lb145 sec 001-004
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LB145 Sec 001-004. Today’s Outline/Announcements. Study Notes 6a Due. Take up exam: Thursday View exam on Friday between 2-4pm in C-4. Field Trip Sign-up. Course Recap Membranes transport and proteins How do proteins make energy? How are proteins made? Introduction to DNA - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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LB145Sec 001-004
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Today’s Outline/Announcements• Study Notes 6a Due.• Take up exam: Thursday
– View exam on Friday between 2-4pm in C-4.• Field Trip Sign-up.• Course Recap
– Membranes transport and proteins– How do proteins make energy?
• How are proteins made?• Introduction to DNA• Worksheet to follow along with today’s material.
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Recap – Membranes and Proteins(Unit 1)
• What are proteins?• Where are proteins made?• What happens to them after they are made?• What do membrane proteins do?
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Recap – Proteins and Energy(Unit 2)
• What is energy?• How is energy made in plants?• How is energy made in animals?• What role to proteins play in the production of
energy?
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Fig. 17-4
DNAmolecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNAtemplatestrand
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
mRNA
Protein
Codon
Amino acid
The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology
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Unit 3 – What Will You Learn?
• Structure of DNA/RNA.• How is DNA replicated?• How is RNA made?• How is RNA processed?• How does RNA make protein?• What happens to proteins after they are
made?
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Structure of DNA and RNA
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DNA Factoids
• Humans have 46 chromosomes.• Our 46 chromosomes have 3.2 billion base
pairs.• 99.9% of your base pair sequence is identical
to mine.• All living organisms on the planet have DNA.• We have ~24,000 genes.
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DNA Factoids
• If stretched end-to-end, the DNA in 1 chromosome would stretch to ~ 2 inches.
• If tied together and stretched out, all the DNA in 1 cell would stretch to 6 feet!
• All the DNA in our body, if stretched out, could wrap around the earth 5 million times; it would reach the sun and back 70 times.
(50 trillionths of an inch wide)
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What is DNA…
Campbell 8e, Fig. 16.21
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Strand
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2. RNA: RiboNucleicAcid
Strand
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2. RNA: RiboNucleicAcid
Strand
Strand
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3’ carbon 3’ carbon
5’ carbon 5’ carbon
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RNA nucleotide
1 of 4
1 of 4
RNA Bases
purines(2 rings)
pyrimidines(1 ring)
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What is a nucleotide?
A molecule with a nitrogenous base, a ribose molecule and one or more phosphate groups.
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ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
Campbell 8e Fig. 8.8
High energy bonds!
ATP is a type of nucleotide… more specifically:a nucleoside triphosphate (or NTP)
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5’
3’direction of elongation
Nucleotides in DNA are nucleoside
monophosphate molecules.
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Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are bonded to DNA phosphodiester bonds.
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Two types of bonds hold DNA together:1. Phosphodiester2. Hydrogen bonds
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Base Pairing
Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA
Purines Pyrimidines
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Base Pairing
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hydrogen bonds phosphodiester bonds
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http://www.umass.edu/molvis/tutorials/dna/dnapairs.htm
Conceptual design and contents: Eric Martz Original Chime version: Eric Martz
Jmol implementation and current design: Angel Herráez Version 4.3, using Jmol 11.4
Offered under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License
DNA Structure Tutorial
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Where is DNA found in Eukaryotes?
Campbell 8e, Fig. 6.9b
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How is DNA arranged in Eukaryotes?
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/normalkaryotype
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centromere
Short arm
Long arm
Origins of replication
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Eukaryotes: DNA, Chromatin and Chromosomes
Campbell 8e, Fig. 16.21
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Fig. 17-3b-3
(b) Eukaryotic cell
TRANSCRIPTION
Nuclearenvelope
DNA
Pre-mRNARNA PROCESSING
mRNA
TRANSLATION Ribosome
Polypeptide
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Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes?
Campbell 8e, Fig. 6.6
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Fig. 17-3a-2
(a) Bacterial cell
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
mRNA
TRANSLATIONRibosome
Polypeptide
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Application Question: Red Blood Cells
If you were to study red blood cells you might come across the claim that they have no DNA (or organelles!) – they are essentially membranous sacs filled with a protein called hemoglobin.- Given what you know about the composition
of DNA, how could you test this claim.Hint: Hershey and Chase
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How could you test whether or not RBCs have DNA?
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Amino Acids vs DNA
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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DNA’s structure naturally lends itself to being replicated!!
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DNA Strands Are Templates for DNA Synthesis
Watson and Crick suggested that the existing strands of DNA served as a template (pattern) for the production of new strands.
Biologists then proposed three alternative hypotheses:
– Semiconservative replication.– Conservative replication.– Dispersive replication.
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The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
• Meselson and Stahl designedan experiment to provide more information about whether one of these hypotheses was correct.
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Fig. 16-9-3
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
(a) Parent molecule
A T
GC
T A
TAG C
(c) “Daughter” DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one new strand
(b) Separation of strands
A T
GC
T A
TA
G C
A T
GC
T A
TAG C
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DNA Synthesis Requires a Template DNA Strand
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For THURSDAY:1. StudyNotes 6b is due.2. Take up the exam.3. Exam viewing: Friday 2-4pm in C-4.4. Field Trip Sign-up