large carnivores in nordic countries - european...
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Large carnivores in Nordic Countries Ilpo Kojola, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) at Rovaniemi
Ilpo Kojola
Ilpo Kojola
Seppo Ronkainen
Ilpo Kojola
Change in large carnivore estimates for Finland’s reindeer husbandry area
Species Lowest (year)
Present Change (multiplier)
Brown bear 100 (1968)
350-400 3.5-4.0
Wolf Some, 1970’s
10 -30, seasonal ?
Wolverine 20 (1978)
100-120 5.0-6.0
Lynx Some (1970’s)
120-150 10?
(Russia: 180 000; increasing; Bragina et al. 2015, Conservation Biology)
> 200 000 (Ripple et al. 2014, Science)
Ilpo Kojola
Ursus arctos horribilis
Ursus arctos arctos
Population estimates Sweden 2 800 (Jonas Kindberg/SLU) Norway 150 (Rovdata) Finland 1 500 (Luke)
Sweden
1 970 1 980 1 990 2 000 2 010 2 0200
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
Finland
Ilpo Kojola
Population estimates
Bear harvest in Sweden and Finland
Management Hunting Hunting quota
Sweden
1 980 1 990 2 000 2 010 2 0200
50
100
150
200
Finland
Sex ratio of shot bears
Finland
Sweden
0 1 2 3 4 540
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 > 3
Age (years)
Swe: 683 Fin: 928
% males
High genetic diversity in Northern Finland, rapid change and increased diversity in Southern Finland
9
Genetic clusters
Tammeleht et al. 2010 (Mol. Ecol.) Hagen, Kopatz, Aspi, Kojola, Eiken 2015 (Royal Soc. Proc. Ser B)
Globally 180 000 (Ripple et al., Science) In Russia 49 000 (stable; Bragina 2015; R, Soc. Proc. Ser. B)
Number of wolf family packs
Finland
Scandinavia
1 995 2 000 2 005 2 010 2 0150
10
20
30
40
50
Fa
mily
pa
cks
High proportion of sub-adult dispersers in Finnish reindeer husbandry area
Age of the shot wolf (years)
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
enta
ge
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
enta
ge
1
Outside reindeer husbandry Reindeer husbandry
% %
Reproduction and found wolf-killed reindeer per year within three reindeer herding cooperatives
no yes
Reproduction
0
100
200
300
Long-distance dispersal
by collared wolves
Kojola, Wabakken, Sand & Liberg, in prep
A way longer maximum
distances travelled
by Scandinavian
than Finnish wolves
Genetic background?
- Scandinavian wolf pop.
was established by
long-distance dispersers
Most wolves moving to Finland’s reindeer husbandry area have reindeer as a prey image
Seppo Ronkainen
Ilpo Kojola
Ilpo Kojola
Natural immigration by
wolves from east to
Scandinavia 2004-2013
non-reproduced
reproduced reproduced
Wolverine
Globally about 50 000 (in Eurasia 20-22 000, in Europe 2 200; IUCN Red data book)
Norway 350-400, Sweden 450-500 (based on confirmed reproductions) Finland 250 (a quesstimate)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Sweden
Norway
Jens Persson/SLU
Confirmed reproductions by Scandinavian wolverines
SLU and ROVDATA
Reproductions of wolverine in Scandinavia
Finland: reindeer winter feeding practice and wolverine
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Wolverine-killed reindeer/
herd size 2013 Wolverine observation
Index 2013
Free-ranging Fenced Free-ranging Fenced
Kojola & Kaartinen (in prep.)
50 000 globally (Ripple et al. 2014; Science)
(20 000 in Russia; decreasing; Bragina et al. 2015, Cons. Biol.)
Higher genetic diversity in Finland than in Scandinavia
Ratkiewicz ym. 2014: (Plos ONE)
Family groups in winter 2014/2015
By Katja Holmala/LUKE
Staffan Widstrand
Population trends (as number of family groups)
Sweden
Norway Finland
Finland’s lynx population is doubling that of Scandinavia for a mysterious reason
(Rovdata)
(Luke))
(Viltskadecenter)
T
Photo: Ilpo Kojola
Thank you!