le alveoliti allergiche estrinseche - emilia-romagna · 2017-11-22 · 1) hp is a pulmonary disease...

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XXXIII Congresso Sezione SIAAIC Toscana I Congresso Sezione Toscana- Emilia Romagna e San Marino- Umbria e Marche Convitto della Calza Firenze 10-11 novembre 2017 Le alveoliti allergiche estrinseche Prof. Giulio Arcangeli

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Page 1: Le alveoliti allergiche estrinseche - Emilia-Romagna · 2017-11-22 · 1) HP is a pulmonary disease which may or may not be accompanied by ... • OHP manifests with a variable spectrum

XXXIII Congresso Sezione

SIAAIC Toscana

I Congresso Sezione Toscana-

Emilia Romagna

e San Marino- Umbria e Marche

Convitto della Calza

Firenze 10-11 novembre 2017

Le alveoliti allergiche estrinseche

Prof. Giulio Arcangeli

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There is no universally agreed upon definition of HP.

However, there is consensus on the following key features of the disease:

1) HP is a pulmonary disease which may or may not be accompanied by

systemic manifestations (eg, fever and weight loss);

2) It is caused by the inhalation of an antigen to which the individual is

sensitized and hyperresponsive;

3) It is defined by exposure to a given antigen, sensitization to this antigen, and

the presence of clinical symptoms;

4) Indeed, many exposed individuals develop an antigen-specific immune

response limited to the presence of serum IgG antibodies and an increased

number of lymphocytes in the lung, but they never develop the disease.

Hypersenstivity Pneumonitis (HP)

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HP is the result of an immunologically induced

inflammation of the lung parenchyma

(specifically, the disease involves the alveoli,

terminal bronchioli, and interstitium) that occurs

in susceptible individuals in response to a variety

of antigens.

Selman M, Pardo A, King TE Jr. Hypersensitivity

pneumonitis: insights in diagnosis and pathobiology.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:314-24.

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Pepys J. The role of human precipitins to

common fungal antigens in allergic reactions.

Acta Allergologica Suppl 1960;7:108–111.

Conia il termine di Extrinsic Allergic Aleolitis (EAA)

che diviene nelle terminologia italiana

Alveolite Allergica Estrinseca (AAE)

Evidenzia per primo il ruolo delle “precipitine

Inquadra la patologia “Furmer’s Lung”

…. un po’ di storia

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OHP is an immunologic lung disease with variable

clinical presentation and outcome resulting from

lymphocytic and frequently granulomatous

inflammation of the peripheral airways, alveoli, and

surrounding interstitial tissue which develops as the

result of a non-IgE-mediated allergic reaction to a

variety of organic or low molecular weight agents that

are present in the work environment.

Occupational Hypersenstivity Pneumonitis (OHP)

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Epidemiologia

Prevalenza stimata:

Farmers range 1,3% - 12,9%

Pigeon breederes range 8,0% - 10,4%

Isocianati range 0,9% -4,7%

Swimming pools 27%

Metal Working Fluids (MWF) 5,6%

Incidenza stimata:

2-5 casi per 10.000 agricoltori (USA)

14 nuovi casi anno su 40 milioni di lavoratori (Germania)

29 nuovi casi anno su 32,5 milioni di lavoratori (Francia)

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Casi di AAE denunciati dal 1996-2000 nel settore industriale in

Italia

Anno evento Tot. denunciate Tot. indennizzate

1996 43 9

1997 35 8

1998 22 7

1999 19 4

2000 10 2

129 30

• INAIL Notiziario statistico

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Casi di AAE denunciati dal 1996-2000 nel settore

agricolo in Italia

• INAIL Notiziario statistico

Anno evento Tot. denunce

1996 90

1997 72

1998 60

1999 76

2000 49

347

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Agenti causali

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Classificazione

Classica

Acuta

Sub-acuta

Cronica

Alternativa

Acute non-progressive and

Intermmittent disease

Acute progressive/

Subacute disease

Chronic non progressive

disease

Chronic progressive

disease

Selman M. 2011

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Nuova proposta di Classificazione

Lacasse Y et Al. HP Study Group. Classification of hypersensitivity

pneumonitis: a hypothesis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;149:161-6.

168 soggetti HP valutati per

Storia clinica, Esame Obiettivo, Esami ematici, Rx e TC alta risoluzione, BAL

N=41

2 cluster

N=127

Segni sistemici

RX torace normale

Sindrome restrittiva con ipossia

e digital clubbing

Fibrosi alla HRCT

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Basi genetiche della HP ?

Poco chiare e conosciute

Polymorphisms within human leukocyte antigen

(HLA) class II genes increase the risk for HP in

populations from different genetic backgrounds .

Camarena A et Al. Major histocompatibility complex and tumor necrosis factor-

alpha polymorphisms in pigeon breeder’s disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.

2001;163:1528-3

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Immunopatogenesi

Forme “acute”

Se esposti ad agenti capaci di indurre HP una buona parte degli esposti sviluppa

tolleranza con moderata linfocitosi locale, senza significato clinico.

La coesistenza di “fattori inducenti” e “condizioni promuoventi specifiche”

(genetiche, ambientali ?) può indurre lo sviluppo di una reazione immunologica

“esagerata” con marcata infiammazione polmonare. Tale reazione appare

mediata da immunocomplessi come suggerito dalla alta concentrazione di

anticorpi specifici precipitanti (precipitine) nel siero.

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Immunopatogenesi

Forme “sub-acute/croniche”

Caratterizzate da risposta immunologica T-cell mediata “esagerata” con quadro di

T-lymphocytic alveolitis

Il processo immunologico che sottende alla cronicizzazione del processo e alla

successiva fibrosi è poco chiaro ma sicuramente include un aumento delle cellule

CD4 con incremento del rapporto CD4/CD8

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Curiosità

… il ruolo «protettivo» del fumo

La prevalenza di fumatori è minore nel gruppo di soggetti affetti da HP rispetto

ai controlli

Quando esposti a alte concentrazioni di antigeni, i fumatori sviluppano più

bassi livelli di precipitine

�Effetto “protettivo” del fumo

…. peraltro quando la HP si sviluppa nei fumatori tende a presentare un

decorso più severo con una maggiore progressione verso la cronicizzazione e

fibrosi …

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Predittori clinici (se tutti presenti probabilità HP 98%)

Lacasse Y et Al. HP Study Group. Classification of hypersensitivity

pneumonitis: a hypothesis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;149:161-6.

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Diagnosi

� Dati anamnestici

� Clinica

� Laboratorio

Precipitine sieriche

Marker di esposizione

�Test funzionali

� Inhalation Challange

� Imaging

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Farmer’s lungEstate piovosa

Primavera

�Temperatura

� PH acido

� Umidità

� >>carica antigenica

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Alta concentrazione

antigenica

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Pigeon (bird) breederes

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Alta concentrazione

antigenica

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OHPDiagnosi

I

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OHPDiagnosi

II

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Prognosi

• Dipende dalla durata e dalla intensità della esposizione, e ancor più dallo stadio della malattia in cui la diagnosi viene posta

• Ripetuti episodi acuti comportano una prognosi assai meno favorevole

• La presenza di fibrosi polmonare è segno di una alterazione ormai irreversibile.

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Prevenzione

• Ridurre l’esposizione agli agenti causali

• Migliorare le condizioni igieniche nei luoghi di lavoroControllo della polverosità ambientale (D.P.R. n. 303/1956. art. 21)

Impedire o ridurre lo sviluppo e la diffusione dei fumi (D.P.R. n. 303/1956, art. 20)

• Sorveglianza sanitaria per i lavoratori a rischio

• Educazione alla salute

formazione informazione

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Key messages

• OHP manifests with a variable spectrum of clinical and radiologic findings that

may mimic a wide range of lung diseases. The possibility of OHP should be

considered in all cases of interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology and in

patients with relapsing respiratory and flu-like symptoms that are work related.

• Establishing the diagnosis of HP and the causal role of the workplace is based on a

combination of diagnostic tests and requires a multidisciplinary approach.

• Identification of the offending agent/source of exposure is crucial for

establishing a diagnosis of OHP and providing evidence of a causal relationship

between the disease and the work environment.

• Removal from exposure to the causal workplace agent is the recommended

treatment of OHP, although the possibility of an adverse outcome has been

described even after avoidance of exposure.

• Diagnosing a case of OHP should prompt to survey the remaining workforce to

identify other potentially affected workers.

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Take-home message

� Patologia rara, ma sicuramente sottostimata

� Approccio multidisciplinare nella diagnosi

� Ruolo dello specialista in Medicina del Lavoro nella Valutazione del

Rischio

� Importanza di valutare l’ambiente (ricerca antigeni)

� Impegnarsi nella ricerca di nuovi agenti/nuove situazioni di rischio

� Importanza dell’evitare la re-esposizione il soggetto (lavoratore)

sintomatico

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