Latest progressin PMT development

VLVnT11 in October, 2011

Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Electron Tube Division

Yuji Hotta

1. Profile of Hamamatsu2. 3 inch PMT Development for KM3NeT3. 12 inch PMT Development

ContentsContents

1. Profile of Hamamatsu

Hamamatsu is a name of a city.HONDA, YAMAHA and SUZUKI(famous motor cycle companies) are located in the same area.

Population : 818K (as of October 1, 2011)

KAWAI

ROLAND

Where we are locatedWhere we are located

JAPAN

Japanese Standard MAP

EuropeUSA

(Subsidiaries) (Subsidiaries)

Global Network of Global Network of HamamatsuHamamatsu

Established : Sept 29, 1953Employees : 4,167 (Group)(As of Jun 2011)Net Sales : \91B (€ 830M)(FY2010)

Electron Tube DivisionElectron Tube DivisionSolid Sate DivisionSolid Sate Division Systems DivisionSystems Division

Laser GroupLaser GroupCentral Research LabCentral Research Lab

Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.

2. 3 inch PMT Development for KM3NeT

Requirements for KM3NeTRequirements for KM3NeTQuantum Efficiency at 404 nm : 32% min.Inhomogenity of cathode response : 10% max.Supply Voltage : 1400 V max.Gain : 5E+06Dark count rate at 15 degree C : 3 kHz max.Transit Time Spread : 2 ns max. (sigma) => 4.7 ns max. (FWHM)

Peak to valley ratio : 3.0 min.Length : 105 mm max.Effective area : 72 mm diameter min.Convex input window : 198 mm radius

Price : CheapProduction capability : High

Hamamatsu 3 inch PMTsHamamatsu 3 inch PMTsR6233 R6091

Hamamatsu 3 inch PMTsHamamatsu 3 inch PMTsParameter Requiremen

tR6233 R6091

QE 32% min. at 404 nm

30% typ. at peak

26% typ. at peak

Gain 5 x 106 2.7 x 105 typ. 5 x 106 typ.TTS (FWHM) 4.7 ns max. 12.2 ns typ. 2 ns typ.

Effective area(Diameter)

72 mm min. 70 mm min. 65 mm min.

Length 105 mm max. 87 mm +/- 1 mm

137 mm +/- 2mm

Price Cheap Cheap Not CheapMass

ProductionPossible Possible Not Possible

Need to improve!

Important!

3 inch PMT Development3 inch PMT DevelopmentR6233-01 (Standard) R6233-01 MOD

Number of Dynode Stages8 Stages => 10 Stages

Window ShapeFlat => Concave-Convex

Outer : R198

R6233-01 MOD Test ResultR6233-01 MOD Test Result

TTS => slow

Effective area => smallGain => low

Effective area => large

New 3 inch PMT DevelopmentNew 3 inch PMT Development

Electrodes need to be changed.Shape of Glass bulb needs to be changed.

PMT has to be cheap and has to be suitable for mass production.

TTS => fastGain => high

3 inch PMT Development3 inch PMT DevelopmentR6233-01 (Standard) R6233-01 MOD R12199 (New!)

New 3 inch PMT DevelopmentNew 3 inch PMT Development80 mm +/-2 mm

97 m

m +

/-2 m

m

Type Number : R12199Window Shape : Concave-ConvexWindow Material : Borosilicate GlassPhotocathode Material : BialkaliNumber of Dynode Stages : 10Outer Diameter : 80 mmLength : 97 mm

R12199 Quantum EfficiencyR12199 Quantum Efficiency

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Wavelength [nm]

QE

[%]

Sample-1Sample-2Sample-3Sample-4Sample-5

Need to improve!Preliminary

0102030405060708090

100110

-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Position [mm]

Relat

ive O

utpu

t [%

]

Cathode UniformityAnode Uniformity

Light Wavelength : 400 nmLight Spot : 1 mmSupply Voltage : 1000 VDivider: Standard

X-Axis

77.4 mm

BOTTOM

LEFT RIGHT

TOP

< TOP VIEW >

Dy1

Dy2

R12199 Uniformity (X-Axis)R12199 Uniformity (X-Axis)Preliminary

R12199 Uniformity (Y-Axis)R12199 Uniformity (Y-Axis)

0102030405060708090

100

-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Position [mm]

Relat

ive O

utpu

t [%

]

Cathode UniformityAnode Uniformity

Light Wavelength : 400 nmLight Spot : 1 mmSupply Voltage : 1000 VDivider: Standard

Y-Axis

74.3 mm

BOTTOM

LEFT RIGHT

TOP

< TOP VIEW >

Dy1

Dy2

Preliminary

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Channel

Cou

nts

Peak to Valley Ratio : 3.1Supply Voltage : Gain = 5E+06

R12199 Pulse Height R12199 Pulse Height DistributionDistribution Preliminary

R12199 Transit Time SpreadR12199 Transit Time Spread

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

30 40 50 60 70

Time [ns]

Cou

nts

FWHM :3.6 nsSupply Voltage : Gain = 5E+06

Preliminary

1

10

750 1000 1250 1500

Supply Voltage [V]

Tim

e [n

s]

Rise TimeFall TimePulse Width

R12199 Time ResponseR12199 Time ResponsePreliminary

1250 V

3.6 ns 3.3 ns

6.2 ns5.4 ns

7.2 ns6.0 ns

R12199 CharacteristicsR12199 CharacteristicsParameter Requirement R12199

QE 32% min. at 404 nm

22 - 23% at peak

Gain 5 x 106 2 - 5 x 106

TTS (FWHM) 4.7 ns max. 3.5 – 4.5 nsEffective area(Diameter)

72 mm min. 74 mm.

P/V ratio 3 min. 3Dark Count 3000 max. To be measured

Length 105 mm max. 97 mm +/- 1 mmPrice Cheap Cheap

Mass Production Possible Possible

Preliminary

R12199 DevelopmentR12199 Development

-We are now trying to find optimal production condition for R12199 (New 3 inch PMT).

- Samples will be available soon.

Tentative Delivery ScheduleTentative Delivery ScheduleProduction and Delivery Plan of 3-inch PMT for KM3NeT Date: Apr.27.2011

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Q1 Q2Q3 Q4Q1 Q2 Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3 Q4Q1 Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4Q1 Q2Q3 Q4

Delivery

1st Year

2,000/M1,000/M4,200/M

2nd Year

4,200/M

MaterialsAdditional Equipment-1 (Welding Machine, Activation Bench)

Additional Equipment-2 (Evaporation, DC Measurement Setup)

12,000

Production (Employment of New Workers -> Training -> Skill up

4,200/M

50,400314,400

4,200/M

7th Year4th Year

Subtotal: 50,400

3rd Year

4,200/M

50,400 50,400 50,400

5th Year 6th Year

4,200/M

50,400Total:

3. Development of 12 inch PMT

8 inch 10 inch

13 inch

20 inch

Large Format PMTLarge Format PMT LineupLineupWe have 13” Between 10” and 20”.It has Metal Flange (special part).Limited production rate & higher cost !!It’s necessary to have a similar sizeof PMT with conventional structurefor less cost and mass-production.=> 12-inch PMT was developed !!

Metal Flange

26

10 inchR7081

12 inchR11780Φ253 mm

12-inch PMT has larger effective area ratio.

Φ305 mm

RoundRoundShapeShapeMushrooMushroo

mmShapeShape

Higher Pressure-resistanceHigher Pressure-resistance

Φ220 mm

Φ280 mm

Comparison of Dimension Comparison of Dimension between 10-inch and 12-inch PMTbetween 10-inch and 12-inch PMT

27

Diff.=33 mm

Diff.=25 mm

Comparison betweenR11780 & R7081Effective Area: 1.62Price: less than 1.5“Price per unit area”is lower than R7081.

Items R1178012-inch PMT

R708110-inch PMT

Diameter 305 mm 253 mmEffective Area 280 mm min. 220 mm min.Effective Area Ratio 84.3% 74.6%Tube Length 385 mm 300 mmDynodes LF/10-stage LF/10-stage

GAIN 1.0E+07 at2000V

1.0E+07 at 1500V

T.T.S. (FWHM) 2.7 ns 2.9 （ 3.4 ） nsP/V Ratio 3.0 2.5 （ 2.8 ）

Dark Counts 10,000 cps 7,000 cps

Comparison of Comparison of CharacteristicsCharacteristics

28

R11780 Ebb & Dark R11780 Ebb & Dark CountsCounts

Samples: 43 tubesHistogram of Dark Counts

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

~2.5 ~5.0 ~7.5 ~10.0 ~12.5 ~15.0 ~17.5 ~20.0 20~

Dark Counts [kcps]

Num

ver

of T

ubes

[pc

s]

Histogram of Ebb for Gain of 1E+07

02468

10121416

~160

0~1

700

~180

0~1

900

~200

0~2

100

~220

0~2

300

~240

0~2

500

Ebb for Gain of 1E+07 [V]

Num

ber

of T

ubes

[pc

s]

Dark Counts at Ebb (1E+07)

Average: 10.6 kcpsSTDEV: 5.6 kcpsMin.: 2.0 kcps

Max.: 30.5 kcps

Ebb for Gain of 1E+07

Average: 1890 VSTDEV: 157 VMin.: 1660 VMax.: 2320 V

Percentage of these tubescould be reduced in future.

2000V

10 kcps

29

R11780 TTS & PV R11780 TTS & PV RatioRatio

Histogram of PV Ratio

0

5

10

15

20

~1.5 ~2.0 ~2.5 ~3.0 ~3.5 ~4.0 ~4.5

PV Ratio at Ebb

Num

ver

of T

ubes

[pc

s]

Histogram of TTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

~2.2 ~2.4 ~2.6 ~2.8 ~3.0 ~3.2 ~3.4

TTS [ns]

Num

ber

of T

ubes

[pc

s]

PV Ratio at Ebb (1E+07)

Average: 3.00STDEV: 0.48Min.: 1.70Max.: 3.90

TTS at Ebb (1E+07)Average: 2.70 nsSTDEV: 0.16 nsMin.: 2.35 nsMax.: 3.13 ns

Samples: 43 tubes

2.7 ns

3.0

30

R11780 QE Transition

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40Serial Number

QE

at 3

80 n

m [%

]R11780 QE R11780 QE ImprovementImprovement

High QE Trials

StandardLow QE was observed at the beginning of trial production.Improvement effort was made from Apr.2011.We called it High QE trials. As a result, QE becomes better.

31

R11780 QE I mprovement

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

300 350 400 450 500 550 600Wavelength [nm]

QE

[%]

R11780 QE R11780 QE CURVESCURVES

High QE Trials

Standard

Average QE at 380 nmHQE Trials : 30.7 % (27 tubes)Standard : 22.8 % (10 tubes)

32

R11780 Further R11780 Further ImprovementImprovement

QE has to be improved further. R7081-HQE select : QE = 32 % min. at 380nm R11780-HQE Trials: QE = 30.7 % ave. at 380nm

After Pulse is larger than our expectation. R11780 standard : 10% (0.1~16u sec) R11780-HQE Trials : 15% (0.1~16u sec) R7081: 2% (0.1~16u sec) Those characteristics can be improvedwith suitable production conditioning,especially in the activation process.

33

High QE Bialkali PhotocathodeHigh QE Bialkali Photocathode

Definition of SBA/UBA

R9880New TO-8 typeMetal Package

R7600/R89001 inch SquareMetal Package

Min. Typ.

Photocathode(suffix) Available Products

Ultra Bialkali"UBA" (-200) 38% 43% R7600/R8900

(Metal Package PMT)

QE at peakwavelength

Super Bialkali"SBA"

(-100/-110)32% 35%

R7600/R8900/R9880(Metal Package PMT)

1-1/8"-5"Glass Bulb types

R11780 with 17” Glass R11780 with 17” Glass SphereSphere

R1178012-inch PMT

Some spacefor divider

17-inchGlass Sphere

Transit Time Spread

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

10 20 30 40 50

Time [nsec]

Cou

nts

TTS (FWHM)2.70 ns typ.

at 2000V

Pulse Height Distribution

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Channel

Cou

nts

P/V Ratio3.0 typicalat 2000V

R11780 PHD and TTSR11780 PHD and TTS

Dark Counts10K cps typ.

TTS (FWHM)2.7 ns typ.

P/V ratio 3.0 typ.

Prime features of R11780

R11780 Cathode Uniformity

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90Position Angle [degree]

Rela

tive

Out

put

[%]

X- AXISY- AXI S

Spot Dia. : 5 [mm]Wavelength : 410 [nm]

Supply Voltage : 150 [V]

q

Spot Light

PMT

R11780 Anode Uniformity

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90Position Angle [degree]

Rela

tive

Out

put

[%]

X- AXISY- AXIS

Spot Dia. : 5 [mm]Wavelength : 410 [nm]

Supply Voltage : 1920 [V]

R11780 R11780 UniformityUniformity

R11780 Waveform (Rise R11780 Waveform (Rise Time)Time)

RISE TIME: 4 nsTransit Time: 70 nsSupply Voltage: 2000V

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.0E+08

1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500SUPPLY VOLTAGE [V]

GAIN

R11780 Gain vs R11780 Gain vs VoltageVoltage

1E+07 at 2000V