law enforcement protective measures cbrne hazards
TRANSCRIPT
Law Enforcement Protective MeasuresCBRNE Hazards
Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003
ObjectivesDiscuss dissemination devices and how terrorists may use them, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Discuss the classification of chemical hazards, associated indicators, how terrorists might use these weapons, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Identify the indicators for biological agents and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003
Objectives (continued)
Identify the indicators and detection methods for radiological agents and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Identify the indicators, hazards, and potential terrorist use of nuclear weapons
Identify the indicators, hazards, and survey detection methods for explosive devices, and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003
Incident Phases
Awareness Level Actions
Recovery PhaseLast Living Victim Removed Restoration Phase
Contamination Survey Completed
Response PhaseScene Control Begins
Notification PhaseIncident Recognized
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CBRN Dissemination Devices
Direct Deposit Devices
Breaking Devices
Bursting or Exploding Devices
Spraying Devices
Vectors
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Personal Protective Equipment
PPE Level A
PPE Level B
PPE Level C
PPE Level D
Working in Level C PPEwww.htmi.org
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Level C ComponentsAir-Purifying Respirator
Hooded, chemical-resistant clothing
Chemical Splash Suit
Chemical-resistant overalls
Chemical-resistant gloves, inner and outer
Chemical-resistant boots
Working in PPE Level CCenter for Domestic Preparedness
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Recommended Initial Protection LevelsAgent category Level of protection
Unknown Level A
Nerve Level A
Blister Level A
Blood Level B
Choking Level B
Biological HEPA filter with Level C
Radiological Particulates HEPA filter with Level C
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PPE Level C and the Law Enforcement Responder
Working in PPE Level Cwww.spiegel.de
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Level C Optional Items
Optional items
Corrective inserts (as needed)
Cloth coveralls
Radio
Hardhat
Escape mask
Chemical-resistant tape
Cooling vests
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Air-Purifying Respirators
Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)
Face piece
Filter(s)
Alt: Power Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)
www.northsafety.com
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Physical and Mental StressorsTakes time to put on
Impaired communication
Impaired vision
Heat stress
Increased weight
Encapsulation
Limited duration of use
Limited oxygen availability
Dexterity issues
Responders Training in PPE Level Cwww.globalsecurity.com
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Classification of Chemical Agents
Chemical Warfare Agent
Chemical Warfare Agent
ChokingAgents
ChokingAgents
BloodAgents
BloodAgents
BlisterAgents
BlisterAgents
NerveAgents
NerveAgents
Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Toxic Industrial Chemicals
AmmoniaAmmonia AnhydrousHydrofluoric
Acid
AnhydrousHydrofluoric
Acid
DimethylamineDimethylamine
While only three are listed, understand that there are hundreds of available TIC
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Characteristics of Chemical Agents
Types
Dissemination
Availability
Odor
Routes of entry
General signs and/or symptoms
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TIC/TIM When Used as a WeaponTypes: Thousands of chemicals can be used as a terrorist weapon. A chemical does not need to be classified as “When Used As A Weapon” to be used successfully in an act of terrorism
Dissemination: Liquids, solids, gases, aerosols
Availability: Commercially available and often a “soft” target
Train Derailmentwww.greatdreams.com
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Sources of TIC
Chemical manufacturing plants
Food processing and storage facilities
Gasoline and jet fuel storage tanks
Industries with cyanide and mercury compounds
Pesticide manufacturing and supply distributors
Educational, medical, and research laboratories
Hospitals and medical clinics
TIC in Transitwww.railfaneurope.net
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Nerve Agents
Types: Tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), VX
Dissemination: Liquid or vapor
Availability: Not commercially available Kurdish Victims of a Chemical Attack
cbw.sipri.se
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Blister Agents
Types: Mustards (H), lewisite (L), phosgene oxime (CX)
Dissemination: Liquid or vapor
Availability: Not commercially available
Blister Agent Injurywww.opcw.org
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Blood Agents
Types: Hydrogen cyanide (AC), cyanogen chloride (CK)
Dissemination: Liquid or gas
Availability: Commercially availableRed Blood Cells
whyfiles.org
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Choking Agents
Type: Phosgene (CG) chlorine (Cl)
Dissemination: Liquid or gas
Availability: Commercially available
Chlorine Tankerwww.hot.ee
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Biological Agents
Indicators of a biological attack
Biological agent characteristics
Bacteria
Viruses
Toxins
Advantages & disadvantages of using biological agents as weapons
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Indicators
Indicators at the scene
Numerous calls to 9-1-1 asking for assistance and reporting high fevers, vomiting, etc.
Sudden rush of people at urgent care facilities or emergency rooms
Verbal or written threats
Abandoned spray device
Biohazard, culture, or culture medium labels
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Indicators (continued)
Mist or fog sprayed by slow-moving aircraft
Aerial bombs that pop, rather than explode
Unusual concentrations of insects not normally found in region
Disease that is unusual or does not occur naturally in area
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Indicators (continued)
Large numbers of casualties
Massive point-source outbreak
Dead animals of multiple species
Absence of natural vectors in area of outbreak
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Biological Agents and Characteristics
Types
Dissemination
Availability
Routes of entry
Incubation periods
Signs and symptoms
Mortality
Basic Treatment
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Bacteria
Types—Bacillus Anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
Anthrax causes disease in cattle, sheep, and other hoofed animals
Tularemia is a zoonotic disease that can cause illnesses in both humans and animals
B. Anthracis www.srs.dl.ac.uk
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Viruses
Types—Variola major (Smallpox), Filoviridae (Ebola and Marburg viruses), Arenaviridae (Lassa fever virus)
Microorganisms smaller than bacteria
Incapable of metabolism and dependent upon host cell for reproduction
Victim of Smallpoxwww. microbes.historique.net
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Toxins
Types—Botulinum, ricin
Potent poisons produced by variety of living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals
Some biological toxins are most toxic substances known Castor Beans
www.tuljo.store20.com
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Advantages of Using Biological Agents as WMD
Availability
Difficult to detect
Used covertly
Easily spread
Tie up resources
Psychological impact
Difficult for communities to prepare for
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Disadvantages of Using Biological Agents as WMD
Delayed effects can detract from the intended impact
Production of biological agents and devices is hazardous to the terrorist
Development of effective biological weapons requires numerous difficult steps
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Protection
Good sanitation measures
Do not smoke, eat, or drink anything in the immediate area of the incident
Touch nothing, if possible
Wash hands with soap and water
Normal, healthy, unbroken skin provides good protection
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Radiological HazardsDefinitions
Common radiological exposures
Indicators of radiological materials
Health hazards
Exposure versus contamination
Sources of radiological materials
Protection from radiological materials
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Common Radiation ExposuresChest x-ray 10-30 mrem
Cigarette Smoking (1.5 packs daily over a year) 1300 mrem
Mild radiation sickness 200,000 mrem
Lethal dose 450,000 mrem
Max. annual routine dose 5,000 mrem
Max. emergency dose (property) 10,000 mrem
Max emergency dose (lifesaving) 25,000 mrem
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Visible IndicatorsUnusual metal debris or containers
Radiation symbols or placards
Heat emitting material
Glowing material/particles
Victims with burns, skin reddening, vomiting
www.scienceexperts.com
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Health Hazards and Risks
Internal—The intake of radioactive material through the respiratory and digestive tracts or through open wounds
External—Damage received either through contact with the radioactive material (contamination) or from receiving gamma radiation without being contaminated
Acute Exposure—large exposure over a short time
Chronic Exposure—small doses over a long time
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Exposure Versus Contamination
External Exposure External Contamination
Internal Contamination
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Location of Radiological MaterialsNuclear weapons storage facilities
Nuclear power plants
DOD and DOE facilities
Hospital and other medical facilities
Research and educational laboratories
Industrial manufacturing facilities
In transit
Nuclear Power Plantwww.ocrwm.doe.gov
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Time
Dose25 mrem
100 mrem per hour x 15 min (.25 hour) = 25 mrem
SourceSource
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Distance
1 meter 1 meter
Dose Rate
100 mrem/hr 25 mrem/hr
SourceSource
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Shielding
ALPHA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
GAMMA RAYS
PA
PE
R
LE
AD
CL
OT
HIN
G
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Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Explosionwww.media.militaryphotos.net
Thermal (heat) impulse, blast wave, neutron and gamma radiation, and radioactive fallout
Psychosocial impact on the community and the entire country
“Small” nuclear weapon less than one kiloton may be mistaken for a large truck bomb
Unlikely terrorists will use nuclear weapons
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Explosive Materials
Classification by type
Classification by sensitivity
Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)
Effects of an explosion
Use of IED to dispense CBRN materials
Response to a preblast incident
Scene survey techniques
Multiple devices
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Classification by Types of Explosion
High Explosives
Explode in supersonic reactions and without confinement
Initiated by shock or heat
Characterized by high brisance (the shattering effect of an explosion)
Low Explosives
Burn through deflagration rather than a detonation wave and are usually a mixture of both
Initiated by heat and require confinement in order to create an explosion
Characterized by pushing or heaving power
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Classification by Sensitivity of MaterialsPrimary Explosives
Extremely sensitive, requiring a small amount of energy to be initiated
Used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives
Tetryl, lead azide, mercury fulminate, and lead styphnate
Secondary Explosives
Relatively insensitive, needing a great amount of energy to initiate decomposition
Require a detonator to explode
Dynamite, TNT, RDX, and HMX
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Classification by Sensitivity of Materials (continued)
Tertiary explosives
The most insensitive of high explosives, requiring a large stimulus to cause detonation
Require confinement, especially when used in small quantities
Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, urea nitrate, and nitro urea
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Improvised Explosive Device (IED)
Constructed in a nonstandard manner, using explosives or destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals
Designed to kill, injure, destroy, disfigure, distract, or harass
Delivered to a target
Improvised Explosive Devicewww.archives.cnn.com
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Components of IED
Power source
Initiator
Explosives
Switch
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Blast Effects
Incendiary (thermal)
Fragmentation
Shrapnel
Blast pressure
Ground shock
Variations of Blast Effects Associated with Positive and Negative Phase Pressures with Time
www.mega.nu
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Use of IED to Disperse CBRN Materials
How would they be used?
How would they work?
What are the pros and cons of IED use to disperse CBRN materials?
IED Initiatorwww.globalsecurity.org
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Delivery of IEDPipes and tubes (steel and plastic)
Suitcases, handbags, purses
Postal mail
Toys, flashlights
Cellular phones and pagers
Computers, furniture
Cigarette boxes
Bottles, cans (any container)
Cell Phone & IEDwww.cellphones.ca/news
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Response to a Preblast Incident
Location of bomb(s)
What it looks like
Type/size of bomb(s)
Time of detonation
How it will detonate (timing, command, temperature, etc.)
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Safety ProceduresDo not transmit two-way radios, radar, or television transmitting devices within 1,000 feet of a device
Clear and control the area; move people away from the item—do not move the item away from people
Stage EMS, fire, and police units outside the control point
Do not approach the suspected explosive
Reduce blast effects by opening doors and windows; place vehicles in the path of the blast wave
Multiple devices
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Scene Survey TechniquesListen for unusual noises
Look for tripwires or devices in the doorway
Use electronic devices or medical stethoscopes
Search from floor to waist height, from waist to head, and from head to ceiling
Finally, inside false or suspended ceilings, ceiling-mounted fixtures, air conditioning ducts, etc
Use two searches and visibly “split the room” in half
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Scene Survey Techniques (continued)
The ATF bomb search technique is thorough and professional—this technique is designed with two fundamental presumptions:
That the searchers are not familiar with the room or its contents, or with its unique sounds or smells
That the searchers have no idea how much access the bomber had to the room
Therefore, there is a huge advantage to having company employees participate in the search
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Hazards Encountered in Structures Following an ExplosionThree common types of structural hazards following an incident involving an explosive device:
Glass
Fragments
Collapse/fire hazards Murrah Federal Buildingwww.scribblguy.50megs.com
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Multiple DevicesAdditional explosives placed at the scene of on-going response
Responders are the target
Devices hidden from view
Time-delayed, cell phone-activated, or radio-controlled
Eric Robert Rudolph
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
Bomb-Making Materials Found in Eric Robert Rudolph’s Mountain
Hiding Placewww.sharpshootertv.com
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Guidelines for Responding to a Scene Involving Multiple Devices
Anticipate the presence of multiple devices at any suspicious incident
Survey scene for multiple devices before moving into area
Avoid touching or moving anything that may conceal an explosive device
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Guidelines for Responding to a Scene Involving Multiple Devices (continued)
Manage scene with boundaries, exclusion zones, triage areas, etc.
Evacuate victims and nonessential personnel as quickly as possible
Preserve the scene as much as possible for evidence collection and crime investigation
Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003
ConclusionDiscuss dissemination devices, how terrorists might use them, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Discuss the classification of chemical hazards, associated indicators, how terrorists might use these weapons, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Identify the indicators for biological agents and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003
Conclusion (continued)
Identify the indicators and detection methods for radiological agents and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Identify the indicators, hazards, and potential terrorist use of nuclear weapons
Identify the indicators, hazards, and survey detection methods for explosive devices, and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public
Law Enforcement Protective MeasuresCBRNE Hazards—End of Module