices. The researcher has focused on the introduction of at-least minimum of one

suffix and one stem of Gujarati language displaying in booting screen while booting process in

Linux based mobile operating system. This research will, without doubt, greatly contribute to the

village people's working experiences with the mobile operating system which functions with their

own vernacular language.

2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE STATE OF THE ART OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC

The Information Technology, without doubt, has enormous power to improve how people live and

work. Thousands of tools – hardware, software, and embedded – are developed to make life of

mankind an efficient and convenient experience. A revolution is taking place today in the way of

people, how to access, learn, and interact with information in own regional language.

At the starting of the configuration of some new mobile devices, mobile operating systems give the

message to the user in English language. So, rural area people or specific domain regional

language people can’t understand English language and may not understand the different messages

properly at the starting of mobile at first time which is given by the mobile operating system. Most

people are working with the mobile technology in different way, they use the different mobile with

specific operating system like Android, Windows, Asha, and Blackberry etc. But now a day almost

booting process of operating systems are in English Language.

If this booting process is supported by the local vernacular language, this will enable the rural user

to understand and proceed with the Linux device more smoothly and friendly, as against the start-

up with the English language.

The proposed booting process and its component and its process (different messages) offers the

start-up process of the Linux based mobile device in regional language.

Researcher has also concentrated on the language processing of the system with platform for

Mobile Devices with Linux Kernel, this operating system concentrates Linux Kernel 2.6.28 and its

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system calls and relates to booting processing file of the kernel on Linux based mobile with

regional language.

Therefore, further research work is required to develop more assistive system in areas like what

you see, is what you get (WYSIWYG) concept in the system, fast processing speed, as well as

language processing with regional language.

This research work focuses on the introduction of the new booting process in regional language,

and further suggests exercise on the introduction of all the application, entire operating system and

its processes in regional language.

3. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

The possible motives for doing research are following.

o Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;

This research has awarded the researcher with the understanding of the problem of non-

availability of regional language in mobile operating system at booting processes and there

by motivated to work upon the problem and creation of booting process in regional

language in devices.

o Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical

problems initiates’ research;

During this research phase, the researcher came across many problems like: now a day

mobile devices already have regional language application, but there is a total absence of

regional language in booting process. This research addresses this problem and tries to find

out possible solution for an operating system in regional languages as well as booting

processes messages for mobile devices in regional language.

o Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work

In this research work, the researcher tries to make creative work i.e. a new booting

processes messages in regional language as well as all the applications in regional

language, entire operating systems and its process (different messages) in regional

language.

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o Desire to be of service to society

Ultimate objective of technology is to facilitate human being. If same thought is viewed for

specific domains (replacing technology with information technology and human being with

use of the mobile), then objective would be to facilitate Indian people using the Linux

based mobile and its system. The base of the research work is to materialize the concept of

what you see is what you get in regional language.

4. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

o How many users use mobile with Linux based operating system?

In current scenario there are only 0.92 % users use mobile with Linux based operating

system. (Not Android based Mobile Phone)

o How many users use regional language in Mobile devices?

Today approximately 2 % of users use regional language applications in mobile devices.

o Price of Linux based mobile phones.

Approximately 25,000 Rs. to 50,000 Rs. i.e. Costlier than Android, Windows based and

Symbian OS mobile. Whereas the Linux Operating Systems are totally free.

o How many mobile company use booting process in regional language?

Save some exceptional cases, there is no operating system that offers any regional

languages in mobile for booting process.

5. DEFINITION OF PROBLEM

Understanding a start-up information of first time of using mobile devices are available only in

English language, so regional people may not understand how to use a mobile. Interfaces for

mobile information access need to allow users flexibility in their choice of modes and interaction

style in accordance with their preferences, the task at hand, and their physical and social

environment. There are no any regional language characters to display on booting screen in Linux

based hand held devices.

So researcher found that very meagre attention has been paid to this type of problem. Facing the

challenge in solving the unsolved problem, the researcher focused on introducing a new proposed

booting process and its component and its process (different messages) given in regional language.

During this solution, many problems are there like: now a day mobile devices already have

regional language application, but there is a total absence of regional language in booting process.

This research addresses this problem and tries to find out possible solution for an operating system

in regional languages as well as booting processes messages for mobile devices in regional

language.

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6. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK

Ultimate objective of technology is to facilitate human being. If same thought is viewed for

specific domains (replacing technology with information technology and human being with use of

the mobile), then objective would be to facilitate Indian people using the Linux based mobile and

its system. The base of the research work is to materialize the concept of what you see is what you

get in regional language.

7. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

In approach, a problem is identified, and solved by using available technologies and/or extension

of technologies. This approach is problem centric. In another approach, technology is extended /

invented, which is useful in solving, completely or partially, many problems related to use of the

Linux based technology in India. This approach is technology centric.

This research work is carried out by technology centric approach, and many applications were

developed based on the outcome of the work, i.e. programming tools. The researcher developed a

brand new algorithm and terminated it as RELAN (REgional LANguage). On linking it with the

Maemo operating system’s kernel, it was tested upon the booting process with a view to getting

the desired result of getting booting messages in regional language. However, the practical

application borne garbage value. Upon this, the researcher tried to develop an alteration in RELAN

algorithm. When this modified RELAN algorithm was linked with the Maemo operating system’s

kernel and provided with the build of booting process in regional language, it yielded the desired

result.

8. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION BY THE THESIS

The entire work in this synopsis, as well as thesis is the original work, with research papers as the

back bone. The proposed applying algorithm has been visualized as a collection of various

modules, system calls each of which with relevant publications. The details of the associated

papers are as follows:

Paper Published:

1. Altered RELAN Algorithm to Display a Minimum of One Suffix and One Stem of Gujarati

Language in Booting Screen at Booting Process in Linux based Mobile Operating System.

IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, Volume 4, Issue 5, October

2015.

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2. A Proposed to Display any One Character of Regional Language for Booting Screen of Linux

Based Mobile Operating System Using RELAN Algorithm. International Journal of Computer

Science and Technology [IJCST], IJCST Vol. 6, Issue 2, April - June 2015, pp: 314-317.

3. A Proposed RELAN Algorithm for Booting Process in Regional Language for Linux Based

Mobile Operating System. Indian journal of applied research, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2015, pp: 203-207.

4. Proposed Booting screen and Architecture in regional language for Linux based mobile devices.

International Journal of Computer Applications, NCETICT 2013, pp.: 28-33.

5. “Linux સચંાલિત Mobile માટે ગજુરાતી ભાષાનુ ં સલૂચત સ્થાપત્ય (Architecture) તથા ગજુરાતી

ભાષામા ં સલૂચત Desktop અન ે વિવિધ Software”. Shabd Braham-International Research

Journal of Indian Languages, Vol. 1, No.9, pp.: 67-73.

9. PROPOSED RELAN ALGORITHM

Step 1: Generate an object of obtain the optimal split position for each only two stem and

only one suffix Gujarati word in the word list provided for training face data input stream

and buffer_reader classes respectively ''data_input_stream', 'buff_read'.

file_writer guj_char= new File_writer(“/usr/src/linux-source—2.6.8/kernel/guj_char.c”;

buffer_writer guj_char = new buffer_writer(guj_char);

{ stem1 + suffix1, stem2 + suffix2, stem3 + suffix3, ................ , steml + suffixl }

guj_char -> guj_word [2] [N] array // separating character from text

STEP 2: Repeat Step 1 until the optimal split positions of all the words remain unchanged.

Loop { f(i) = s * log (freq(stems)) + (Lw – s) * log (freq(suffixs)) }

// s : Split position (Varies from 1 to Lw)

// Lw : Length of the Word

STEP 3: Generate signatures using the stems and suffixes generated from the training

phase.

1St Loop { // To get every character from string [ f(i) ]

2nd Loop { // To get suffix from the string [ f(i) ]

} // 2nd Loop

} // 1st Loop

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STEP 4: Discard the signatures which contain either only one stem or only one suffix.

class buff_read closed

char stem;

char suffix;

write to “guj_char.c ”;

if ( guj_char==”stem”);

write to “guj_char.c ”

else if ( guj_char==”suffix”);

write to “guj_char.c ”

close();

During the RELAN phase, I try to obtain the optimal split position for each word present in the

Gujarati word list provided for training. I obtain the optimal split for only one word and only two

suffixes by taking all possible splits of the word and choosing the split which maximizes the

function given in equation as the optimal split position. The suffix corresponding to the optimal

split position is verified against the list of 59 Gujarati suffixes created by me. If it cannot be

generated by agglutination of the hand crafted suffixes, then the length of the word is chosen as the

optimal split position. i.e. the entire word is treated as a stem with no suffix.

{ stem1 + suffix1, stem2 + suffix2, stem3 + suffix3,………. stemL + suffixL }

માત ૃ= { મા + ત,ૃ મ + ાા + ત + ાૃ, માત ૃ+ NULL }

ગતા = { ગ + તા, ગ + ત + ાા, ગતા + NULL }

file_name>.c = guj_char.c

#include <linux/stdio.h>

#include <linux/linkage.h>

#include <linux/kernel.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#include <asm/locale.h>

#define MAX_BUF_SIZE 4

asmlinkage int sys_guj_char(char _ _ usr *buff, int len){

char tmp[MAX_BUF_SIZE]; // tmp buffer to copy user's string into

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int guj_stem_len; // find how many stems in a string

int guj_suffix_len; // find how many suffixes in a string

a:

if ( guj_char==”stem”); then

write to “guj_char.c ”

elif ( guj_char==”suffix”); then

write to “guj_char.c ”

close(); fi

File_writer guj_char = new File_writer(“/usr/src/linux-source—2.6.8/kernel/guj_char.c”;

Buffer_writer guj_char = new buffer_writer(guj_char);

class buff_read closed

// Now Apply RELAN algorithm

char suffix;

char stem;

guj_char = { stem1 + suffix1, stem2 + suffix2, stem3 + suffix3, ................ , steml + suffixl } ;

guj_char -> guj_word [2] [N] array;

guj_char = s * log (freq(stems)) + (Lw – s) * log (freq(suffixs));

printk(KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char(). The len is %d\n”, len);

char guj_char_list;

if (len <= 2 || (len > MAX_BUF_SIZE)); then

printk((KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char() failed: illegal len (%d) !”, len);

return (-1);

return a; fi

// copy buff from user space into a kernel buffer

if (copy_from_user(tmp, buff, len); then

printk(KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char() fail: copy_from_user() error”);

return (-1);

return a; fi

tmp[len] = '\0';

printk( KERN_EMERG “ guj_char() from %s. \n”, tmp);

if (!setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "")) {

fprintf(stderr, "Can't set the specified locale! " "Check LANG, LC_CTYPE, LC_ALL.\n");

return 1 }

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printf("%ls\n", L "Bhatru – ascii(0AC3) ");

return 0;

return (0);

close()

}

The bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for

loading and transferring control to the Linux kernel. The grub.conf file is available in

/boot/grub/grub.conf.

Also the /boot/grub/grub.conf file can also be referenced via the symbolic link file named

/etc/grub.conf. In this boot loader the default font is unicode.pf2. Now set the Gujarati fonts in the

boot loader your first check the Unicode of Gujarati fonts. Gujarati Lohit font’s Unicode number is

set within 0A80 – 0AFF. There are 128 different character and suffixes.

The bootloader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for

loading and transferring control to the Linux kernel.

The grub.conf file is available in /boot/grub/grub.conf. Also the /boot/grub/grub.conf file can also

be referenced via the symbolic link file named /etc/grub.conf.

Below the how to apply a proposed algorithm in particular kernel 2.6.8. The kernel in the /boot

directory is named vmlinuz-2.6.8-1.521, its RAM disk image file is named initrd-2.6.8-1.521.img,

and the root partition.

1. Configuring Kernel: Configuring the kernel with the used of terminal as a sudo or root user.

$ make gconfig: - X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool, works best under Gnome Desktop.

2. Compiling Kernel

$ make

$ make modules

$ make modules_install (check user is root or su)

3. Install Kernel

$ make install

It will install three files into /boot directory as well as modification to your kernel grub

configuration file.

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1. system.map, 2.6.8 2. config-2.6.8 3. vmlinuz-2.6.8

4. Create an initrd image

$ cd /boot

$ mkinitrd -o initrd.img-2.6.8

5. Creating a Custom Kernel

In this step you can create a new system calls in under kernel.h file and this file is available in

/usr/src/linux

source—2.6.8/kernel/<file_name>.c

Now generate the simple Gujarati character with the kernel file and linkage with the <file_name>.c

with kernel.h

<file_name>.c = guj_char.c

#include <linux/linkage.h>

#include <linux/kernel.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>

#define MAX_BUF_SIZE 4

asmlinkage int sys_guj_char(char _ _ usr *buff, int len)

{

char tmp[MAX_BUF_SIZE]; // tmp buffer to copy user's

string into

int guj_stem_len; // find how many stems in a string

int guj_suffix_len; // find how many suffixes in a string

a:

if ( guj_char==”stem”);

write to “guj_char.c ”

else if ( guj_char==”suffix”);

write to “guj_char.c ”

close();

File_writer guj_char = new File_writer(“/usr/src/linux-source—2.6.8/kernel/guj_char.c”;

Buffer_writer guj_char = new buffer_writer(guj_char);

class buff_read closed

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// Apply RELAN algorithm

guj_char = { stem1 + suffix1, stem2 + suffix2, stem3 + suffix3, ................ , steml + suffixl } ;

guj_char -> guj_word [2] [N] array;

guj_char = i * log (freq(stemi)) + (L – i) * log (freq(suffixi));

boolean suffix;

boolean stem;

printk(KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char(). The len is %d\n”, len);

char guj_char_list;

if (len <= 2 || (len > MAX_BUF_SIZE))

{

printk((KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char() failed: illegal len (%d) !”, len);

return (-1);

} goto (a);

// copy buff from user space into a kernel buffer

if (copy_from_user(tmp, buff, len)

{

printk(KERN_EMERG “Entering guj_char() fail: copy_from_user() error”);

return (-1);

} goto (a)

tmp[len] = '\0';

printk( KERN_EMERG “ guj_char() from %s. \n”, tmp);

return (0);

close()

}

6. Edit the Makefile to compile your new system call

Add guj_char.o to the definition of obj-y, like

obj-y = sched.o fork.o printk.o

cpu.o exit.o resource.o

guj_char.o

7. Add your system call to the unistd kernel header files by editing

/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.8/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h. and add the line:

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# define _ _ NR guj_char 337 // unique system call number

8. Add your system call to the syscalls kernel header files by editing

/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.8/arch/x86/include/asm/syscalls.h. and add the lines

/* kernel/guj_char.c */

asmlinkage int sys_guj_char(char _ _ usr *buff, int len)

9. Now recompile and load your kernel

# Move to the root of the linux source code

cd /usr/src/linux-source-2.6.8

make bzImage

make install

# Move to the boot directory

cd /boot

mkinitramfs -o initrd.img-2.6.8.1-cs470p2 2.6.31.9-cs470p2

update-grub

/sbin/reboot

10. Now reboot and load new kernel for booting process in your Linux

10. RESULT (OUTPUT)

The following output is originally defining in Qt Designer with original linux kernel 2.6.8

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11. ACHIEVEMENTS WITH RESPECT TO OBJECTIVES

1. The outcomes of the first phase clearly indicated that our proposed algorithm which is

applying Linux kernel 2.6.8 and displaying an ASCII code. And some time displaying an

error code which is generated by computer processor.

2. In second phase modifying algorithm applying a kernel and displaying at-least one stem

and one suffix of the Gujarati language character at the time of booting process of Maemo

Operating system in Nokia N900 device.

12. CONCLUSION

Specific domain people cannot understand English language at the time of booting process in

mobile devices. So, researcher made creative work i.e. a new booting process in regional language.

Now a day the mobile devices already have regional language application installed. But all the

operating systems offer the booting process in English language only. So, viewed in this way, the

introduction of booting process in regional language is an unsolved problem.

So during my entire research process the researcher focused to solve specific domain people can

understand at the start up (booting process) the Nokia N900 Linux mobile in regional language.

Using this entire work based on Linux operating system and MAEMO operating system which is

based on Debian series as well as kernel programming. During this work the researcher developed

RELAN Algorithm and applied to the Nokia N900 mobile device. It did not function properly and

mobile phone used to crash. Then, the researcher focused on some required modifications in

RELAN algorithm and imparted some changes in guj_char.c file.

This research work is benefiting to the specific domain people like village people who do not

understand English language. The introduction of the outcome of this research will definitely help

them understand the instruction of booting process of the mobile devices as it will be in Gujarati

language, which they understand.

The limitation of this research is that since it is pedagogical and carried out with the limited

resources and funds, it has been limited only to the introduction of two character and two suffixes.

The researcher is confident enough to work upon fully developed RELAN algorithm which might

lead to the introduction of whole setup of Gujarati language in booting process.

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13. COPIES OF PAPERS PUBLISHED AND A LIST OF ALL PUBLICATIONS ARISING

FROM THE THESIS

No. Paper Title Journal Year

1 Altered RELAN Algorithm to Display a Minimum of One Suffix and

One Stem of Gujarati Language in Booting Screen at Booting Process

in Linux based Mobile Operating System (Volume 4, Issue 5)

IJCSN

2015

2 A Proposed to Display any One Character of Regional Language for

Booting Screen of Linux Based Mobile Operating System Using

RELAN Algorithm (Vol. 6, Issue 2)

IJCST 2015

3 Proposed RELAN Algorithm for Booting Process in Regional

Language for Linux Based Mobile Operating System (Vol. 5, No. 2) IJAR 2015

4 Proposed Booting screen and Architecture in regional language for

Linux based mobile devices NCETICT 2013

5

Linux સચંાલિત Mobile માટે ગજુરાતી ભાષાનુ ં સલૂચત સ્થાપત્ય (Architecture) તથા ગજુરાતી ભાષામા ં સલૂચત Desktop અને વિવિધ Software. (Vol. 1, No.9)

IRJIL 2013

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14. REFERENCE

1. Altered RELAN Algorithm to Display a Minimum of One Suffix and One Stem of Gujarati

Language in Booting Screen at Booting Process in Linux based Mobile Operating System.

IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, Volume 4, Issue 5, October

2015 (SCOPUS Indexing)

2. A Proposed to Display any One Character of Regional Language for Booting Screen of Linux

Based Mobile Operating System Using RELAN Algorithm. International Journal of Computer

Science and Technology [IJCST], IJCST Vol. 6, Issue 2, April - June 2015, pp: 314-317.

3. A Proposed RELAN Algorithm for Booting Process in Regional Language for Linux Based

Mobile Operating System. Indian journal of applied research, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2015, pp: 203-207.

4. Proposed Booting screen and Architecture in regional language for Linux based mobile

devices. International Journal of Computer Applications, NCETICT 2013, pp.: 28-33. (Scopus

Indexing)

5. “Linux સચંાલિત Mobile માટે ગજુરાતી ભાષાનુ ં સલૂચત સ્થાપત્ય (Architecture) તથા ગજુરાતી

ભાષામા ંસલૂચત Desktop અન ેવિવિધ Software”. Shabd Braham-International Research Journal

of Indian Languages, Vol. 1, No.9, pp.: 67-73.

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