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Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

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Page 1: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles

for Transportation Structures

Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Page 2: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Large diameter open ended piles (LDOEPs)

Driven pile Tubular steel Prestressed concrete cylinder

36 inches outside diameter or larger

Page 3: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Typical LDOEP Applications

High lateral load demands (often due to extreme event loading)

High axial demand

Deep weak soils

Page 4: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Typical LDOEP Applications

Eliminate the need for a footing w/ single pile (pile bent)

Marine construction - delivery, handling, and installation

Significant unsupported length (scour, liquefaction, marine conditions)

Page 5: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Unique Challenges of LDOEPs

Uncertainty of “plug” formation during installation

Potential for installation difficulties and pile damage during driving is unlike other types of conventional bearing piles

Page 6: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Unique Challenges of LDOEPs

Soil column within the pile may behave differently during driving or dynamic testing compared with static loading

Axial resistance from internal friction

Verification of nominal axial resistance is more challenging and expensive

Page 7: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Steel Pipe Piles

Spiralweld: Continuously welded spiral from coiled sheet

Rolled and welded: Plate steel rolled and welded

photos courtesy Skyline Steel

Page 8: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Concrete Pipe Piles

Spun Cast or Bed Cast Prestressed Post-tensioned

photo courtesy Gulf Coast Prestress

Page 9: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

A Simplified Examination of the Dynamic Behavior of a Soil Plug

Page 10: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Considerations Affecting Behavior of Steel LDOEPS

Base Resistance of Steel LDOEPs on Rock and Driving Shoes Shoe increases diameter – inside vs.

outside Shoe height and buckling of toe Sloping rock

Page 11: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Considerations Affecting Behavior of Steel LDOEPS

Vibratory Driving and Splicing

Effect of Pile Length on Behavior and Axial Resistance Reduced side resistance (remolding, friction

fatigue, etc.) Elastic compression enduring driving

Time-Dependency of Axial Resistance

Page 12: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Considerations Affecting Behavior of Steel LDOEPS

Driving Resistance and Dynamic Load Testing Modeling inertial resistance of the soil

plug/column Inserts to promote plugging Residual stresses Limitations of hammer mobilizing resistance Detection and avoidance of pile damage

during installation

Page 13: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Considerations Affecting Behavior of Concrete LDOEPS

Pile volume and prestressed concrete LDOEPs Area ratio vs. steel piles – frictional

resistance Potential for plugging Soil “bulking” in void Hoop stress / water hammer

Page 14: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Considerations Affecting Behavior of Concrete LDOEPS

Base resistance of concrete LDOEPs Plugging vs mobilizing cross-section

Driving Resistance and Dynamic Load Testing Management of driving stresses Splices rare

Page 15: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Design for Axial Loading

Nominal axial resistance determined from driving resistance

Static computations serve as guide for estimating length

Page 16: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Design for Axial Loading

Axial Resistance in Clay Soils (“alpha”)

Axial Resistance in Sands (“beta”)

Methods Utilizing CPT Data (API RP2 GEO 2011)

Methods Specific to Prestressed Concrete LDOEPs (FDOT)

Page 17: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Design for Axial Loading

API RP2 GEO 2011 Current state of practice for design for

offshore industry Long history of use Slight differences from FHWA “alpha” and

“beta” based on offshore experience Several CPT-based methods

ICP-05, UWA-05, NGI05, Fugro05

Page 18: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Resistance Factor Selection

Current (2013) AASHTO guidelines do not specifically represent LDOEPs.

Based largely on NCHRP Report 507 (Paikowsky (2004)) A very small number of open ended pipe

piles. LDOEPs are not documented separately

from smaller piles

Page 19: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Design for Lateral Loading and Serviceability

Not different than for other deep foundations

Consider contribution to lateral stiffness of concrete plug at top of pile (connection)

Consider soil plug/column contribution to axial stiffness

Page 20: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Summary of Current State DOT Practices

Static Analysis Methods FHWA most common, a few use API Nordlund (sands), alpha (clays) most

common

Resistance Factors AASHTO recommended most common Few states developed their own

Page 21: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Summary of Current State DOT Practices

Driving Criteria and Testing Majority use wave equation analysis and/or

high strain dynamic testing Static, Rapid, and Dynamic load tests very

common Concerns with analysis of high strain

dynamic data, particularly with treatment of soil plug/column

Page 22: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories

Hastings Bridge, Minnesota

St. George Island Bridge, Florida

Offshore

Page 23: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – Hastings Bridge, MN

Key issues: Increased reliability through demonstrated pile

resistance

Vibrations on existing structures

Page 24: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – Hastings Bridge, MN

Key issues: Limitations of dynamic tests to demonstrate fully

mobilized pile resistance for piles driven to refusal on rock

Use of lateral load test for design

Page 25: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – Hastings Bridge, MN

42-in open-end pipe piles tw = 1 inch (for impact loads) or 7/8-in Driven to bear on rock

Axial Statnamic tests 4,600 kips (1 in); 4,200 kips (7/8 in) Maximum deflection about 2-½ inches;

permanent sets of around ¼ in. Dynamic tests

3,000 to 3,500 kips (Maximum hammer could mobilize)

Page 26: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – Hastings Bridge, MN

Statnamic tests used as basis of design Dynamic tests utilized on production piles to

demonstrate: that the piles were driven to a good seating

on rock that the piles were not damaged that the hammer was performing as

intended.

Page 27: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – St. George Island, FL

Key issues: Assess nominal resistance of underlying Florida

limestone

Determining pile order lengths to meet schedule

Comparison of axial load testing methods

Control of longitudinal cracking

Page 28: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – St. George Island, FL

Testing Program: 4 static load tests 6 Statnamic load tests 50 dynamic tests on production piles

Page 29: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – St. George Island, FL

Summary of test results for St. George Island Bridge (Kemp and Muchard, 2007)

Reasonable agreement between static and Statnamic

Dynamic tests slightly under-predict vs. static

Page 30: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Case Histories – St. George Island, FL

Longitudinal cracks were observed in 7% of piles, usually within three to four weeks after driving

Determined to be “water hammer” from build-up of fluid soil inside the pile annulus

Excess “hoop stresses” resulted in cracking

Contractor elected to monitor and clean out plug/soil column - no further cracking

Page 31: Large Diameter Open-End Pipe Piles for Transportation Structures Dan Brown, PhD., P.E., D.GE

Conclusions

More LDOEP for transportation structures

Advantages, limitations identified

Some different engineering concepts required

Questions?


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