learn how to express learn how to express our our point of viewpoint of view in in

writingwriting

Throughout our lives!

For example:

a letter to a newspaper editorwriting essays in universitywriting proposals and reports at work

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers die at an early age. Doctors say that

excessive ( 過多的 ) smoking is a main reason for death

( 死亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼古丁 ) in cigarettes can lead

to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers become

addicted to ( 沉 溺 於 ) nicotine they constantly( 經 常 地 )

want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very difficult

to give up ( 放棄 ). Clearly( 明顯地 ), it is not wise( 明智的 )

to smoke.

1. Stance 立場 Smoking is harmful to individuals in

various ways, especially health.

2. Examples of sickness caused by smoking

Smoking causes health damage, such as lung cancer, heart disease and brain damage. Many people in Hong Kong are long-term smokers. Some smokers die at an early age.

3. Opinions 意見 from experts 專家 Doctors say that excessive smoking is a

main reason for death because nicotine in cigarettes can lead to addiction. When smokers become addicted to nicotine, they constantly want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very difficult to give up.

4. Conclusion 總結Clearly, it is not wise for us to smoke.

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers pass away ( 去世 ) at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly

( 經常地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放棄 . Clearly( 明顯地 ), it is not wise

( 明智的 ) to smoke.

“being” verbs

“being” verbs

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers pass away ( 去世 ) at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly

( 經常地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放棄 . Clearly( 明顯地 ), it is not wise

( 明智的 ) to smoke.

“doing” verbs

“doing” verbs

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers pass away ( 去世 ) at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly

( 經常地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放棄 ) cigarettes. Clearly( 明顯地 ), it

is not wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

mental verbs

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers pass away ( 去世 ) at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly

( 經常地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放棄 ) cigarettes. Clearly( 明顯地 ), it

is not wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

Verbal VerbVerbal Verb

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers die at an early age. Doctors say that

excessive ( 過多的 ) smoking is a main reason for death

( 死亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼古丁 ) in cigarettes can lead

to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers become

addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly( 經常地 )

want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very difficult

to give up ( 放棄 ) cigarettes. Clearly( 明顯地 ), it is not

wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

“Behaving” verb

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長期的 ) smokers ( 吸煙者 ). They smoke

several packs of cigarettes ( 香 煙 ) a day. As a result

( 結果 ), some smokers die at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉溺於 ) nicotine, they constantly

( 經 常 地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes. Smokers do

not realize ( 了 解 ) that their bodies quickly ‘learn’ to

depend on ( 依 賴 ) nicotine and it is very difficult to

give up ( 放 棄 ) cigarettes. Clearly( 明 顯 地 ), it is not

wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

Do not say(informal:

conversation 會談 )

Say(formal 正式 )

I’d I would

It’s It is

There’s There is

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導 致 ) health damage( 損 害 ), such as

( 例 如 ) lung cancer( 肺 癌 ), heart disease ( 心 臟 病 )and

brain damage( 腦 部 損 害 ). Many people in Hong Kong

are long-term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). Some

smokers pass away ( 去世 ) at an early age. Doctors say

that excessive ( 過 多 的 ) smoking is a main reason for

death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When smokers

become addicted to ( 沉 溺 於 ) nicotine they constantly

( 經常地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放 棄 ). Clearly( 明 顯 地 ), it is not

wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

brain (n.) damage (n.) 腦部損害

Spoken sentence:Smoking has damaged (v.) the brain. : (

Other examples: lung cancer( 肺癌 ), heart disease ( 心臟病 ), health damage( 損害 ), brain damage( 腦部損害 ), excessive ( 過多的 ) smoking, addiction ( 上癮 ).

Subject (主詞 ) + Main verb (動詞 )

Let’s see some sentences:L1: Smoking ( 吸煙 ) isis harmful (有害的 ) to

individuals (個人 ) in various (不同的 ) ways.

L2: Smoking causescauses (導致 ) health damage ( 損害 )

L4~L5: Many people in Hong Kong areare long-term smokers.

L6: Doctors saysay the main reason for death is excessive (過多的 ) smoking.

L9: Smokers do not realizedo not realize (了解 ) that their bodies quickly ‘learnlearn’ to depend on (依賴 ) nicotine and it isis very difficult to give up (放棄 ). Clearly(明顯地 ), it is not wise(明智的 ) to smoke.

‘Please stop it’ xxxxx wrong!We are telling readers our point of views。

Remember: Subject (主詞 ) + Main verb (動詞 )

L1: Smoking ( 吸煙 ) isis harmful (有害的 ) to individuals (個人 ) in various (不同的 ) ways.

L2: Smoking causescauses (導致 ) health damage (損害 )

L6: Doctors saysay the main reason for death is excessive (過多的 ) smoking.

L9: Smokers do not realizedo not realize (了解 ) that

their bodies quickly ‘learnlearn’ to depend on ( 依賴 ) nicotine. Simple present 現

在式Simple present 現

在式

The simple present tense 簡單現在式 makes facts

Modal verbs 情態助動詞 e.g. can能夠 ---express possibility must 一定； should應該 L7: Nicotine (尼古丁 ) in cigarettes

can lead to (導致 ) addiction (上癮 ).

In this text, no “must” or “should”. We use “can”能夠— low modality verbs—to express possibility, NOT give facts.

L7: Nicotine ( 尼古丁 ) in cigarettes can lead to ( 導致 ) addiction ( 上癮 ).

You can never to go…xxxxxx You must not to smoke…xxxxx

Use: can lead to, might lead to, could lead to

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Smoking( 吸煙 ) is harmful ( 有害的 ) to individuals ( 個人 )

in various ( 不 同 的 ) ways, especially health ( 健 康 ).

Smoking causes( 導致 ) health damage( 損害 ), such as( 例如 ) lung cancer( 肺癌 ), heart disease ( 心臟病 )and brain

damage( 腦部損害 ). Many people in Hong Kong are long-

term ( 長 期 的 ) smokers ( 吸 煙 者 ). They smoke several

packs of cigarettes ( 香 煙 ) a day. As a result ( 結 果 ),

some smokers pass away ( 去 世 ) at an early age.

Doctors say that excessive ( 過多的 ) smoking is a main

reason for death ( 死 亡 ) because nicotine ( 尼 古 丁 ) in

cigarettes can lead to ( 導 致 ) addiction ( 上 癮 ). When

smokers become addicted to ( 沉 溺 於 ) nicotine, they

constantly( 經 常 地 ) want to smoke more cigarettes.

Smokers do not realize ( 了解 ) that their bodies quickly

‘learn’ to depend on ( 依 賴 ) nicotine and it is very

difficult to give up ( 放棄 ) cigarettes. Clearly( 明顯地 ), it

is not wise( 明智的 ) to smoke.

‘General’ 總括 about ‘smoking’

More specific 指定 about ‘people’ and

‘smokers’

More specific 指定 about ‘people’ and

‘smokers’

Other participants/people are important

The wording making the argument part

The wording making the argument part

Look at the words which start the sentences They build up the ‘backbone’ of the text

Can you find any ‘I think’ in this writing? There are no ‘I think’ or ‘you think’ or ‘we

think’.This text is ‘impersonal’ because the personal pronouns ‘I’, ‘we’ ‘you’ are not found.

I think smoking is harmful.

We think smoking causes disease.