Lead Acid vs. Lithium Ion

Shaun MayeaBen MonsonTom Hamlik

Simeon Brown

Lead Acid Batteries

Lead Acid Electrochemistry

Lead AcidStandard vs. Deep Cycle

Both car batteries and deep cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries that use exactly the same chemistry for their.

Starting (sometimes called SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition) • large current for a very short time. • large number of thin plates maximize surface area. The plates are composed of a

Lead "sponge "• if deep cycled, sponge will quickly be consumed and fall to the bottom of the cells. • generally fail after 30-150 cycles if deep cycled. Deep cycle • steady current over a long period of time• designed to be discharged down as much as 80% time after time, • have much thicker plates. SOLID Lead plates - not sponge. • less surface area, less "instant" power like starting batteries need. Although these

an be cycled down to 20% charge.

Typical battery ratings:

CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) - The number of amps that the battery can produce at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) for 30 seconds

RC (Reserve Capacity) - The number of minutes that the battery can deliver 25 amps while keeping its voltage above 10.5 volts

Typically, a deep cycle battery will have two or 3x the RC of a car battery, but will deliver 1/2 or 3/4 the CCAs. In addition, a deep cycle battery can withstand several hundred total discharge/recharge cycles, while a car battery is not designed to be totally discharged.

Lithium Ion Pack

Lithium Ion Electrochemistry

Types of Lithium IonChemical Name Material Abbreviation Short form Notes Lithium Cobalt Oxide (Also lithium-ion-cobalt) LICoO2 LCO Li-cobalt High capacity; for cell

phone laptop, camera

Lithium Manganese Oxide (also Lithium-ion-manganese) LIMn2O4 LMO LI-manganese

Most safe; lower capacity than Li-cobalt but high

specific power and long life.

Power tools,

e-bikes, EV, medical, hobbyist.

Lithium Iron PhosphateLiFePO4 LFP Li-phosphate

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide LiNiMnCoO2 NMC NMC

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide LiNiCoAlo2 NCA NCA

Gaining importance in electric powertrain

and grid storageLithium Titanateli4Ti5O12 LTO Li-titanate

Lithium Ion Charge CycleLead Acid Charge Cycle

Charging

Cycling Depth of Discharge• The 2 tables compare the number of discharge/charge cycles

a battery can deliver at various DoD levels before the battery is worn out. Assume end of life, when the battery capacity drops to 70 percent.

Deep Cycle SLA

Depth of Discharge Discharge Cycles

100% DoD 175

50% DoD 450

25% DoD 1250

10% DoD 2000

Lithium Ion

Depth of Discharge Discharge Cycles

100% DoD 500

50% DoD 1500

25% DoD 2500

10% DoD 4700

Cost

WeightVoltage V Cost $ Weight Lbs.

2V $10.00-15.00

.5-1 lbs

4V $13.00-26.00

2-2.75 lbs

6V $8.00-215.00

2-150 lbs

8V $28.00 2 lbs

12V $13.00-470.00

1.5-160 lbsCar > 20 lbs

Voltage V Cost $ Weight Lbs.

Racing 12.8V

$420.00 1.95 lbs

Racing 16 V $1,051.00 4.44 lbs

Car 12.8v $525.00 4 lbs and 7in x 6in x 3in dimensions

Marine 12V $630.00 4.14 lbs

Marine 12.8V

$936.00 4.44 lbs

Marine 16V $1,262.00 6.12 lbs

Marine 25.6V

$1,995.00 20 lbs

Energy densities of common battery chemistries.

What could this mean for our Zap car• Offers at least 4Xthe life of standard lead-acid batteries and 2X the driving

range. The new • Drop-in replacement battery system that fits in the same space as the

OEM lead acid batteries used in many of ZAP’s vehicles• ZAP estimates lead-acid batteries have 300-500 cycles of discharging and

recharging, compared to 2,000 cycles for lithium. • Customers should see improved acceleration and handling of their

vehicles with the lighter-weight, higher-voltage batteries.

• Chart - ZAP Lithium Battery System vs. Lead-Acid