leadership modelsleadership models the trait model the behavior model fiedler’s contingency model ...
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LEADERSHIP MODELS
The Trait ModelThe Behavior ModelFiedler’s Contingency Model House’s Path Goal Theory Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership
HOUSE’S PATH-GOAL THEORY
How leaders motivate employees to accomplish designated goals.
Leader’s Style Employee Characteristics
Work Setting
Goal: To increase employee performance and satisfaction
EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION
People are motivated when they believe…
EFFORT
OUTCOMERESULTS
More effort will lead to positive
results
These results will lead to a
reward
The reward is valuable to me
MOTIVATIONAL ROLE OF LEADERS
Leaders must demonstrate that1. Efforts will produce positive results 2. Results will lead to favorable rewards3. The rewards are valuable
BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY
Leadership generates motivation when:1. The rewards are attainable and meaningful
BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY
Leadership generates motivation when:2. The path to goals is clear and easy to navigate
BASIC PREMISES OF PG THEORY
Leadership generates motivation when:3. The style of leadership matches the situation
DIRECTIVE LEADER
Acts in an authoritative manner, giving employees specific
directions and clear expectations
Gives strict expectations
Creates clear rules and regulations
Sets performance goals and behavior standards
SUPPORTIVE LEADER
Cares about employees’ well-being; has a friendly and approachable demeanor
Provides emotional
support
Makes work environment
pleasant
Treats employees as
equals
PARTICIPATIVE LEADER
Invites employees to share in the decision-making process
Consults with employees
Seeks ideas & opinions Respects ideas
ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED LEADER
Challenges employees to perform at the highest level possible
Sets high standards and goals
Seeks continuous improvement
Shows confidence in employees’ ability to achieve
goals
WHICH TO CHOOSE?
Most effective leadership style depends on two groups of contingency variables:
environmental factors individual factors
Goal: choose the style of leadership which will be most effective in specific situations and
with specific types of employees.
SITUATIONS AND PREFERRED LEADER BEHAVIORS
Leader Behavior Task Characteristics
Employee Characteristics
Directive:Provides structure
• Ambiguous • Complex
• Stubborn, dogmatic• Unknowledgeable• Unclear, less-skilled
Supportive:Provides nurture
• Repetitive, mundane• Unchallenging• Stressful, frustrating
• Unsatisfied• Need affiliation• Need human touch
Participative:Provides involvement
• Ambiguous• Unclear
• Qualified and able • Prefer to have control• Appreciate giving input
Achievement-Oriented:Provides challenges
• Challenging• Complex
• High expectations• Need to excel
CONCLUSION: PG THEORY MAIN POINTS
Pave a clear path toward goal achievement
Choose the most appropriate style of leadership
Effective leaders: