Lead Tungsten

UraniumTin Iron

Tantalum

Abstract

Muon tomography aims at detecting and 3D-imaging well-shielded high-Z material, e.g. nuclear contraband in cargo, for homeland security and other applications. This zero-dose technique exploits multiple scattering of atmospheric cosmic ray muons, which is larger in dense, high-Z nuclear materials than in low-Z and medium-Z shielding materials. We are operating a compact Muon Tomography Station that tracks muons using 30cm × 30cm Triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors with 2D readout placed on four sides of a 27-liter cubic imaging volume. Data from ~12,000 strips are acquired with an RD51 Scalable Readout System. We present experimental performance of this station, specifically the imaging performance for shielded uranium. With typically 100k reconstructed muon tracks, the station can resolve the gap between two high-Z objects placed at least 6mm apart in the horizontal plane. It images a 75cc depleted uranium cube shielded on all sides by ~2cm thick medium-Z bronze material. The same cube can be imaged through vertical clutter of 12cm of low-Z steel shielding. Sizes and 3D shapes of metallic objects with dimensions of a few cm that are shielded by a lead box with 3.4mm walls on all sides have been reconstructed successfully. Using the observed scattering signatures, these shielded objects can be distinguished from each other according to their radiation lengths including clearly distinguishing uranium from lead. A scaled-up muon tomography station with 0.5-1 cubic meter active volume will use compact tracking stations with large-area GEM detectors in the future.

27-lit. Muon Tomography Station with 8 GEMs Muon Tomograms of Various Shielded Target Scenarios

DAQ Hardware & Software

Acknowledgments & Disclaimer

We thank the RD51 collaboration and the GDD at CERN for their extensive technical support. This material is based upon work previously supported in part by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Grant Award Number 2007-DN-077-ER0006-02. The views and conclusions presented here are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

We plan to improve the track reconstruction further, e.g. by including additional detector layers and more robust hit and track selection algorithms to reduce the number of improperly assigned tracks. The alignment can be improved by taking relative detector rotations into account in addition to the currently implemented relative shifts. There is also a need to suppress zeroes in the data at the DAQ firmware level to reduce the overall raw data size and speed up data processing. We anticipate the construction of a larger MTS prototype with 1m3 volume using 1m long GEM chambers similar to those that have been developed recently by the CMS GEM and RD51 collaborations and use of time-of-flight information.

The >12k analog channels are digitized at 40MHz and read out at ~35 Hz using the largest implementation of the RD51 Scalable Readout System (SRS) to-date. The SRS was developed at CERN as a low–cost scalable DAQ system for specific use with micropattern gaseous detectors. Data are collected using a hybrid card based on the 128-channel APV25 chip and sent via HDMI cables to ADC cards which support 16 APV hybrids each. ADC data are formatted by a front end concentrator (FEC) based on the Virtex LX50T FPGA. Data from 6 FECs are sent via gigabit ethernet through two switches to a DAQ computer at 15 MB/s and processed for online and offline analysis using DATE and AMORE DAQ software developed for the ALICE experiment. Raw event size without zero suppression is ~500 kB.

APV25 Hybrid Card(RD 51 series production)

Imaging Shielded High-Z Nuclear Material with a Compact Muon Tomography Station Based on GEM Detectors

M. Hohlmann, V. Bhopatkar, M. Phipps, M. J. Staib, J. Twigger, C. ZelenkaDept. of Physics and Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA

3 Lead-Acid Batteries Impact of Side Detectors - XY Plane

Triple-GEM Detectors

Muon Tomography Concept

Main Idea: Multiple Coulomb scattering is proportional to atomic number Z, allowing for discrimination of materials by Z.

Tracking Detectors

Triple-GEM Detectorinstrumented with12 APV25 hybrid

cards

XY SliceZ = 20 mm

8mm gap

Lead Tungsten

0mm gap 2 mm increments

Lead Tungsten

8 mm horizontal gap6 mm horizontal gap4 mm horizontal gap 15 mm vertical gap 45 mm vertical gap 45 mm vertical gap

Horizontal Scenario

Lead

Tungsten

15 mm gap

15 mm increments

45 mm gap

Lead

Tungsten Lead

TungstenSwitch target

positions

45mm gap (reversed)

380k reconstructed events with# neighboring POCA Cut = 5

Object

B

A

X = -70 mm X = 50 mm

Sn FePb

Pb

X = 0 mm

WU

Scattering angle:

159,955 reconstructed tracks # neighboring POCA Cut = 5

Vertical Scenario

Prototype muon tomography station designed and built at Florida Tech. The design allows for adjustable station configurations including side detectors.The current configuration includes 8 triple-GEM detectors (yellow) surrounding four sides of a 1ft3 (27 l) active volume.

at Y = 0 mm

at Y = -60 mm

U

Sn Fe

Pb W

XZ Slicesat Y = 70 mm

Future WorkImage Resolution Achieved: ~6 mm horizontal & ~45 mm vertical

Tests relative acceptance withinprobing volume and the effectfrom tracks through side detectors (in particular near the edges of the volume)

260k reconstructed events# neighboring POCA cut = 5

Multiple projections of materials shielded by 3.4 mm lead box

Uranium Shielded by 1.7cm of Bronze

Uranium shielded by 2 cm of Lead

Point-of-Closest-Approach scattering reconstruction

YZ SliceX = -20 mm

XY Sliceat Z = -70 mm

XZ Sliceat Y = 0 mm

Ta

TaPb W

Sn Fe

U

XY SliceZ = -60 mm

Data fitted to 1/X0

(SSD = sum of all scattering angles within target volume per 1000 tracks)

3.4 mm top lead 10 mm top lead

placed inside

Top/Bottom Detectors only

Typical Integration times forall these scenarios: 24-48 hrs.

Fe U

LargeScattering

SmallScattering

μIron

SmallScattering

Uraniumμ

LargeScattering

μμIncoming muons (from natural cosmic rays)

Note: Angles Exaggerated!

y

x

Top/Bottom & Side Detectors

Slices

335k reconstructed events; # neighboring POCA Cut = 5

Ta

YZ Slices

||||cos 1

BA

BA

||||cos 1

BA

BA

U

XY Slice