layout caza jbeil - mea - home · 1 7 5 4 3 2 1 6 towards behdaydat towards fidar towards jbeil...

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Monuments1. Mar Doumit Church2. Mar Antonios (Saint Anthony) Church3. Sarcophagi & Scripts4. Al-Mahabba Monastery5. Mar Youssef (Saint Joseph) Church

Natural Attractions1. Nahr Ibrahim (Ibrahim River)2. Ain (Spring) Snour3. Woods and Rocks

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Monuments1. Al-Rab Ancient Church (The Lord Church)2. Mar Doumit Ancient Monastery3. Mar Abda Church4. Mar Ya'acoub Church (Saint Jacob Church)5. Mar Houchab Monastery Chir Al-A'ammiyyeh

Natural Attractions1. Jaj Cedars2. Old Oak Tree3. Ain (Spring) Al-Muslimin4. Ain Al-Marzouk

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Monuments1. Mayfouq Monastery2. Old Mill3. Al-A'attara Monastery4. Saydet (Our Lady) Elij Church5. Mar Charbel Sanctuary6. Mar Saba Church7. Mar Sarkis Hermitage8. Mar Gerges (Saint Georges) Church9. Saint Moura Church

Natural Attractions1. Ain (Spring) Al-Mghara2. Obeid Cave3. Oak Woods4. Pine Woods

Restaurants1. Nabi'i Al-Jawz Restaurant2. Nabi'i Hreich Restaurant3. Al-Saha Restaurant


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Monuments1. Wadi Al-Hosn (Ancient Area)

Natural Attractions1. Woods2. Adonis River3. Al-Kana'es (Churches) Cave4. Al-Hosn Spring

Restaurants1. La Reserve Afqa Restaurant, camping area, games, activities & sports. 01-498775/6/03-633644/72748


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Monuments1. Mar Gerges (Saint Georges) Ancient Church2. Mar Alicha'a Church3. Mar Youhanna (Saint John) Church4. Mar Tadros Church 5. Mar Michael Monastery6. Saydet Douka Church 7. Mar Elias

Natural Attractions1. Jedrine Cave

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Monuments1. Mar Abda Monastery2. Mar Abda Al-Horch Church3. Old School Building4. Rafqa Church (One of Lebanon's oldest churches)5. Mar Charbel Church

Natural Attractions1. Pine Woods2. Wooded Strolling Terrain3. Camping Area4. Park

Bed & Breakfast1. Beit Al-Kahen (Priest House)

Recreation1. Horseback Riding Club


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Village Tributes: Summer activities such as sportsfestivals, entertainment festivals, poetry evenings andseminars.

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Monuments1. Remains of Roman Ruins:£ Mar Nohra Church£ Al-Saydeh (Our Lady) Church£ Sarcophagi2. Pastoral Center previously Mar Sassine school & church3. Remains of Mar Antonios Al-Kabir Monastery (inside a cave)4. Mar Sassine Temple (inside a cave)5. Mar Mikhael Church6. Old Hermitages around Madfoun River

Natural Attractions1. Old Oak Tree2. Oak Woods3. Madfoun River4. Ain (Spring) Al-La’aoush5. Ain Al-Ghmass6. Ain Al-Daya'a (Village Spring)

Recreation1. Camping Area Special permit from the "Waqf" 09-750161/03-309188

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Monuments1. Saydet (Our Lady) Al-Habs Church2. Saydet Al-Habs Church3. Mar Sema'an Church (Saint Simon Church)4. Darjet Mar Sema'an (Saint Simon step dating back to the Greek era)5. Mar Elias Church6. Mar Boutros & Boulos Church (Saint Peter & Paul Church) engraved in rocks7. Mar Gerges Cathedral (Saint Georges Cathedral)8. Al-Saydeh Cathedral (Our Lady Cathedral)9. Mar Adnah Monastery10. Mar Ya'acoub (Saint Jacob)11. Saydet Al-Qaren

Natural Attractions1. Mar Youhanna Cave (Saint John Cave)2. Al-Roueiss River3. Al-Roueiss Cave4. Ain (Spring) Al-Baldeh

Restaurants1. Al-Roueiss Restaurant (near the river) 03-809316/7256092. Al-Qala'a Restaurant 03-7732223. Al-Noujoum Restaurant

Hotels1. Snow Bird Chalets 03-303276/09-9445152. Al-Rabih Hotel (along Al-Roueiss river between Al-Majdel & Al-Aqoura)3. Evasion Laqlouq Center 03-303276/09-944515 Touristic Center


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Monuments1. Mar Sarkis Church2. Al-Saydeh (Our Lady) Church3. Saydet Al-Najat Church4. Al-Saydeh Harcha Church 5. Mar Saba Church6. Mar A’abda Church7. Mar Sarkis & Bakhos Church

Natural Attractions1. Oak Woods

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Monuments1. Saint Barbara Church2. Saydet Al-Rimaya Church3. Saydet Al-Chir Church4. Ruins of Phoenician Vestige

Natural Attractions1. Mar Zakhia Mountain2. Ain (Spring) Al-Batrak3. Mount Hafroun4. Qornat Al-Raheb5. Al-Daya'a Spring (Village Spring)6. Nature Reserve7. Ain Al-Safsafeh8. Ain Al-Deir Valley9. Ain Al-Deir10. Area containing minerals (Extraction of copper & iron)11. Ain Al-Chmais12. Al-Oueiny Mountain13. Al-Borj14. Camping Area

Restaurants1. Touristic Restaurants 2. Ain Al-Hamam Restaurant

Hotels1. La Valade Hotel 2. Hafroun Hotel 09-504620/21

Recreation1. Laqlouq Touristic Area


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Monuments1. Adonis Temple2. Crusaders’ Ruins

Natural Attractions1. Afqa Cave2. Adonis Spring3. Cascade4. Ain (Spring) Al-Safra5. Ain Wadi Seif6. Salem Cave7. Al-Jawouz Spring8. Ain Al-Hassan Spring9. Ain Al-Dawwara Spring10. Gharib Afqa Woods

Restaurants1. Al-Challal Restaurant

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Monuments1. Saint Barbara Church2. Mar Doumit Church3. Al-Saydeh (Our Lady) Church4. Saint Tedros Church5. Al-Saydeh Church6. Mar Sarkis Monastery7. Our Lady of Armich Church8. Armich Sarcophagi9. Mar Sema'an Church (Saint Simon)10. Saydet Al-Bzaz Church11. Mar Gerges (Saint Georges) Church12. Saint Takla Church13. Waqf of Mar Youssef Church

Restaurants1. Al-Diwan Restaurant

Hotels1. Al-Diwan Hotel2. Rock Land Hotel 3. Salamé project-Chalets



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Monuments1. Ruins of a Temple2. Mar Gerges (Saint Georges) Al-Azrak Area£ Patriarchal Edifice£ Ruins of 24 Churches£ Tombs engraved into Rocks£ Sarcophagi engraved into Rocks£ Old Olive Press3. Ruins of a Church4. Saydet Al-Najat Ancient Church5. Saydet Yanouh Ancient Church6. Old Mill

Natural Attractions1. Old Oak Tree2. Al-Roueiss River3. Caves

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Monuments1. Al-Saydeh (Our Lady) Church2. Mar Sassine Church3. Ruins of an Old Mill4. Mar Saba Church

Natural Attractions1. Woods2. Ain (Spring) Haqel3. Fish Fossils

Recreation1. Fish Fossils Exhibition2. Fish Fossils Exhibition 03-708287



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Monuments1. Mar Estefan Ancient Church (Saint Stephan)2. Mar Tadros Ancient Church3. Saydet Al-Bzaz Ancient Church4. Heritage House5. Mar Sarkis Monastery Natural Attractions1. Old Oak Tree2. Old Hackberry Tree


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Mar Tadros fesival is held annually on the 3rd of September.

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Monuments1. Mar Maroun (Saint Maroun) Church2. Saint Peter & Paul Church3. Mar Elysée (Saint Elysée) Church4. All Saints Church5. Sidenaya Church6. Saint Georges & Saint Sophia Church 7. Saint Sophia Church (Mar Sofia)8. Mar Zakhia (Saint Zakhia) Church 9. Mar Youhanna (Saint John) Church10. Mar Antonios (Saint Anthony) Church11. Grave of Zakhia Family (Tomb of Henriette Renan)12. Our Lady of A'amchit Church (Saydet A'amchit)13. Saint Barbara Church14. Heritage Houses

Natural Attractions1. A'amchit Port2. Corniche3. Camping Area

Recreation1. “Ibrik” textile products 03/481345 Exhibited in a Heritage House

Restaurants1. Le Cap Restaurant 03-316360/09-6233772. Chez Zakhia 09-621717

Camping & Chalets Area1. Les Colombes 09-622401/2

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Religious Sites1. Mar Charbel Hermitage & Sanctuary2. Mar Maroun Monastery

Natural Attractions1. Mar Charbel Resort

Restaurants1. A'annaya Palace Restaurant 03-709088/4456212. Al-Sindiani Restaurant 03-735116/09-7600583. Al-Sanaya Restaurant 03-503744/3288704. Qanater-A'annaya Restaurant 03-399664/09-7600665. Mawwal-A'annaya Restaurant 03-619121/09-7600776. Al-Mayadine Touristic Restaurant 09-760333/7605557. Salameh Restaurant 03-733213/09-7602058. Reef Restaurant 09-7602779. Qaser Al- Oumara Restaurant 09-760070

Hotels1. Al-Mayadine Touristic Hotel 09-760333/7605552. Mawwal Hotel3. Salameh Hotel 09-760205

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Monuments1. Qornet Al-Namroud 2. Al-Moutran (The Bishop) Citadel

Natural Attractions1. Al-Jareed Mountain and its Natural Lake2. Jaj Mountain for Ecotourism 3. Water Spring

Hotels1. Shangrilla Hotel 09-621436/4300062. La Valade Hotel 09-430100

Recreation1. Evasion Laqlouq Touristic Center 09-944515/03-303276

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Monuments1. Roman Ruins2. Mar Naba Monastery3. Heritage House including a well engraved in rocks4. Grape Press Engraved in Rocks5. Al-Qala'a Area holds Old Wall Sarcophagi cut into Rocks Two Famous Rocks known as the Rocks of Adonis and Ishtar

Natural Attractions1. Old Oak Trees2. Old Oak Tree

Recreation1. Exhibition of Brassware and Paintings.


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Monuments1. Crusaders’ Citadel2. Royal Necropolis3. Colonnade Street & the Roman Theater4. Northeastern Gate5. Persian Fortress6. Old Souk7. Saydet Al-Bawwabah8. Byzantine Mosaic9. Al-Emir Youssef Al-Chehabi Mosque10. Mar Youhanna (Saint John) Church11. Saydet Al-Najat Church12. City Fortress13. Sea Fortress14. Mar Takla Church15. Saydet Al-Mais16. Saydet Al-Oum Al-Fakira17. Sultan Ibrahim Bin Adham Mosque

Museums1. The Archeological Site Museum2. The Fossil Museum3. The Wax Museum 09-540463/03-395537

Natural Attractions1. Touristic Port2. Public Beaches

Centers1. Municipality of Byblos2. Handicraft Center3. Tourist Information Center4. International Center for Human Sciences UNESCO5. Post Office6. Telephone Center7. Serail Jbeil & Civil Defense Center8. Jbeil Port Head Office

Beaches1. Byblos Sur Mer Beach 03-303010/09-5480002. Byblos Marin Beach 09-9452343. Edeh Sands 09-5466664. Voiles Bleu 09-796060

Restaurants1. Byblos Fishing Club (Pépé Abed) 03-517176/635850/09-5402132. Abe-Chemou Restaurant 09-5404843. Byblos Sur Mer Restaurant 03-303010/09-548000 4. Au Vieux Port Restaurant 09-545005/03-5130455. Mina Bab Restaurant 09-5404756. Dar Al- Azrak Restaurant 03-3363227. Café Dior 09-547447

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Hotels1. Ahiram Hotel 09-944726/5404402. Byblos Sur Mer Hotel 03-303010/09-5480003. King Georges Hotel 09-547048/03-542586

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The town of Adonis is situated in the valley of Nahr Ibrahim (or Adonis River). Its name was previously “Al-Hamidi,” derived from the Bani Hamada family that once owned the land. The name was later changed to Adonis by an official government decree. Of archaeological interest in the town are some sarcophagi and writings that resemble hieroglyphics, in addition to the ruins of a Phoenician temple and some mosaics.

AdonisDistance from Beirut: 44kmAltitude: 650m

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The name Jaj is originally Phoenician, meaning “the top,” which sounds logical, since Jaj is the most elevated town among all the surrounding villages. The cedars forest of Jaj, which was one of the oldest and largest of forests in Mount Lebanon during ancient times, is found here, and in the middle of the town stands the Church of Transfiguration. Antiquities of interest in the center of town include the stone remains of a temple that was consecrated to the worship of Astarte, as well as a Phoenician column discovered in 1955 in the town’s church. Jaj also has some old sarcophagi cut into the rocks, the remains of Roman canals and wells dispersed throughout the town, and rocks carrying inscriptions that date back to the time of the Roman Emperor Adrianos. Other sites of historical interest in and around Jaj include the remains of the tower of Al- Moukaddamine and the Monastery of Mar Doumit. There is also a Crusader tower and the arcade of a fountain that was earlier known as the Crusaders Fountain, and later as the Muslim Fountain. Other places to see are the Maronite Archbishopric of Jaj, the Church of Saint John and the ancient church of Mar Doumit.

JajDistance from Beirut: 65kmAltitude: 1,300m

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MayfouqDistance from Beirut: 64kmAltitude: 850-1,000m

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The name Mayfouq is derived from the Syriac language, meaning “water spring.” One of the oldest areas of the town is Elij, where an old church bearing the same name was built over the ruins of a pagan temple dedicated to the God of the Sun. The Church of Our Lady of Elij was constructed with small stones during the Middle Ages. It bears an inscription in Syriac, dated 1276, indicating that the church had previously been a Ya’acoubi church. Another site of interest in the village is the ancient Church of Saint Moura.

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Some researchers trace the village’s name to a Syriac word, meaning “laurel,” because of the abundance of laurel trees in the area. Others state that the name stands for strength and firmness, and hence the name would mean “the strong and firm village.” The town’s ancient remains, which date back to the Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine and Crusader eras, include some huge pillars of temples that were transformed into churches, among them the Church of Saint Georges, the Church of Saint John and Saint Theodore and the Church of Saint Elysée. Other religious sites around the village are the remains of Mar Doumit, an old structure that may have served as a monastery during the Crusader era; the Church of Saint Michael to the north; a rock engraved with an image of the sun and its rays to the east; and to the south a shrine to Our Lady of Douka built over a Phoenician ruin.

EdehDistance from Beirut: 41kmAltitude: 225m

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The town's name comes from the Phoenician language and means “the meeting place.” Visit the Church of Mar Charbel, which was built over a sixth-century Byzantine church that had replaced a Roman temple. Some pillars of that temple are still standing in the church. The walls are decorated in a Byzantine style, with the lower sections dating to the Byzantine era and the upper sections to the Crusader era. The front entrance of the church contains the tomb of an aristocrat of the French mandate period in Lebanon.

Al-MnaitraDistance from Beirut: 75kmAltitude: 1,200m

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Ma'adDistance from Beirut: 50kmAltitude: 525m

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FeghalDistance from Beirut: 49kmAltitude: 250m

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The town's name may originate from a Syriac word meaning “sight.” However, “mantara” is also a commonly used Lebanese word that means “the tent of the guard.” There is no longer any community inhabiting the village, but the fact that the site carries a name indicates that at one time it must have had some significance.

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The town's name originates from the Syriac language and stands for “work and plowing” or “water's surface.” Some sarcophagi and stone terraces are found here. Feghal is known for its fine silk weaving and for its production of marzipan.

Al-A'aqouraDistance from Beirut: 70kmAltitude: 1,400m

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The town's name, originating from the Syriac, means “cold water spring.” Al-A’aqoura, noted for its abundance of springs, also offers some unusual natural sites, among them stepped pyramidal formations that jut out of the earth. Within the town and its environs lie the ruins that date back to the Middle Ages and earlier. Of special interest in the town is the Al-Roueiss Cave, one of the largest of Lebanese caves, where a natural bridge passes over the winter river that originally formed it and continues to link the areas of Al-A’aqoura with nearby Al-Majdel. The main archeological site of Al-A’aqoura is a section of the ancient Roman road that was cut into the rocks and once linked Jbeil with Ba’albeck by passing through Al-Yammouneh. At the top of the slope overlooking the town is a natural cave that is 500 m deep, where a variety of ruins were found. It is called the Cave of St. John, because of the small shrine to the saint that has been standing at its entrance for centuries. Also to be visited is the Church of Saint Peter, which had originally been a natural cave and on whose walls can still be seen traces of old religious paintings and the names of some saints.

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The town's name comes from the Syriac language, meaning “gardens.” Bajjeh is situated next to a small spring and includes the area of Dahr Sarya, which was once the center of the old town. There are a number of sarcophagi and some ancient wells located near the churches of Al-Mazra’a and Mar Saba, which are all that is left of a monastery that had earlier been built on the ruins of a Phoenician temple. There are also the remnants of another church that dates back to the early Christian era, in addition to an ancient cave known as “Chmeis Al-Klei’a.” Other religious sites to be visited are the Church of Mar A’abda and the shrine of Saint Elysée cut into the rocks.

Bajjeh Distance from Beirut: 54kmAltitude: 550m

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The town's name originates from the Syriac language, meaning “the sunny place.” Its ancient sites include the remains of old structures, columns, cemeteries and churches. Some mosaics found under the ruins of the Al-Salib Syriac church confirm its antiquity.

MeshmeshDistance from Beirut: 63kmAltitude: 1,150m

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The town's name is a Semitic word meaning “to rest and be reassured.” Here, the remains of a Roman temple were transformed during the medieval ages into a church known locally as Mar Gerges Al-Azrak. The surrounding residential ruins and the vestiges of the medieval church constitute all that is left of what was once the center of the Maronite patriarchs during the thirteenth century.

YanouhDistance from Beirut: 80kmAltitude: 1,100m

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The town's name originates from the Phoenician language, meaning “the top or crown of the mountain.” The remains of Phoenician wells and sarcophagi are found here, as well as what is left of a Roman stone-paved road that used to stretch from Jbeil to Baalbeck. The neighboring area of Hafroun contains some ancient ruins and pillars dating back to the Phoenician and Roman eras. In addition, there are Roman rock inscriptions on the road to Laqlouq, as well as the remains of a Roman canal that used to bring water from A’aqoura to Ehmej.

EhmejDistance from Beirut: 58kmAltitude: 1,200m

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The origin of the name Afqa is derived from a Semitic word that means “surrounding and protecting.” The waters of Nahr Ibrahim, known in legend as the Adonis River, emerge from the Cave of Afqa, where the well-known myth of Adonis and the Phoenician goddess Astarte (Venus) was born. The Cave is situated on a mountain cliff 200 meters high, from which the waters fall in a dramatic splash into the river below. Across from the Cave are the remains of temples and shrines dedicated to the fated lovers, most prominent among them the Roman Temple of Venus. According to the legend, Adonis (who was playing the dual role of the son of the goddess and her lover) was killed at this site during his battle with a wild boar. Astarte tried to save him, but she was too late; so, each spring since then the river's waters are said to turn dark red, stained with the blood of Adonis.

AfqaDistance from Beirut: 80kmAltitude: 1,200m

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HaqelDistance from Beirut: 54kmAltitude: 700m

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The origin of the town's name is Aramaic, meaning “field.” The Haqel area, which incorporates the village of Karakef, is famous for its wide variety of fish fossils that are many millions of years old. One of the earliest vestiges of human presence in Haqel is Chmeiss Al Kala'a , where the remains of an old fortress are found. Other interesting sights are a sarcophagus near the Church of Mar Saba and the ancient Church of the Virgin Mary with its Crusader inscriptions, in addition to an ancient olive press and a hydraulic mill standing near the river.

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The town's name comes from a Syriac word, meaning “the new place.” Among the interesting sites in Behdaydat is the ancient Maronite Church of Saint Theodore, built on the ruins of a Phoenician temple. This church is considered by some researchers as one of the oldest churches in Lebanon, dating back to the early Christian era. It is believed that its actual altar is the same one that was used by pagan worshipers. In the church are found Greek inscriptions and paintings of Christ, the apostles, Saint Stephan, Saint Georges, John Maroun and Saint Theodore.

BehdaydatDistance from Beirut: 47kmAltitude: 550m

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The town's name, originating from Syriac, means “residents of the hill of sand.” Known as the bride of Jbeil towns” and “the Basra of Lebanon,” A’amchit is characterized by its balmy seaside climate. Of archaeological interest are the remnants of Phoenician, Greek and Roman temples, the most important of which is a site called “Graves of the Jews,” as well as a Roman sarcophagus near Saint Georges Church. Ancient religious sites to be visited in A’a mchit include the adjacent Churches of Saint Georges and Saint Sophia, built with the stones of a Roman temple over the ruins of a Phoenician site and surrounded by Roman mosaics; the Saint Zakhia Church, dating back to the sixth century; Saint Naya Church, built during the Crusader era; and Saint Barbara Church.

A’amchitDistance from Beirut: 39kmAltitude: 160m

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A’annayaDistance from Beirut: 58kmAltitude: 1,100m

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The town's name originates from the Syriac language, meaning “the singer, shepherd or monk.” Since the sainthood of the Maronite monk Charbel Makhlouf, many Lebanese and foreign visitors have been making the pilgrimage to the Monastery of Mar Maroun A’annaya. In the neighboring area of Markim is a Crusader temple dedicated to the Saints Jane and Wakim.

LaqlouqDistance from Beirut: 65kmAltitude: 1,900m

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A’abaidatDistance from Beirut: 52kmAltitude: 650m

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The origin of the name is derived from the Syriac word meaning “stork,” the “intelligent” long-necked bird that eats snakes. Laqlouq is noted for its starkly dramatic scenery and its unusual rock formations. A well-equipped ski resort was established there in the early 1960s. There are some sarcophagi and rock inscriptions in the area that date back to the time of the Roman Emperor Adrianos. Adjacent to the town is a huge pit of more than 250 meters in depth, known as Balouh Ba’atara, which is uniquely spanned by three naturally formed bridges.

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The town's name is derived from the Arabic word “ibada,” meaning “worship.” Of interest is the cave of Saint Simon, where a prayer niche still holds paintings dating back some 800 years. Although in bad condition, the paintings are still visible. They show scenes of the invocation, with Jesus surrounded by the Virgin Mary; Saint John the Baptist; and a six-winged seraphim holding a sign written in Syriac. Other paintings portray the four evangelists and a number of church fathers. Also to be visited is the Church of Mar Osapios, which was built over the ruins of a Roman temple and on whose door can be seen some Greek inscriptions.

Byblos (Jbeil) 1/4Distance from Beirut: 37kmAltitude: Few meters above sea level

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Kou'aa Al-Machnaqaor Al-SawwanehDistance from Beirut: 47kmAltitude: 900m

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The origin of the name As-Sawwaneh is Arabic, meaning “granite stone.” Others argue that the town’s name is Al-Machnaqa and that it is related to the worship rituals of Adonis, because of its location on the road that pilgrims used to take from Jbeil to the origin of the Adonis River (Nahr Ibrahim) in Afqa. Among the evidence of the Phoenician presence in Al-Machnaqa are the remains of columns and a great wall, with large tombs cut into the rocks surrounding it that bear inscriptions related to funeral rituals. About five kilometers away to the east of Al-Mashnaqa is the road that leads to Wadi Al-Janna (The Valley of Heaven), a lovely green spot that lies at the bottom of the valley.

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Byblos is one of the top contenders for the oldest continuously inhabited city award. According to Phoenician tradition, the god El founded it, and even the Phoenicians considered it a city of great antiquity. Although its beginnings are lost in time, modern scholars say the site of Byblos dates back at least 7,000 years.

Ironically, the city's early inhabitants would not have recognized the words “Byblos” and “ Phoenicia .” For several thousand years it was called “Gubla” and later “Gebal,” while the term “Cana’an” was applied to the coast in general.It was the Greeks, some time after 1200 B.C., who gave us the name “Phoenicia,” referring to the coastal area. They called the city “Byblos” (papyrus in Greek), because this commercial center was important in the papyrus trade.About 7,000 years ago a small Neolithic fishing community settled along the shore and several of their monocellular huts with crushed limestone floors can be seen on the site. Many tools and weapons of this Stone Age period have been found as well. The Chalcolithic Period (4,000-3,000 B.C.) saw a continuation of the same way of life, but brought with it new burial customs where the deceased were laid in large pottery jars and buried with their earthly possessions.Before this period, those who lived in the mountains led a primitive life in caves and mountain hideouts. They used firestone, animal bones and horns to make weapons and household items. In the suburbs of Byblos, polished firestones were found, in addition to a human molar tooth that dates back 70,000 years and a rhinoceros molar next to Ibrahim River (Adonis).By the beginning of the Early Bronze Age (about 3,000 B.C.), Canaanite Byblos had developed into the most important timber-shipping center on the eastern Mediterranean and ties with Egypt were very close. The pharaohs of the Old Kingdom needed cedar trees and other wood for shipbuilding, tomb construction and funerary rituals. In return, Egypt sent gold, alabaster, papyrus rope and linen. Thus began a period of prosperity, wealth and intense activity. Several centuries later, Amorite tribes from the desert overran the coastal region and set fire to Byblos . But once the Amorites had settled in, the city was rebuilt and Egypt again began to send costly gifts to the city . Treasures from the royal tombs of Byblos show the great wealth that flooded the city.Around 1,200 B.C. a wave of the so called “Sea Peoples” from the north spread to the eastern Mediterranean, and some settled on the southern coast of the Canaan. These seafarers probably contributed their skills to the maritime society we know today as Phoenicia. During the same period, the scribes of Byblos developed an alphabetic phonetic script, the precursor of our modern alphabet. By 800 B.C., it had traveled to Greece, changing forever the way man communicated. The earliest form of Phoenician alphabet found to date is the inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram of Byblos .Throughout the first millennium B.C., Byblos continued to benefit from the trade in spite of Assyrian and Babylonian encroachments. Then came the Persians, who held sway from 550-330 B.C. The remains of a fortress outside the Early Bronze Age city walls from this period show that Byblos was a strategic part of the Persian defense system in the eastern Mediterranean. After conquest by Alexander the Great, Byblos was rapidly Hellenized, and Greek became the language of the local intelligentsia. During the Hellenistic Period (330-64 B.C.), residents of Byblos adopted Greek customs and culture.


Both the Greek language and culture persisted throughout the Roman era, which followed.In the first century B.C., the Romans under Pompey took over Byblos and other Phoenician cities, ruling them from 64 B.C. to 395 A.D. In Byblos, they built large temples, baths and other public buildings, as well as a street bordered by a colonnade that surrounded the city.There are few remains of the Byzantine Period (395-637 A.D.) in Byblos , partly because construction consisted of soft sandstone of generally poor quality. Under Arab rule beginning 637 A.D., Byblos was rather peaceful but had declined in importance over the centuries, and archeological evidence from this period is fragmentary.In 1104 A.D., Byblos fell to the Crusaders, who came upon the large stones and granite columns of Roman buildings, and used them to construct their castle, church, walls and moat. With the departure of the Crusaders, Byblos continued under Mamluk and then Chehab rule in the Ottoman period as a small fishing town, and its antique remains were gradually covered with dust. In 1860, the French writer, Ernest Renan rediscovered the ancient site while surveying the area.A thriving modern town with an ancient heart, Byblos is a mix of sophistication and tradition. The old harbor is sheltered from the sea by a rocky headland. Nearby are the excavated remains of the ancient city, the Crusader castle, church, the old market area and a sandy beach.For a real taste of Byblos , stroll through the streets and byways. This part of the town is a collection of old walls (some medieval), overlapping properties and intriguing half-ruins.After visiting the archeological site, a quick and entertaining introduction to Lebanon's past can be found at Byblos’ three main museums. The Wax Museum, near the castle, illustrates scenes from the history and rural life of the country.The Fossil Museum, located in an alley of the main souk, contains an interesting collection of shark, eel, shrimp and other fossils.The Archeological Site Museum, located at the entrance of the citadel of Byblos , was inaugurated in 2002. The museum displays objects representative of practices and traditions throughout the history of Byblos . Byblos is home to the International Center for Human Science, which is affiliated with UNESCO. In 1984, Byblos was placed on UNESCO's list of World Heritage


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We acknowledge the efforts and works of the Ministry of Tourism, the municipalities and mayors of listed towns and villages, “Mo’ajam Al-Qoura wal Baldat Al-Lubnaniyya” by Anis Freiha, and “Mawsou’at Qoura wa Modon Libnan” by Tony Moufarrej.

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