learning about children chapter #1. chapter objectives explain the best way to learn about children....
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Learning About Children
Chapter #1
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Chapter Objectives
• Explain the best way to learn about children.
• Identify three areas of childhood that researchers have studied.
• Summarize how children learn and develop important skills.
• List the stages of development after childhood.
• Determine why observation is important in the study of child development.
• Compare and contrast different methods of observations and interpretation.
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Chapter Journal Entry #1: Caring• Children of all ages need to be cared for.
However, as they get older they need less care. Write to generate ways to show caring to a one-year old child you are babysitting.
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Making a Difference in
Children’s Lives
Section #1.1
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Section Objectives
• Explain the best way to learn about children.
• Identify three areas of childhood that researchers have studied.
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Understanding Children and Yourself
• You have an impact, or significant effect, on children’s lives.• By interacting with children and studying their behaviors, you will:• Learn why children feel, think, and act the way they do.
– Typical Behaviors:• A way of acting or responding that is common at each stage of childhood.
• Discover caregivers’ importance– Caregiver:
• A person who takes care of a child.
• Enjoy children more• Learn about career opportunities
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Apply What You Learn
• You are in an excellent position to study child development because you are close enough to adulthood to think critically, but still young enough to remember what being a child feel like.
• By studying child development you will…– Gain new skills.– Understand yourself better.
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Views of Childhood
• The way you think about childhood depends in part on what your own childhood was like.– If your childhood was fairly easy and comfortable,
you may think of it as a carefree time of security.– If your childhood was full of struggles, you may
think of it as a time of hardship.
• Research and scholars have determined that childhood has a profound influence on later life.
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Comparing Childhood Past and Present
• Until the 20th century, some people believed that there was nothing special or important about the early years of life.
• Little was known about the emotional and intellectual needs of children.
• Changing attitudes, social changes, and advances in technology and medicine have changed views about childhood.
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What Has Changed?• Health:
– Advances in medicine have helped more children survive into adulthood than in the past.
• Education:– Advances in technology have made education a more well-rounded
experience for children.• Work:
– Laws have been passed to prevent children from working before certain ages and in dangerous environments.
• Play:– Technology has made a wider variety of toys and games available to
children.• Dress:
– Dress for children has become less formal for children in the last century
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What Hasn’t Changed?
Parental Love
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Studying Children
Section #1.2
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Section Objectives
• Summarize how children learn and develop important skills.
• List the stages of development after childhood.
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The Importance of Childhood• Childhood is a time of preparation for adulthood.• Recent research has shown that early childhood
may be the most important life stage for brain development.
• Children’s brains are not fully developed at birth.• Scientists have found that babies’ brains develop in
response to stimulating activities that arouse their senses (sight, taste, smell, feel, and hear).– Stimulation:
• Any activity that arouses a baby’s senses.
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Theories About Development
• Child development theorists have provided valuable information about how children learn and develop skills.– Some have performed experiments that
involve children to test a theory, or belief.
• Not everyone agrees on how parents, caregivers, and educators should apply theories and research findings.
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What Researchers Have Found
• Development is similar for each individual.• Development builds upon earlier learning.
– Sequence:• An order of steps.
• Development proceeds at an individual rate.• The different areas of development are
interrelated.• Development is a lifelong process.
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Influences on Development
• Heredity:– The biological transfer of certain
characteristics from earlier generation.
• Environment:– The people, places, and things that
surround and influence at person.
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The Child Development Theorists
• Sigmund Freud• Jean Piaget• Lev Vygotsky• Erik Erikson• B.F. Skinner• Albert Bandura• Urie Bronfrenbrenner• Maria Montessori
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The Role of Self-Esteem
• Self-Esteem:– The value people place on themselves.
• Self-esteem plays a role in people’s ability to face and overcome the challenges of each developmental stage.
• A sense of self-worth is critical to children’s development.
• Research has shown that the level of self-esteem that is developed in childhood changes very little over time.
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Lifelong Growth and Development
• Development does not end when childhood does. It continues throughout life.
• The human life cycle are the stages humans go through from birth until death.
• Developmental tasks occur at different stages of the human life cycle and mastering these tasks, prepares a person for their next task.
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Development Beyond Childhood• Adolescence (12-21):
– Creating an identity, becoming independent, pursuing education.• Young Adulthood (22-29):
– Finish their education and find a mate.• The Thirties (30-39):
– Establishing roots, reevaluating life choices, and finding stability in career and relationships.
• Middle Age (40-55):– Evaluate if they were satisfied with their lives and make changes if they
weren’t.• Late Adulthood (56-75):
– Become more politically and socially active, travel, take classes, or enjoy other activities.
• Very Late Adulthood (76-death):– Contribute their knowledge and experiences to society.
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Observing and Interacting with
Children
Section #1.3
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Section Objectives
• Determine why observation is important in the study of child development.
• Compare and contrast different methods of observation and interpretation.
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Why Observe Children?
• Observing offers you the chance to see children as individuals, meeting the challenges of development in their own ways and in their own time.
• Observing an individual child will acquaint you with their unique personality.
• Observing children provides caregivers with useful feedback.
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How to Observe Young Children
• Separate fact from opinion.– Objective vs. Subjective
• Choose an observation record method.– Running Record, Anecdotal Record,
Frequency Count, or Developmental Checklist.
• Determine the type of observation.– Formal or Informal
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Subjective vs. Objective
• Subjective:– Relies on personal opinions and feelings,
rather than facts, to judge the event.
• Objective:– Factual, and leaves aside personal feelings
and prejudices
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Types of Records• Running Record:
– Everything that is observed is written done for a set period of time.
• Anecdotal Record:– The observer concentrates on one specific area of child
development.
• Frequency Count:– A tally of how often a certain behavior occurs.– Baseline:
• A count made before any steps are taken to try to change the behavior.
• Developmental Checklist:– A list that an observer checks off when certain skills or
behaviors are shown.
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How to Act While Observing
• Formal Observation:– An observation that is set up with a child care
center or family in which are provided with some information about the child(ren) you are observing.
• Informal Observation:– An observation that is done at a random location in
which you are not provided with any information about the child(ren) you are observing.
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Using Observations
• Using objective notes interpret them to formulate ideas about what you saw in the observation.– Interpretation:
• The analysis an observer forms and expresses about what was observed.
• After you have interpreted your observation, you must keep your interpretation confidential.– Confidentiality:
• The protection of another person’s privacy by limiting access to personal information.
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Bibliography
• Brisbane, H.E. (2010). “The developing child.” Glencoe; Columbus, OH.